...What caused the decline of Angkor Wat? Angkor Wat was Angkor was the capital of Khmer Empire from 802 to 1431 AD. It was ruled by ‘god-kings’ and spread its influence and customs through a large part of Southeast Asia. Society was firmly divided into two: the great landowners and the ordinary people. Cambodia was then, as now, an agricultural country. The Khmer had mastered the art of water control and took advantage of regular monsoonal rainfall to create huge irrigation systems. In this way they were able to surplus of rice for export. Trade influenced Khmer society and India became a dominant cultural influence. The Khmer wrote in Sanskrit, the Ancient language of India, as well as in their own language. Most kings practised Hinduism, although some kings became Buddhists in the Mahayana tradition of India and Tibet. The first cause for decline was of Angkor Wat was that Angkor was at war with neighbouring Siam (western Thailand) for over a century. Finally in 1431 AD, the Siamese besieged the city for seven months and eventually took it. They destroyed the temples, taking statues and images back to their capital. A Siamese Prince was made king, while the Khmer king fled east towards Phnom Penh. The evidence for this event comes from Siamese texts and archaeological evidence. At Angkor, the temples were damaged and sacred images defaced. However, it is almost impossible to date this decline precisely, although all scholars agree that no new buildings of stone were constructed...
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...Cultural archaeological sites such as the temples of Angkor have contributed to the rise in mass tourism currently present in many south East Asian countries today. In recent years Cambodia has showcased itself to be a country that is highly rich in culture due to its people, its history and most importantly, its treasured archaeological monuments and sites, such as the Angkor Wat, a cultural site linked to the civil war of Khmer Rouge in the 1970’s. Sites like the Angkor Wat have increasingly become popular and well promoted tourist destinations for both domestic and international tourists in Cambodia. Visiting tourism sites associated with war and death has become an increasing phenomenon within the tourism world. Many debates in tourism research and literature have resulted. New literature seems to debate various touristic themes associated with sites like than Angkor Wat. This essay will draw on three of the major themes that have caused been presented within this tourism literature. Firstly, this essay will aim to analyse the Khmer Rouge’s civil war on tourism to Cambodia, and the views and perceptions of visiting sites associated with the regime. Secondly, this essay will introduce the topic of ‘dark tourism sites’, a tourism phenomenon which can be exampled with the Angkor Wat sites. Lastly, this essay will analyse two paradoxical, intertwining issues of heritage site conservation, and tourism development and promotion, and what literature views as being more important...
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...The Functions of Temples and Mosques Theodore Jackson III Survey of Art and Culture I December 2, 2008 Introduction Art is created in many forms. Artists express their ideas and feelings through painting, sculpture, architecture, etc. Most artists stick to the area which they are most comfortable with, but some art is created for a grand purpose. In such cases, the art dictates the medium of expression rather than the artist. Architecture illustrates this point most accurately. The ancient architects created monumental masterpieces that people still enjoy. The greatest display of architectural genius can be seen in the temples and mosques. The temples of Ramses II and Angkor Wat along with the mosque Hagia Sophia possess these common functions: tell a story of the past, have a significant religious purpose, and were created to show artistic beauty. The Temple of Ramses II The temple of Ramses II is located at Abu Simbel in Nubia. It was built in the period of the New Kingdom (Kleiner 79). King Ramses II completed the building of the temple around 1253 B.C. (Nardo 120). Next to it he built a temple in remembrance of one of his many wives, Queen Nefertari (Nardo 120). His own temple was much larger in size compared to that of Nefertari. The difference in size was probably done on purpose. Larger statues and buildings often are a sign of more importance. Ramses II’s temple faced some adversity throughout the years. Around the time...
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...The environment in which the Khmer empire developed are crucial for understanding the empire’s rise and fall. At its peak, the empire controlled one-third of mainland southeast Asia. The empire is located in a hot tropical environment in which temperature are almost constantly above seventy degrees Fahrenheit. The capital Angkor which is located at the basin of lower Mekong River in Cambodia, has a monsoon climate in which most rain comes in the summer months from June to November. The winter months, from December to May are somewhat dry which limits the growing seasons for crops. The rainfall varies predictably between seasons and unpredictably from year to year. Also each year, during the rains, the Tonle Dap reverses its flow and increases the capacity of the Tonle Dap lake, flooding the forest and bringing plenty of fish. Thousands of citizen travelled to the lake shores to harvest one the world’s richest concentration of freshwater fish. To the south of Angkor are low mountains rising from the coast of the Gulf of Thailand as a result, the Khmer...
