...Homework due in Week 6 QUESTION 1: Outline why the culture of a country influences the costs of doing business in that country. Illustrate your answer with examples. When there are simply different norms between how individuals from different countries interact, the costs of doing business rise as people grapple with unfamiliar ways of doing business. For example, while in the US we may get down to business first and then get to know each other socially later. In many South American countries, it is important develop a good social relationship before trying to discuss business issues. Different class structures and social mobility also raise the costs of doing business, if there are inhibitions against working with people from different class, then the efficiency with which information can flow may be limited and the cost of running a business increased. A country’s religion can also affect the costs of business, as religious values can affect attitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, honesty, fairness, and social responsibility. In Hindu societies where the pursuit of material well-being can be viewed as making spiritual well being less likely, worker productivity may be lower than in nations with other religious beliefs. Finally, a country's education system can have important implications for the costs of business. In countries where workers receive excellent training and are highly literate, the need for specific worker training programs are decreased and the hiring...
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...Page 1 of 8 ANZMAC 2009 Indian Restaurants and Sydneysiders: A Perceptual Study Mohammed A Razzaque*, The University of New South Wales; ma.razzaque@unsw.edu.au Abstract Multi-culturism of the contemporary Australian society is well reflected in the diversity of ethnic cuisines available here. This study examines how Australian consumers perceive the quality of food and service in Indian restaurants in Sydney. Findings reveal that perceptions of various ethnic groups have similarities as well differences of likings as well as dislikes. Key words: attitude, behaviour, decision, perception. ANZMAC 2009 Indian Restaurants and Sydneysiders: A Perceptual Study Introduction and Literature Review Love for culinary diversity is perhaps the most globalised phenomenon. Food markets were the first to become globally integrated, linking distant cultures of the world (Nutzenadel and Trentmann 2008, Sharpless 1999). Restaurants in the West have been serving ethnic foods much before the debut of global fast food chains such as McDonald. Many Westerners seem to have developed a taste for ethnic cuisines as alternatives to their traditional food (Josaim and Monteiro 2004). Chinese and Indian cuisines formed the basis of the first cultural shift in eating for the UK consumers as early as the 1960’s (Mintel Group, 2006). Over the years, Indian cuisine has become the most popular cuisine in the UK (Lloyd and Mitchinson 2006). Ethnic restaurants have also become very...
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...Introduction India is amongst the ancient civilizations with rich historical legacies and cultural traditions. It shares a border with seven countries namely; Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. This denotes the diversity it has within its mainstream culture and subcultures, in terms of language, religion, ethnicity and mindset. It is a nation of extensive inconsistencies, with its emergence in the global market as opposed to its restricted economy of labour, capital and knowledge. However these inconsistencies are caused by the contradictory national and managerial mindset goes on to the confidence Indians have in their abilities and future. Bever et al (2005) found, in a study by McKinskey Quaterly, that Indian managers tend to be more optimistic as compared to the others, whereas in reality, it has been seen in only a few industries and corporations. The reason for these inconsistencies could be due to the history and culture behind the management styles. For instance, they are shaped by family dominance, rigid bureaucracy in government structures, and absence of professionalism in managers. Some areas that need attention are ethical indecency, labour laws and human resource management that should be attended. Also of equal consideration is the protectionist culture inspired by socialist economics, which was formed after independence in 1947, when the government-bred regulations fenced the influx of foreign opposition. It created inefficiencies and...
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...Dusk over Atlantic Wharf 1. Summary of Dusk over Atlantic Wharf: Dusk Over Atlantic Wharf, is a short story about a young Indian couple named Anuj and Lata, who lives in Cardiff in Wales. Anuj has been living in Cardiff for Six years, and his wife, Lata, have just arrived to Cardiff for few months ago. The beginning of the story takes place in their apartment, where we meet the two main characters Anuj and Lata. Anuj are laying on the carpet, when Lata asked him to visit a new Indian restaurant so they can do something together. He decides that they should go out, and see a film. The film is filmed in Lata´s home town. She gets so exited when she sees the streets of her childhood, that she forget to see what actually was happening in the film. She starts to comment about the places and stores in the film, which annoys Anuj. When they walk over the road to their car, after the film is over, Lata gets sad and begin to cry because the film reminds her about how much she miss India and all her good memories with her family and friends. 2. Lata and her relationship to Anuj: The relationship between Anuj and Lata is complicated, because they don´t have known each other for more than a few months. It´s an arranged marriage, which is quiet normal in the Indian culture. They don’t know each other well, but they both hopes, that someday they will fall in love with each other. Lata is missing her home town in India, because her friends and family is back in India. I get the...
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...everyday lives and we don’t see the complexity in it. In chapter 1, which it’s called “Peppers, Nutmeg, and Cloves”, talks mainly about the history of pepper, spices, and the molecules of it. It also talks about the trade of New York with Nutmeg. Pepper became very important throughput history it was valuated back...
