...administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report on the examination. OCR will not enter into any discussion or correspondence in connection with this mark scheme. © OCR 2012 Any enquiries about publications should be addressed to: OCR Publications PO Box 5050 Annesley NOTTINGHAM NG15 0DL Telephone: Facsimile: E-mail: 0870 770 6622 01223 552610 publications@ocr.org.uk G674 Annotations Mark Scheme June 2012 Used in the detailed...
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...ECO 455 RESEARCH REPORT PREPARED BY: SYED ANWAR SHAMS 083413020 NOWFEL ABU EUSUF 083397520 FOOTBALL IN BANGLADESH FACULTY: DR. A.F.M. ATAUR RAHMAN DATE OF SUBMISSION: 18.08.2011 NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, we would like to thank the almighty Allah for giving us the Knowledge to conduct the entire research for this course. Then we definitely thank our respected faculty member (Dr. A.F.M. Ataur Rahman) for making us familiar with the precise process of making a quality research report through his scholastic Guidance. We would also like to show our gratitude to the following people, who have been extremely helpful till the completion of the entire research report, They are the beloved Family members, especially the parents who have given us all the love and support. It’s never possible to complete any task without their blessings. Our respondents for taking the time to fill out the Questionnaires for our research report. They showed valuable interests during the survey which also helped us to heighten our confidence. The authors and web publishers for letting us use all the information that we have incorporated as our secondary sources. We would also like to show our appreciation to North South University for giving us the knowledge and also for granting us access to the resource premises and print out some of the Questionnaires that we have needed. We also...
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...Define reliability and validity Then use a study to determine how reliable and valid it is, justify answer Reliability is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure. Bartlett, 1932 Reliability Did more than one person record and interpret the data, and do they agree? If you use the same methods again in the same situation, do you get the same results? No, when the experiment was replicated (better controlled) many of the errors in peoples recalling was not found even though the same kinds of errors remained. Validity: Methodological issues * Did not ask participants to be as accurate as possible * Didn’t care much about the environment in which the experiment was conducted Define qualitative and quantitative research, then compare and contrast them, strengths and limitations of qualitative research Quantitative: Explaining a phenomenon by collecting quantitative (numerical) data that are analysed using mathematically based methods such as statistics. Qualitative: Instead of testing, measuring, and experimenting, qualitative research aims at understanding the subject of study …the process of understanding a social or human phenomenon, based on methodological research traditions. Researchers aim at generating a complex, holistic view, at analysing and describing the standpoint of the subjects within a natural context. Quantitative;...
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...PSYB4 Past Paper Questions Listed below are all of the available past paper questions for the Debates section of your PSYB4 examination. The specimen paper below is representative of what your actual paper will look like (2 x 4 mark questions and 1 x 12 mark essay question. Older papers (June 2006-June 2009) used to have Psychology and Science as a separate section so there are a lot of past paper questions on this particular debate. Now they are combined and you would be asked a mixture of questions from across different debates. Print off the copy of this document without the answers and use this to mark them and give yourselves targets for improvement. Specimen Paper Outline what is meant by hypothesis testing and explain the role of hypothesis testing in scientific research. (4 marks) [AO3 = 4] Up to 2 marks for definition/outline of what is meant by hypothesis testing, eg a hypothesis is a testable, predictive statement/proposition specifying the relationships between events or variables. Two further marks for explanation of the role of hypothesis testing in research, eg theories need to be tested by empirical studies, hypothesis testing allows researchers to refute or support a theory, the degree of support determines confidence in a theory. Credit references to the null hypothesis and falsification of a theory 0 8 Explain what is meant by the nature-nurture debate in psychology. (4 marks) [AOl = 2, AO2 = 2] AOl One mark for outlining the term nature;...
