...social classes, religion, and writing" (Guisepi). If writ-ing is a part of civilization and we have found ancient writings, then why not study where the writings came from? Many archeologists have studied these writings and the civilizations who created them, and also the cities which those civilizations created. Based on the experts findings Sumerians had developed the earliest cities because Sumerians had developed the first civiliza-tion, which included forms of writing, religion,government, and social classes....
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...Where would our world be today if the ancient civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Palestine did not exist? Who do we have to thank for their achievements? What contributions did they make to society? In these paragraphs the ancient world of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Palestine will come back to life as I talk about their achievements and contributions that helped not only to their civilizations, but helps to the future civilizations to come. In 2650 B.C. Egypt's Old Kingdom era began. (Document 1) During this time period dynasties were created and in those dynasties were Egyptian rulers called pharaohs. The pharaohs had majestic pyramids as tombs built to show their power. These pyramids started the architectural development. Every since the Egyptian civilization started the Egyptians believed in faithful life after death. On judgment day the more pure you are the better and kinder judged you will be by Osiris the god of the dead. (Document 3) The Egyptians wore clothing made out of cotton. Cotton is one of the world's most important agricultural products and not many civilizations could grow it so the Egyptians sold it. (Document 4) Egyptians had a system of writing called hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics are a form of pictures to create an idea. Over time scribes developed demotic a simpler form of writing. They wrote on paper like material called papyrus. The Egyptians were among the first to use something to write on rather than stone and clay tablets. Now today we have...
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...events (such as taxes, wars, property lines and religious texts) is necessary to the success of a culture. In Sumer they developed a writing called cuneiform. Cuneiform is a writing relating to the wedge shaped characters used in the ancient writing system of Mesopotamia, Persia, and ugarit. In Egypt the ancient use a form of writing called Hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphs were a formal writing system used by ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements. Even further, in Indus culture they developed a written language called the Harappan. Harappan language is a language that is not directly attested and its affiliation is uncertain since the Indus script is still undeciphered. Given that written languages is necessary to a thriving society, it’s clear that all three of the empires civilizations effectively used written language. Another significant...
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...HUM101: WORLD CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE TOPIC 1: STONE AGE- PROLOGUE TO CIVILIZATION History: History is the record and interpretation of human past. It is useful and it teaches us many things about the world we live in. History is about everyday things which includes the factors how people use to travel, live, wear, eat, cook food, what were there beliefs, what kind of government they had, what theye use to do in their free time etc. All these factors makes history interesting and gives us an idea about the past actions of human beings. Before discovering what happened in history we must know when it happened. Chronology in history : BC: Before Christ BCE: Before Christian Era AD: Anno Domini CE: Christian Era Decade Century Millennium For example, we can count our age from the time we were born but we cannot count like these in history. No one knows when the world began and no one could write about 6000 years ago. But we must have a date that we can call Year One. People in different countries use different dates for Year One and sometimes often measure the date which is important in their religion. In Christian Calendar Year One is denoted as the year when Jesus Christ was born. AD means Anno Domini. These are Latin Word for ‘In the year of our Lord’. But also we want to count years before Christ was born which is before Year One. Time before Christ was born is known as (Before Christ). There are no written records about how people use to live in the past. Time before...
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...The Nile River was a God to worship, the water was not only vital for survival but also it was a great part of the three empires (Egypt, Sumer, and Indus) have contributed symbolicy to the modern age with-in a variety of ways. This shows that the 3 empires couldn't live without the River. One of the most important similarity of the 3 Empires is had development of written records. First they recorded important events ( like religious texts, wars, and how long people lived) are important to the 3 culture. The Sumer culture wrote on a system called cuneiform. The cuneiform had many symbols and wedges. Alike, in Egypt the people used hieroglyphics which was mostly pictorial and symbols and also stood for sound and ideas. The Indus culture had...
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...of these so-called priest-kings was relatively unstable. If the god(s) didn't provide for welfare of the citizens, the people often held the king responsible, and deposed him. Ancient Mesopotamia was a region that contained several city-states, much like Italy during the Italian Renaissance period. Mesopotamia at this time did not have a centralized government but, instead, had many smaller regions with their own separate governments. The early kings ruled over only their own city-states. Lacking a centralized government and leader, the ancient region was prone to internal fighting among the kings for land and resources. The Mesopotamians believed their kings and queens were descended from the City of Gods, but, unlike the ancient Egyptians, they never believed their kings were real gods. Most kings named themselves “king of the universe” or “great king”. Another common name was “shepherd”, as kings had to look after their people. Sumerians: Gilgamesh (c. 2650 BC) - Gilgamesh was the 5th king of the Sumerian city of Uruk. He became known as a demigod with superhuman strength in later legends and tales such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. Akkadian Empire: Sargon the Great (reigned 2334 - 2279 BC) - or Sargon of Akkad, founded the world's 1st empire, the Akkadian Empire. He conquered many of the Sumerian city-states and united them under 1 rule. Naram-Sin (reigned 2254 - 2218 BC) - The Akkadian Empire reached its peak under his kingship. He was the first Mesopotamian ruler to claim...