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...Antiquity – Indian Food. In India, spices have been an integral part of civilization. Spices were traded from Indian from the time of Romans. For a very long time, Arab merchants use to supply spices to Europe, and the Arabs closely guarded the secret of the source of their spices in India. Europe set sail many voyages in search of India for its spices. It is often cited by historians that spice trade between India and Europe was the primary catalyst for the Europe’s ‘Age of Discovery’. Traders from various countries have exploited spices commercially. Ayurveda considered that spices had medicinal properties and tried to infuse health into the diet. For decades, the social system of medicine was tightly linked with the culinary culture of ancient India. In India, spices are not a supplement but the bases of cooking itself. Most of communities in India share certain traditions, and these traditions are very closely bound around the spices that were powder and put into a bottle. Herbs and spices play a vital role in Indian Cuisine. Masala is the word often used in Indian homes, meaning a blend of different spices. Which varies from dish to dish. Garam masala may be the most ubiquitous masala that has crossed all barriers of regions and can be found in any Indian home. Though each state has its own particular blend of Garam Masala, and each family may have their own blend. Religion and Cultural Influence: India has a rich and varied culture and traditions, and with...
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...Ancient Rome consisted of a vast area of land, with many natural and human-built resources. Because of this, Rome's economy benefited greatly. In addition, production of a variety of items was crucial for a strong economic empire. The economy of the early Republic was largely based on paid labor. However, by the late Republic, the economy was largely dependent on slave labor. Also, Rome had a very well organized system of money. Lastly, Infrastructure was huge in the Romans’ ability to trade and move efficiently throughout the empire as well. The economics of any strong empire were based on three simple components: production, distribution, and consumption. The Romans were especially successful in building an economically sound empire. As one would think, production is the first step in the process of making a profit. The Romans had a large variety of items that they produced. Examples include iron, lead, leather, marble, olive oil, perfumes, purple dye, silk, silver, spices, timber, tin and wine. They were able to produce most of these items due to their large range of labor, from slave farmers to wealthy merchants. But also, some of their products were influenced from other cultures inside the empire, such as olives and wine from the Greeks. Romans also had the advantage of obtaining products such as milk and cheese from their domesticated animals, such as cows and goats. The saying, “all roads did lead to Rome,” is correct in the sense that Rome is located centrally in...
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...silk route The Silk Route is a convenient name for the Trans Asia trade routes. At one point it was viewed as a road along which silk from China was brought to Turkey and sold to Europeans. That is an overly simplistic and not terribly realistic view. It was not a single road but a number of interconnecting Caravan Routes over which trade was conducted. Additionally Sericulture only dates back a few thousand years the Silk Route is much older. The Silk Road: Linking Europe and Asia Through Trade The Silk Road is the most well-known trading route of ancient Chinese civilization. Trade in silk grew under the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC - AD 220) in the first and second centuries AD The Silk Road (or Silk Routes) is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. The term "Seidenstraße" (literally "Silk Road") was coined retrospectively by the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877 and has since found its way into general usage. It gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade, which began during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), and was the major reason for the connection of trade routes into an extensive trans-continental network. In recent years, both the maritime and overland Silk Routes are again being used, often closely following the ancient routes. The Silk Routes (collectively known as the 'Silk Road')...
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...Greek and Roman Cultures the Contrasts and Comparisons Kasaundra Ottinger AIU Online- HUMA215 July 20, 2011 Elements of Culture | Greek Culture | Similarities/Differences | Roman Culture | Geography | Greeks would not permit the building of an empire. The city-states were isolated by the hill sides and were united by force from the Romans. They were more sophisticated and more advanced then the Romans. | Both are Mediterranean countries that started out as city-states. Greek city-states were separated by hilly country sides and all near water.Rome was inland and there were no hill sides to separate and no boarders (Gills, 2011). The East is bordered by mountains and the West is bordered by the sea. | Romans had an Empire that was due to the response of threats against them. The army that was formed would be the cause of the uprising of the empire and in the end its downfall. | Government | Monarchies (Kings)Oligarchies (Aristocrats)Tyrannies (one Aristocrat with power over the other Aristocrats)Democracies (Gave power to the poor people) (Carr, 2011). | Originally both countries were ruled by kings (Monarchies). In Greek civilization their government evolved into what we know today as a democracy (Gills, 2011). | Monarchy (King) Consuls (2 Men rule) Senators (Advisors to the Consuls) Prefects (Run the city) Tribunes (Speak for the poor) Assembly (All men grown, free and of Roman citizenship who vote on issues and elect the Consuls, Prefects and Senators) (Carr, 2011)...