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...Communicative approaches in favour of second language acquisition INTRODUCTION For ages, researchers have been developing their own methods, techniques and approaches in the field of learning English as a Second Language. Due to the fact that in the last decades communicative competence has emerged as a main goal; several theories have appeared. They have communication as an aim and are mainly learner centered. AIM The aim of this essay is to look at the concepts of communicative language teaching and task based language teaching. How are these concepts discussed by pedagogical researchers? Furthermore, the dissertation will analyze how communicative approaches are used in the example given where a chart is presented for the students to complete it, and later to serve as a basis for lively questions and discussions according to their level. The first questions ask us to justify the method used in this activity, whereas the second one gives us the opportunity to compare and find similarities or evidence of any other method. Finally, a view on how this activity promotes learners` second language acquisition will be presented. The task states “The use of charts was introduced in Chapter Four as means of providing comprehensive imput …( ) The construction of tables of information about the students can serve as a basis for interesting discussions …” . Then, the teacher creates a chart on the board so as to be completed with the weekly routines of some of the...
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...The slide is an excerpt from www.psu.edu/dept/cew/WritingProposals.doc Writing Thesis Proposals Your thesis proposal provides an overview of your proposed plan of work, including the general scope of your project, your basic research questions, research methodology, and the overall significance of your study. In short, your proposal explains what you want to study, how you will study this topic, why this topic needs to be studied. Purpose: Thesis proposals are designed to: Justify and plan (or contract for) a research project. Show how your project contributes to existing research. Demonstrate to your advisor and committee that you understand how to conduct disciplinespecific research within an acceptable time-frame. PARTS OF A PROPOSAL Proposals generally include at least some form of the following sections: Title, Abstract, Introduction/Background, Problem Statement, Purpose/Aims/Rationale, Review of Literature, Methodology, Significance/Implications, Overview of Chapters, Plan of Work, Bibliography. Sometimes these sections may be combined— the problem statement, aims, and review of literature are all part of the introduction. The most common elements are the introduction/problem statement, review of literature, and methodology Title A good title should: Orient your readers to the topic you will research. Indicate the type of study you will conduct. Abstract The abstract should: Provide a brief (100-350 word) overview of the proposal that gives a reader a basic understanding...
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...thing in a certain social situation, the ability to converse in a consistent and coherent manner. As frequently misunderstood, CLT is not a method per se. That is to say, it is not in the sense by which content, a syllabus, and teaching routines are clearly identified (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). CLT uses materials and utilises methods that are appropriate to a given context of learning. As far as theories of learning and effective strategies in teaching are concerned, CLT does not adhere to one particular theory. It draws its theories about learning and teaching from a wide range of areas such as cognitive science, educational psychology, and second language acquisition (SLA). In this way, it embraces and reconciles many different approaches and points of view about language learning and teaching, which allows it to meet a wide range of proficiency-oriented goals and also accommodate different learner needs and preferences. Littlewood (1981) asserts that, with no one particular method or theory that underlies their practical and...
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...03-Montello-4862.qxd 1/30/2006 12:17 PM Page 35 CHAPTER 3 Data Collection in Geography Overview Learning Objectives: • • • What is the distinction between primary and secondary data sources? What are the five major types of data collection in geography? What are some of the ways geographers and others have made a distinction between quantitative and qualitative methods, and how do they relate to scientific and humanistic approaches in geography? I n the previous chapter, we explained that the empirical part of scientific research involves systematically observing cases in order to record measurements of variables that reflect properties of those cases. Researchers analyze the resulting set of data (usually numbers) graphically, verbally, and mathematically in order to learn something about the properties of the cases. Data collection efforts do not generally go on continuously but are grouped into periods of activity focused on particular research issues or questions. Such a focused period of data collection and analysis is a study (in Chapter 7, we learn that there are two major categories of scientific studies, experimental and nonexperimental). In this chapter, we introduce some basic characteristics of data collection in geography, including the distinction between primary and secondary data sources, the five major types of data collection, and the distinction between quantitative and qualitative methods. 35 03-Montello-4862...
