Tina Huang
CRJ 112
Professor Gutierrez
July 7, 2016
Annotated Bibliography
Papachristos, A.V. (2005). Gang World. Foreign Policy, pp. 48-55.
Andrew V. Papachristos is an Associate Professor of Sociology at Yale University and has studied gangs for more than 12 years. In the article, Papachristos discusses how street gangs have proliferated around the world that one may now consider it a “gang world.” The focus subject of his research is Hector, a 19 year old member of the Latin Kings street gang, who happens to be the son of Mexican immigrants. He sells little bags of cocaine to make a living profit, about $50. The purpose of Hector being the central figure in his research was to demonstrate how the gang lifestyle is glamorized internationally…show more content… Noguera is a professor of education at UCLA after spending 12 years at NYU. In the article, he explains why African-American and Latino males face educational challenges with low graduation rates and poor academic performance. This can especially be seen in certain areas like in urban school districts in the United States. The author reports that dropout rates for African-American and Latino males are considerably, over 50%. As a result, officials from the federal, state, and local level have used a different, more efficient approach to battle this problem. Educators think the issue can be solved through single-sex education. Single-sex schools have been around for a long time since the 18th century and will continue to spread, based on the assumption that males are better educated separated from females. Most of the new single-sex schools are designed to serve African-American and Latino males by separating them for the rest of the population. Findings from the U.S. Department of Education shows that there was no positive benefit with the comparison of single-sex and coeducational classrooms. For some schools like the Eagle Academy in the South Bronx, high graduation rates have always been the norm for several years. Research on these schools showed us that success stemmed from the strong, positive relationships students and teachers had with one another. In addition, schools should provide a personalized learning environment so students can reach out to trusted individuals by coming to counseling or visiting a mentor when they need help or advice. Instead of school officials being authoritarian by enforcing rigid discipline policies and rules, they should act as close father and mother figures, so students can feel comfortable, safe, and openly be able to express themselves. This research is important to developing a more in-depth understanding of the factors that cause African-American and Latino males to face challenges in life, more so than their
