BASILIO, CHIARRA NICOLE P. PROF. VENTURA
BS BIOLOGY 4-2
Animal Physiology Lecture
1.) Differentiate DNA and RNA in terms of structure and composition
DNA is known as the blueprint of biological guidelines that a living organism must follow to exist and remain functional. RNA on the other hand, helps carry out this blueprint's guidelines. Of the two, RNA is more versatile than DNA because it is capable of performing numerous, diverse tasks in an organism, but DNA is more stable and holds more complex information for longer periods of time. | DNA | RNA | Structural Name: | Deoxyribonucleic Acid | Ribonucleic Acid | Definition | A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all modern living organisms. DNA's genes are expressed, or manifested, through the proteins that its nucleotides produce with the help of RNA. | The information found in DNA determines which traits are to be created, activated, or deactivated, while the various forms of RNA do the work. | Function: | Medium of long-term storage and transmission of genetic information. | Transfer the genetic code needed for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome. This process prevents the DNA from having to leave the nucleus, so it stays safe. Without RNA, proteins could never be made. | Structure: | Typically a double- stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides. | A single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a shorter chain of nucleotides. | Bases/Sugars: | Long polymer with a deoxyribose and phosphate backbone and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. | Shorter polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. | Base Pairing: | A-T (Adenine-Thymine), G-C (Guanine-Cytosine) | A-U (Adenine-Uracil), G-C (Guanine-Cytosine) | Propagation | DNA is self-replicating | RNA is synthesized from DNA when needed. | Stability: | Deoxyribose sugar in DNA is less reactive because of C-H bonds. Stable in alkaline conditions. DNA has smaller grooves where the damaging enzyme can attach which makes it harder for the enzyme to attack DNA. | Ribose sugar is more reactive because of C-OH (hydroxyl) bonds. Not stable in alkaline conditions. RNA on the other hand has larger grooves which makes it easier to be attacked by enzymes. | Unique Traits: | The helix geometry of DNA is of B-Form. DNA is completely protected by the body i.e. the body destroys enzymes that cleave DNA. DNA can be damaged by exposure to Ultra-violet rays. | The helix geometry of RNA is of A-Form. RNA strands are continually made, broken down and reused. RNA is more resistant to damage by Ultra-violet rays. | Difference | 1.Found in nucleus 2. sugar is deoxyribose 3. Bases are A,T,C,G | 1.Found in nucleus and cytoplasm 2.sugar is ribose. 3. Bases are A,U,C,G | | |
2,) Differentiate Aerobic and Anaerobic. Give example. | Aerobic | Anaerobic | Definition | Aerobic respiration uses oxygen. | Anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory electron transport chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors. | Cells that use it | Aerobic respiration occurs in most cells. | Anaerobic respiration occurs mostly in prokaryotes | Amount of energy released | High (36-38 ATP molecules) | Lower (Between 36-2 ATP molecules) | Stages | Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain | Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain | Products | Carbon dioxide, water, ATP | Carbon dioxide, reduced species, ATP | Site of reactions | Cytoplasm and mitochondria | Cytoplasm and mitochondria | Reactants | glucose, oxygen | glucose, electron acceptor (not oxygen) | combustion | complete | incomplete | Production of Ethanol or Lactic Acid | Does not produce ethanol or lactic acid | Produce ethanol or lactic acid |
Aerobic processes only occur if oxygen is present. When a cell needs to release energy, the cytoplasm and mitochondria initiate chemical exchanges that launch the breakdown of glucose. This sugar is carried through the blood and stored in the body as a fast source of energy. The breakdown of glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) releases carbon dioxide (CO2), a byproduct that needs to be removed from the body. In plants, the energy-releasing process of photosynthesis uses CO2 and releases oxygen as its byproduct.
Anaerobic processes do not use oxygen, so the pyruvate product — ATP one kind of pyruvate — remains in place to be broken down or catalyzed by other reactions, such as what occurs in muscle tissue or in fermentation. Lactic acid, which builds up in muscles' cells as aerobic processes fail to keep up with energy demands, is a byproduct of an anaerobic process. Such anaerobic breakdowns provide additional energy, but lactic acid build-up reduces a cell's capacity to further process waste; on a large scale in, say, a human body, this leads to fatigue and muscle soreness. Cells recover by breathing in more oxygen and through the circulation of blood, processes that help carry away lactic acid.