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...Chapter-03.qxd 11/12/2004 2:51 PM Page 55 3 Finding and formulating your topic CHAPTER CONCEPTS ● MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT TOPICS ● WHAT IS A TOPIC? ● TOPICS AS PUZZLES ● PUZZLES AS RIDDLES TO BE UNRIDDLED ● BASIC ADVICE ON RESEARCH TOPICS ● THE EARLIER THE BETTER ● GO FROM THE GENERAL TO THE PARTICULAR ● AVOID POLITICIZED TOPICS ● BE CAREFUL WITH PERSONAL ISSUES ● FIND THE LINE OF LEAST RESISTANCE BETWEEN A AND B ● AIRING YOUR TOPIC ● SOURCES FOR GENERATING IDEAS ● ANALYSING THE POSSIBILITIES OF A TOPIC ● THE INITIAL SEARCH AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ● TOPIC QUESTIONS ● METHODOLOGY AND DATA QUESTIONS ● VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY QUESTIONS ● WHERE YOU SHOULD NOW BE ● USE REFERENCE AIDS ● RISKING A POOR CHOICE OF TOPIC ● FEATURES OF GOOD TOPICS ● USING YOUR SUPERVISOR ● FOCUSING IN ON A POTENTIAL RESEARCH TOPIC ● DEVELOPING RESEARCH QUESTIONS ● DEFINING CONCEPTS ● STATING THE AIMS AND PURPOSE OF YOUR RESEARCH ● WRITING OBJECTIVES FOR YOUR RESEARCH ● USING A HYPOTHESIS IN YOUR RESEARCH ● RESEARCH PROPOSITIONS ● SUMMARY OF THIS CHAPTER ● FURTHER READING Your first rite of passage into the world of research is finding a topic for your dissertation. You can make the process difficult by ignoring the advice of your supervisors and this book or you can work through the tactics we suggest here and enjoy the challenge. The main problems some of our students seem to have in identifying potential topics are that they have misconceptions about what a masters research topic...
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...It cannot be said that one method is superior to the other per se, as both have distinct contexts in which they would be more useful. The contrast between qualitative and quantitative research can be thought of as the battle between empirics and constructs, with both leading to truths but in different ways. Indeed, there are methodological differences between qualitative and quantitative research. For one, quantitative research relies on hard data with numbers and figures whereas qualitative research depends less on cold hard numbers and more so on commentary and reasoning. As such, the methods used to gather data vastly differ as well. Quantitative research depends on instruments such as databases and censuses while qualitative data may warrant interviews, surveys and observations. This leads to yet another methodological dissimilarity, namely that of objectivity. Although the implications of data may be open to differing interpretations, quantitative data itself is a matter of fact. Qualitative data on the other hand, provides data that the researcher must draw results from using inductive reasoning. Lastly and perhaps most importantly, the two research methods differ in terms of what they are designed to do. Qualitative research aims to explain how and why certain things happen. Because quantitative research...
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...the field of strategic management (Brown, 1993). In other words, a school of thought can be seen as an institutionalized paradigm. Besides reflecting on the variety of schools in strategy, we will also sketch out new promising directions in strategy research and practice. Although some strategy scholars have argued that the achieved multiformity in schools of thought signifies an enrichment of the research within the field of study (cf. Mahoney, 1993), other scholars from related disciplines complain about the lack of consistency and coherence (Camerer, 1985). In particular, they argue that the field of strategic management is extremely fragmented and that there is no agreement concerning the underlying theoretical dimensions nor the methodological approach to be employed. In response, many strategists have advocated increased integration of theories within the strategy field. 2 Rethinking...