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... 2.09 Lab Questions A Thousand Year Old Temple and Great Living Chola Temples 1. Describe the temple and its shrines. Why has this site been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site? The thousand-year-old temple and the great living Chola temple both share extremely detailed designs. They were probably designated as a UNESCO world heritage site because they were both revered as great architectural fleets in their day and age. 2. Who built the Brahadeeswara Temple? Why was it built? The Brahadeeswara Temple was constructed by the Chola king, Rajaraja I. It has been stated that the temple was built for the same reason other temples are built for: worship. More specifically for the worship of Siva. 3. What purposes did the Temple have during the Chola Empire? Like many buildings of that time the temple was used as a showcase of the tamil kings pride in his nation. He wanted to prove that his country was the best and what better way to prove that than an intricate temple. 4. What challenges did the workers face in constructing the temple? Like many workers of such a massive building, workers constructing the temple struggled with preserving the wellbeing of the temple. 5. How does the Brahadeeswara Temple compare to other religious buildings around the world? For example, what are some of the similarities and differences between this temple and cathedrals? How does this temple differ from the religious settings that you commonly see in your community? The temple is similar...
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...Sunday, 08th of June 2014 Tourism and Environment in Cambodia After I joined this event, I felt that I can learn a lot of things from this event. At first, they start singing the our traditional song for remind people to know about their nation and then there is a khmer traditional dance to show all students or worker in Pannasatra University. And then they had speech about the development of tourism because Cambodia is Kingdom of Wonder, so everyone want to know and especially want to see our ancestor temple which is located in Siem Reap Province. Our teachers in PUC talked about the amount of students get into year 2 with 50 students. In addition, we want tourism involve with the government and we want all students in tourism major will be good at English and Khmer because English is for communicate with foreigner and Khmer is mother tongue, so we can’t forget our nation. Furthermore, there is about the environment to protect from destroying the environment in Cambodia because everyone need to use plastic bag to hold thing or keep things inside it. Hence, environment plastic bag is much better than plastic bag because it use from the banana left for keeping the thing and it won’t affect to our environment like a plastic bag. As a result this event want to show the 2015 about the ASEAN because it will be more people to get to know about one country, they will need guide and place to stay. While we also need to improve more security, so they will might enjoy to come...
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...affected your quality of life in some way. What is it you already know about them? What else would you like to know? Two technological advances which I believe have affected my quality of life in some way are Internet and cell phone. I alrealy know about the useful of them. For example, you do not take time go to visit your friends; the thing you can do nowadays is skyping or calling them. I would like to know about how and when they are created. 3. In the space below, list two or more historical figures, events and/or places in which you have an interest. What is it you already know about them? What else would you like to know? Two historical places in which a have an interest are Angkor Wat (Cambodia) and Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italy). I have traveled Angkor Wat in 2012. It was amazing temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. The second place is Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italy). The tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees. I want to know The height of the tower and when was it built. 4. In the space below, consider your...
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...May-Lee Chai’s “Saving Sourdi,” 181-94 Background / Back-Story Places and events alluded to (you may wish to look up the following terms): Cambodia (183-84) Angkor Wat (194) the Naga (194) Phnom Penh Pol Pot the Khmer Rouge—1975-1979 Choeung Ek “the Killing Fields” Consider numerous references throughout the story to bones, fields, barbed wire Consider the images in Nea’s two dreams: 186, 191 Plot Sequence: The scenes are mostly chronological with a peripheral flashback to the scene when Nea was 4 and Sourdi was 9, and Sourdi “saved” Nea “in another world, a place almost unimaginable to me. . . . ” (191) Ages of Nea and Sourdi (Sourdi is 4½ to 5 years older than Nea)— 1. Opening scene when Nea stabs one of the drunks: Nea is 11 (181), Sourdi would be 15½ to 16. 2. Sourdi’s marriage to Mr. Chhay: Sourdi is 18 (187), Nea is 12½ 3. Scene nearly two years after the wedding when Nea and Duke drive to Des Moines, Iowa, to “save” Sourdi. Nea says she is 14½ (187). Nea says Sourdi is 20. Setting: What about the neighborhood where they live in South Dakota? They wanted to find “the real America, the one where we were supposed to live” (182). Cambodia to Texas to South Dakota. Each scene has its own particular setting and mood. Consider the importance of the setting of the field Duke wants to show the two girls (184- 85. Consider the description of Sourdi’s house and yard on Locust Street in DesMoines (191 ...