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... Early Civilizations From 10200 B.C to 400 AD was a timeline of Early Civilizations. Early Civilizations are divided into 3 main groups; The Neolithic Era, Bronze Age and Iron Age. They all had great accomplishments in agriculture, government, religion, and education. Every civilization had their own unique way of living. Many of our agriculture, inventions, and religion were practiced by them. We merely adopted their way of life. So we can say that Early Civilizations became fundamentals for our modern invention, agriculture and religion. Ancient people discovered the development of agriculture accidentally. Before finding agriculture, ancient people had a hunter-gatherer system where males go hunting and females and kids stay home and gather fruits or any other edible plants. Farming started from the Neolithic Era which involved the domestication of animals and plants. Increasing population was the number one reason people started to farm. Because they couldn’t feed all the hungry mouths just by hunting animals. They had to have a large population at that time because ancient people lived under constant dangers caused by other tribes. The people who first cultivated cereal grains have observed them in the wild while they were hunting or gathering and noticed the seeds fall. After sometime, they return to the same place to find a newly grown plant. That’s when they got the idea of farming. 2 best known agricultural villages were Jericho located...
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...Ancient Egypt vs. Mesopotamia The decision to write this Paper came about as soon as I read the subject. I am in love with Ancient Cultures. It is very interesting to me to study and learn new things about the style of life peoples of ancient times lead, the type of housing and furniture ancient peoples possessed, the foods and resources they had at hand, as well as the religious and other daily values which ancient peoples believed in. To compare the Ancient Egyptian civilization to the civilization of Ancient Mesopotamia is surely going to be a task which will not be easy, especially since it is my personal believe that both of these grandiose civilizations cannot be compared to one another. Comparing the Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization to the Civilization of Ancient Egypt is not really possible once you think about the difference of years between the beginnings of each of these Civilizations. Mesopotamia is considered to be at the least 5000 years older than Ancient Egypt. The earliest civilized form of Human development in Mesopotamia is known to Historians to have occurred between 10500-3500 BC (Mayan Archeology), whilst Historians believe the Ancient Egyptian Civilization to have started between the years of approx. 5500- 3100 BC, which is what is considered the Pre-dynastic Period. (Experience ancient) While Ancient Egypt started to develop Mesopotamia already made big progress in forms of Farming, building the first settlements...
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...Ancient Invention Essay INVENTION OF THE WHEEL INTRODUCTION: This assignment is about the wheel. I believe it is the most important to come out of Ancient history. The following are detail of when the wheel is invented, how it was invented, why it was invented, what it was used for in the past and today, and its importance. ARGUEMENTS: When your invention was first made and how it was invented? Wikipedia (2010) stated according to archaeologists, the wheel was probably invented in around 8,000 B.C. in Asia. The oldest wheel known was discovered in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. The early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Ricky David (2009) stated that the wheel was created by 2 young male adults. It was said that they were rolling stones down a hill to see which one went faster. Then they found out that the stones that were round went faster. ThinkQuest (2000) researched that wheel were made by the Sumerians. It was made of planks of wood joined together. Firstly, a man placed rollers beneath heavy objects so that they could be moved easily. Then they improved it so it would be easy to load and drag. This was the invention of the sledge. After that they soon discovered that these deep grooves actually allowed the sledge to advance a greater distance before the next roller was needed to come on. Thus the rollers were changed into wheels. The wheel was furthered improved on later by the Egyptians, who made wheels with spokes, which could...
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...discovered a system called cuneiform. The system had an amount of wedges and symbols, that was useful to them. Not only that but they also developed a written language called Harappan. It was difficult for them to translate this ancient language to other people that didn't know about it. Therefore, all 3 of the civilizations used written language. Additionally, another similarity that the 3 civilizations had was their belief system. Egypt, Sumer and Indus cultures were more likely found upon polytheism. What that means is that they belief in many gods. The Egyptian culture belief in over 2,000 gods, all of these gods had...