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...21st Century Leadership Skills - Defined January 14, 2008 by Jeff Brunson A 21st Century Leader understands that if you want engaged employees, you must develop the individual. It is this understanding that leads the 21st Century Leader to a focus on self. Not a selfish focus - but a focus on self for the benefit of others. The Brunson Level II Coaching Program and the Brunson Leadership Development Program for Groups focus on the following key skills for Leadership effectiveness and organizational impact: 7 Skills for Leadership Confidence Personal/Professional Growth Management Skills Personal study and professional application is a must for you as a Leader in the 21st Century. How well you self assess and act on that assessment determines the quality of the goals you set and the effectiveness of your action plans. The impact you deliver is dependent upon how you integrate Leadership behaviors and implement on your strategies. Communication and Connection Skills How skillful a Leader communicates is a major factor of credibility. You must consistently communicate well one-on-one and in group settings. As Leaders, it is imperative that our communication is consistent and credible. We must be able to consistently create safety for dialogue and confidently confront issues. You approach performance management and succession management as key areas for consistent communication. Messaging Skills You are the message. Your Brand is the succinct version of that message. It...
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...Knowledge Claims Knowledge issues emerge from knowledge claims. These are claims about what we know. Researchers examine the knowledge claims about social world (Crotty 2003). They are of an ontological nature (the reality and character of things) and epistemological nature (how the knower discovers the knowledge about the reality). Ontology and epistemology Before researchers embark on their journey to explore social phenomena, they need to clarify what their ontological and epistemological stances are. Just as every project has its start and finish, so does academic research. The first stage of academic research is for inquirers to ask a research question, answers for which will be learnt using proper research methods. Researchers can go about answering the research question quantitatively, qualitatively or utilizing mixed methods. It is believed that while undertaking academic research, ontologies and epistemologies, also called paradigms, must be defined separately from research methods, although these constituents are interlaced and they shape each other (Crotty 2003; Guba and Lincoln 1994; Poetschke 2003; Scotland 2012; Grix 2002). The word ontology is derived from two Greek words meaning being and word. Ontology deals with the world and the question whether the reality exists regardless of our knowledge about it or not. There are two contrasting philosophical traditions: positivism looking at reality as being real, true and concrete and interpretivism looking at the...
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...SUBJECT RESIT: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES GENERAL INFORMATION: This assignment has to fulfil the following conditions: - Length: between 5 and 6 pages (without including cover, index or appendices –if there are any-). - Type of font: Arial or Times New Roman. - Size: 11. - Line height: 1.5. - Alignment: Justified. The assignment has to be done in this Word document and has to fulfil the rules of presentation and edition, as for quotes and bibliographical references which are detailed in the Study Guide. Also, it has to be submitted following the procedure specified in the Study Guide. Sending it to the tutor’s e-mail is not permitted. In addition to this, it is very important to read the assessment criteria, which can be found in the Study Guide. The assignment mark is 100% of the final mark. Assignment: [pic][pic]Look at the classroom activity suggested in the Assignment materials section (at the same place where you can find this paper), and answer the following questions: 1. There are various statements in this text which are extremely questionable, depending on your own personal view of language learning. For example, the text says, “...the chart....can serve as a basis for lively questions and discussions....” Why might this be ‘questionable’? 2. Criticise the approach suggested here from the point of view of a ‘strong’ communicative teacher. 3. Say what is good about...
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...of human behaviour. Grinnell (1993, as cited in Kumar, 2005, p.95) defines research as being a “careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles”. Grinnell also adds that research is a structured inquiry which employs scientific methodology for problem solving and creating new knowledge. This paper will critically discuss the nature and design of mixed methods research. The essay begins by defining mixed methods before giving an outline of the quantitative and qualitative approaches followed by a discussion on the debate surrounding the multi-strategy approach. Multi-strategy research attempts to combine methods from the positivist- quantitative and the interpretive- qualitative paradigms. Both numerical data, a result of quantitative enquiry and narrative data, a result of qualitative enquiry are collected and analysed with the aim of trying to answer a specific research question. This type of integration may also be referred to as multi-strategy research (Williams, 2007). Tashakkori & Teddlie (2003) undertook the task of classifying various terms researchers use to describe mixed methods. They argue that clarity is needed as mixed methods can be described as a third...
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