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...The Han dynasty was a very important time in ancient China’s history. The Han dynasty lasted from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., which is over 400 years! The Han dynasty arose because the Chinese people were unhappy with the harsh, Legalist rule of the Qin. Under Han rule, China had a golden age, or a long period of stability and wealth. Education, literature, and art flourished, while new practices, inventions, and discoveries improved people's lives. The Han dynasty improved government and daily life in China in many ways. The government improved a lot under the Han dynasty. They adopted the centralized government established by Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. But they softened the harsh ruling style of the Qin emperor and brought Confucian ideas back...
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...There are many similarities between the economy of these four countries, but the one they all share is trade. Trading was a big part of keeping their economy going. For Ancient Greece trade was one of the biggest contribution to their economy. During the classical period in Greece, traders bought a lot of wheat from the Black Sea area. They also traded with Sicily, southern France, and southern Italy. Traders would sell wine, olive oil, and fancy pottery vases. Ancient Israel’s good trading is what kept their economy stable. They had a very diverse trading that had many routes which was close to many countries to enable their economy to increase. In Rome, traders would trade with Egypt for papyrus, Phoenicia for glass, Syria for sewing needles,...
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...The Silk Road 1. Introduction Silk road is a road that connects China with those countries of central and western Asia. It starts from Chang’an, the capital of ancient China, to Mediterranean ending at Rome. The overall length of this road is about 6440 kilometers. As the main commodity transported on this road is Chinese silk, it is called Silk Road. It is an important trade channel for those people of China, central Asia, western Asia, southeastern Asia, Europe, Africa, and America to friendly exchanges. The physical and spiritual communication caused by the Silk Road not only riches the physical lives of these regions around this road but also hugely impacts their culture and social structure. One of the most important contributions made...
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...Tertullian the author of The Prescriptions Against the Heretics is in no way apprehensive in his characterization of the heretics that were speaking against the Holy word of the Lord. In his prescriptions he contends that the heretics, specifically the Gnostics who believed the pathway to salvation is through intellectual seeking which allows them to be closer to their God, are amiss in their justification. He then goes one step further and attempts to identify the root of the heretics motivation, that being the study of philosophy. “… we ought not to be surprised ether at the occurrence of the heresies, since they were foretold”, states Tertullian in Chapter 1 which embodies the thinking of the Christian writers of the time. Given the fact that heretics and naysayers were prophesied in the religious texts these Christian scholars were always on the defense and ready to repudiate any claims made against the church, no matter how much validity there was to the argument. To begin Tertullian asserts that the prevailing heretics would in fact be those that call themselves Christians as well, “ The Lord teaches that many ravening wolves will come in sheep’s clothing. What is this sheep’s clothing but the outward profession of the name “Christian””. He then claims that the heretic is “self- condemned”, that being because “he chooses for himself the cause of his condemnation”. Yet his essential argument is that the nucleus of the heresy is philosophy, “It is philosophy that supplies...
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...trade Trade is the transfer of ownership of goods and services from one person or entity to another. Trade is sometimes loosely called commerce or financial transaction or barter. A network that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services. Later one side of the barter were the metals, precious metals (poles, coins), bill, paper money. Modern traders instead generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than two traders is called multilateral trade. Trade exists for man due to specialization and division of labor, most people concentrate on a small aspect of production, trading for other products. Trade exists between regions because different regions have a comparative advantage in the production of some tradable commodity, or because different regions' size allows for the benefits of mass production. As such, trade at market prices between locations benefits both locations. Retail trade consists of the sale of goods or merchandise from a very fixed location, such as a department store, boutique or kiosk, or by mail, in small or individual lots for direct consumption by the purchaser.[1] Wholesale trade is defined as the sale of goods...
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...Ancient pyramidical structures, mausoleums, ruined cities and stone walls, such as theWargaade Wall, are evidence of an old civilization that once thrived in the Somali peninsula.[40][41] This civilization enjoyed a trading relationship with Ancient Egypt and Mycenaean Greece since the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient Land of Punt.[40][42] The Puntites tradedmyrrh, spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and frankincense with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese and Romans through their commercial ports. An Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut is recorded on the temple reliefs at Deir el-Bahari, during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati.[40] The camel is believed to have been domesticated in the Horn somewhere between the 3rd and 2nd millennium BCE. From there it spread to Egypt and North Africa.[43] In the classical period, the city states of Mosylon, Opone, Malao, Avalites, Essina and Tabae developed a lucrative trade network connecting with merchants from Phoenicia, Ptolemaic Egypt, Greece, Parthian Persia, Saba, Nabataea, and theRoman Empire. They used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the beden to transport their cargo. The Laas Geel complex on the outskirts of Hargeisa in northwestern Somalia dates back around 5,000 years, and has rock art depicting both wild animals and decorated cows.[35] Other cave...
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