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...Question By: Krupa Patel The ancient River Valley Civilizations of Egypt, China, and Mesopotamia all made key contributions to future societies. Two contributions made by the Mesopotamian civilization, are introducing a complete set of laws and creating the world’s first written language. In Document 1, it states how Sumerians created cuneiform script over 5000 years ago. They used this writing system to keep track of business deals far away, to pass on new ideas to each generation, and to keep records. Cuneiform is what initially started languages all over the world; it was a form of communication that evolved differently in each society. Future civilizations would establish their own languages, gradually making its way to the modern century. In addition, the Mesopotamian civilization developed Hammurabi’s Code, the most complete set of laws that has survived. Document 2 supports this reasoning, by stating that these set of rules were important because they helped govern a civilization while trying to protect people even if they had little political power. From this, future civilizations would begin to make their own laws to have a more organized society. The Code of Hammurabi, however, also brought forth the idea of class. For instance, punishments were based on the class of the lawbreaker and the victim of the crime. The Mesopotamian civilization contributed two major things that even impact the world today: language and law. The Egyptian civilization introduced both...
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...Revolution This brings in the “New Stone Age” What is the REVOLUTION? A TOTALLY new way of living: Going from Hunter Gathers to Agriculture The invention of Agriculture changed the way people lived. Agriculture (Farming) Growth of Cities Division of Labor (Specialization) Trade Writing and Mathematics ---Why does ‘trade’ bring about writing and mathematics? Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations Sumerians grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait. What is the “Fertile Crescent.”? A well-watered and fertile area, that arcs across the northern part of the Syrian desert. The Fertile Crescent * Greeks called the northern part of the Fertile Crescent …Mesopotamia which means “The Land Between Two Rivers” (Tigris River and Euphrates River) * The southern part of Mesopotamia was called Babylonia, originally Sumer. Which country is Mesopotamia today? (Iraq) Sumer - Sumerians (Kuwait) ca. 3500 to 3000 BC. * Sumer gave us the city-state. * Political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands. Each city state has its own government, even when it shared a culture with neighboring city states. Sumerian Writing: Cuneiform Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet. Sumerians invented: * Brick technology * Wheel * Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees * Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute ...
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...Submission: 11-11-2015, 12:00pm Please ensure that you complete and attach this Submission Form to the front of all work that is submitted online. Before submission, please ensure that your name does not appear anywhere on your work, only your Student ID number. By submitting your work online you are confirming that your work is your own and that you understand and have read the University’s rules regarding plagiarism and the consequences that will arise should you submit plagiarised work. Critically evaluate the role innovation plays in the emergence and development of international business. Introduction Innovation has been playing a significant role in the history of business and trading since the ancient time. Generally speaking, the innovations that have effected international business can be classified into technological innovation, theoretical innovation and institutional innovation (Daniel, 1983). Among the three kinds of innovations, technological innovation is probably the most obvious one as the technology along with its influence is directly visible. In general, technological Innovation has four main effects in the emergence and development of international business: Creating the motivation and driver of international business, enabling the transportation of large quantities of merchandise over long distance, improving the efficiency of communication and improving the efficiency of production. This essay is focused on evaluating...
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...In fact, some of their inventions are so great, they are still used and practiced these days, like written laws and languages from Mesopotamia, enormous buildings from Egypt, Buddhism and the number system from India, and finally, most of the inventions from China. Thanks to them, we can have thThe Contributions to the World The four ancient River Valley Civilizations influenced the future civilizations with their wonderful inventions and technologies. The River Valley Civilizations were Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. Mesopotamia had a written language, Egypt built the pyramids, India had medical advancements, and China had a philosophy called Confucianism. Their inventions were...
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...The Wheel The wheel is one of humanity’s greatest technological innovations from ancient times. Although it has gone through many different design changes over the years, its original purpose has remained the same. The purpose would be that of transportation. Who would have thought that the use of wooden wheels as a means of transport by the Sumerians back around 3200 B.C., would lead to using rubber tires on cars to help us get around today? The wheel, as we know it today, has survived throughout the centuries and many civilizations to become one of those creations that many people now take for granted. The beginnings of the wheel took place in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and the Nile rivers. The Sumerians were the people who inhabited this fertile land around 3200 B.C. Back then they hauled things by hand or either on their backs and heads. Someone came up with the idea to put the heavy objects on logs to roll them along. Later they added a runner to this and then placed the logs underneath it. The heavy object was then placed on top of the runner, which made transporting it even easier. This became known as a sledge. The Sumerians began to notice that over time the roller started developing grooves in it. The grooves also allowed for a greater distance of transport before another log had to be placed under the sledge. The next thing they did was to cut away the wood in between the grooves to create what we now call an axle...
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