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...How do we know if that is Shiva? The arms of Shiva are missing but those aren’t as important in how we would identify if it Shiva or not. The third eye on the top of his forehead identify in who he is. Accounting to those that following him, say that he is the root of the world. That he is also the one in charge of the creation, destruction, and recreation. Back in the Angkor period he was the most important god out of all of the other gods in Cambodia. In the picture is show that Shiva has a beard or mustache, but in India unlike Cambodia, Shiva would not have it. The picture also shows that Shiva is wearing something that the rules would wear (Norton Simon Museum, Shiva). The second art piece that I chose was the sculpture of Vishnu. Same as the Shiva sculpture, the Vishnu is a sandstone sculpture. Vishnu like Shiva was very popular during the Angkor period. Vishnu art piece was taken place in Cambodia as well. As mention in the being that there was three gods and Vishnu was one of the three gods that is popular in the Hindu culture (Norton Simon Museum,...
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...Top Most World Heritage Sites Given below are the top most world heritage sites out of all the world's heritage sites according to the Global Heritage's "Saving Our Vanishing Heritage" report: 1. The Great Wall of China •Length: 5500.3 mile •Total site visitors of 24,200,000 •Total revenues of $2,888,000,000 •Major portion of the Great Wall of China was built by the Ming Dynasty •Begins at Shanhaiguan in the East and stretches till Lop Nur in the West and consists of many walls •Construction of these numerous walls started from the 5th century BC and many were re-built between the 5th and 16th century AD 2. Forbidden City in Beijing •World's largest surviving palace complex. •It is the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor •Total site visitors of 18,000,000 •Total revenues of $1,920,000,000 •During the period 1420 to 1912, the sprawling palace complex changed hands from the Ming dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644 to the Qing dynasty that ruled from 1644 to 1911 3. Great Pyramids of Giza •On the outskirts of Cairo. •Historic Cairo has total site visitors of 4,000,000 •Total revenues of $576,000,000 •Of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis, the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and also the largest. It held the record as the tallest building in the world for 3800 years. 4. Celsus Library •Built in AD 135 in the ruins of ancient Ephesus near Selcuk, 70 km (43 miles) from the western Turkish coastal city of Izmir...
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...Macro environment: Demographic: As of 2010, Cambodia has an estimated population of 14,805,358 people. Ninety percent of Cambodia's population is of Khmer origin and speak the Khmer language, the country's official language. Cambodia's population is relatively homogeneous. The country's birth rate is 25.4 per 1,000. Its population growth rate is 1.70%, significantly higher than those of Thailand, South Korea, and India. In recent decades, many younger Cambodians and those in the business-class have favoured learning English. In the major cities and tourist centers, English is widely spoken and taught at a large number of schools because of the overwhelming number of tourists from English-speaking countries. Even in the most rural outposts, most young people speak at least some English, as it is often taught by monks at the local pagodas where many children are educated. The civil war and its aftermath have markedly affected the Cambodian population; 50% of the population is younger than 22 years old. At a 1.04 female to male ratio, Cambodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion. In the Cambodian population over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1. Economic: In 2011 Cambodia's per capita income in PPP is $2,470 and $1,040 in nominal per capita. Cambodia's per capita income is rapidly increasing but is low compared to other countries in the region. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. Rice, fish, timber,...
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...(A) Recognising and using cohesive ties 2 Cohesion plays a central role in reading comprehension. Cohesion refers to relations of meaning that occur within a text, often resulting from the functions of conjunctions and pronouns. For example, in the following excerpt from the test passage What will we do now? the pronouns us and we refer to Jim and Ella, and enable readers to understand what Jim and Ella are saying throughout the conversation. In this way, the pronouns us and we connect a string of sentences to form a text rather than a series of unrelated statements. Words that link sentences in this way, are sometimes called ‘vocabulary links’, and are also known as ‘cohesive ties.’ What will we do now? ‘Let’s [us] play outside,’ said Jim. ‘We can make a castle.’ ‘No,’ said Ella, ‘we did that yesterday. Let’s [us] go down to the creek. We can go fishing.’ Taken from: Reading Magazine Year 3, 2008, Curriculum Corporation on behalf of the Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs. Examining the ways in which sentences are structured and cohere with each other, how forward and backward referencing occurs, and how key references are maintained from paragraph to paragraph, is a useful way of determining why and how reading errors occur. Cohesive ties may occur within a single sentence, but they also occur between sentences. For example, in the following excerpt from the test passage Dale Richards, vocabulary links, or cohesive ties, link...
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...The pyramid of the Magician is the tallest and most recognizable structure in Uxmal, Mexico. Stairs are made reaching the places of worship and understanding the suffer while reaching the god and also they want to emphasize their religion and beliefs. Wat Arun - AD 17th Century Religion is one of the most significant things for people and they want to emphasize their religion. Therefore , Wat Arun is a Buddhist temple and people wanted to put their symbols of their faith object to the highest place in order to worship and pray . They utilize stairs for reaching their sacred symbols. Potemkin Stairs - AD 19th Century Stairs were designed as symbol of Odessa and considered a formal entrance into the city from the direction of the sea. Before the stairs were constructed, winding paths and crude wooden stairs were the only access to the harbour. Staircases were constructed as an entrance to the...
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...A new frontier in discovery and exploration, Cambodia offers wonderful vistas both in and out of the water. text sol Foo Photography Paul Ferber, Kua Kay yaw & birKan Tanis charms cambodian 70-77 Siteseeing-Cambodia.indd 70 7/26/08 3:42:31 PM Photo Kua Kay yaw cambodia Photo Paul Ferber hen I was invited to dive in Cambodia, I was more than sceptical. I’d never heard of anything like that there. then Paul Ferber, manager of the Dive Shop Cambodia, set the bait: he sent me pictures. I booked the next possible flight out. After all, even if the diving were average, I knew I’d still have a good time exploring this place that is more known for Angkor Wat, the Mekong river and the killing fields. three-and-a-half-hours south-west of Phnom Penh, Sihanoukville is a whole different world. on the gulf of thailand, this place has transformed into a holiday destination, much like Phuket 20 years ago, with a similar laidback feeling and guesthouses, cafes and restaurants lining the main road. the beaches can rival some of the best in Asia. Checking into the Dive Shop Cambodia (DSC), I meet the rest of the Photo Kua Kay yaw W 71 Issue 98 • asian Diver sihanouKville New perspectives Explore a different part of Cambodia, away from its historical sites and enjoy what its waters can offer — you’ll be quite impressed! CAMBODIA crew, and we set out for the island of Koh Rung. on the way there, Ferber tells me of his plans to create more awareness of the...
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...The Tourism Industry in Iraq Development. It was prepared by the joint venture partnership of The Louis Berger Group / The Services Group under Contract # 267-C-00-04-00435-00 The Tourism Industry in Iraq IZDIHAR— USAID Contract #267-C-00-04-00435-00 International Economic Consulting April 17, 2006 The Tourism Industry in Iraq DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. The IRAQ IZDIHAR project is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by the joint venture partnership of: THE Louis Berger Group, INC. Engineers Planners Scientists Economists THE SERVICES GROUP The Tourism Industry in Iraq IZDIHAR— USAID Contract #267-C-00-04-00435-00 Table of Contents i TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive Summary...........................................................................1 II. Tourism: A Global and Regional Perspective...................................3 A. Profile of the Global Tourism Industry................................................................................3 1. Key Trends in Tourism...........................................................................................3 a. Long haul trips on the rise.........................................................................4 b. Safety and security: a growing concern..........
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