...Anti-drug Legislation Analysis Criminal Law CJA/354 Anti-drug Legislation Analysis Prohibiting and reducing illegal drug trade is a policy of the anti-drug legislation of laws and polices discouraging any distributing, producing, and the consumption of substances. The students’ paper will focus on the federal and state legislation of marijuana. The student will compare and contrast similarities, and differences among the states of Arizona and California. The student will discuss current laws of each state and examine the proposition of legalization of marijuana. In addition the student will review the impact of legislation change at different levels of the current war on drugs in both the federal and state. The student will assess how legalization will affect asset forfeiture and if would be worthwhile. Starting in the United States of America in 1875 the city of San Francisco enacted a statute that prevented smoking opium (Schmalleger, 2010, p. 384). States quick to follow, the enactment of the Harrison Act in 1914 through medical professional was a requirement of the federal government to register and pay one dollar per year on the tax (Schmalleger, 2010 p. 384). Drug trafficking dealers not registered faced the penalty of prison time of five years and up to a fine of two thousand dollars (Schmalleger, 2010, p. 384). In 1920 the legal availability of heroin came to a halt as the courts considered heroin a prolonged addiction therefore as medical treatment was not qualified...
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...Single-component products – Cost comparison of selected oral anti-diabetic products Introduction: Fixed-dose combination products (FDCs) are drugs which contain two or more drugs in fixed proportions in the same formulation. Fixed-dose combinations are becoming increasingly important because they offer several advantages to the patients. General advantages include lower costs of manufacture, improved patient adherence and decreased distribution costs. Advantages like increased efficacy and increased safety may be possible with certain cases. Combinations are being used in the treatment of various conditions and are specifically useful in the management of HIV, Malaria, Tuberculosis, diabetes and hypertension to name few. A few irrational combinations came to the market place due to certain loopholes existed in the drug regulatory system in India. Certain steps have been taken by Drugs Controller General of India to stop such irrational combinations. However, still the debate is on between the manufacturers and drug regulatory authorities. Objective: It is a general belief among the prescribers and other stakeholders of healthcare that FDCs are less costly than their single-component products. However, it cannot be generalised to all FDCs. The present study was taken up with an objective to find out FDCs which are costlier than their single-component counterparts. For which certain oral anti-diabetic drugs were selected and studied. Methodology: Data was collected...
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...Abdelhamid Hadjahmed Drug: Metformin 1. Introduction of the medication (Case Study) A 54 year old male with obesity, and 6 year history poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Complains of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, blurred vision, and headaches. Recently admitted to the hospital for diabetic ketoacidosis. He would like to get control over his diabetes so this doesn't happen again. 2. Demonstrates knowledge of the content through a teaching presentation? Actions of the medication- Metformin decreases the production of glucose or sugar in the liver, it decreases the absorption of glucose in the intestines, and it also helps increase the sensitivity of the insulin your body produces by increasing uptake and utilisation. Why is the patient taking...
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...Prevention of Breast Cancer Abstract Background Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American women according to the National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer research has found no cure and treatments vary in effectiveness. Objectives This paper will review some of the various conventional and natural prevention methods of breast cancer and evaluate the effectiveness and risks of each. Methods/Design Published studies on early detection , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical activity and diet were reviewed. Opposing studies and risks of each were also sought and reviewed. Major Findings All methods were found to have a positive effect on reducing the risk of breast cancer except for early detection. All methods were also found to have a negative effect on breast cancer risk or have risks of other health problems except for physical activity and thermography. Conclusion Studies show that early detection does not prevent breast cancer and moderate physical activity can reduce the risk of breast cancer. All other methods have conflicting studies . Early Detection: Early detection is the most recommend method for the prevention of breast cancer, however it does not prevent breast cancer but studies show it can reduce the death rate of breast cancer. Mammography the most used and accurate form of non-evasive early detection will be examined in this paper as well as thermography, a new alternative to mammogram screenings. ...
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...------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form * Home * Family Life * Activities * Holidays & Birthdays * Meals, Chores & More * Gear & Toys * Baby Gear * Gear & Toys for 1 – 2 Year Olds * Gear & Toys for 2 – 3 Year Olds * Gear & Toys for 3 – 4 Year Olds * Gear & Toys for 4 – 5 Year Olds * Health * Newborn Babies * Skin Problems * Illness * Eyes, Ears, Mouth and Nose * Teen Health * Chronic Conditions * Arthritis * Fibromyalgia * Cholesterol * Diabetes * Depression * Cardiovascular Disease * Adult Health * Allergies * Anaphylaxis * Diagnosis * Newly Diagnosed * Allergy Gear & Fundraising * Allergy Friendly Recipes * Cakes * Muffins * Breads * Pancakes * Cookies & Bars * Meals * Contact Us | Home > Health > Chronic Conditions > Arthritis Arthritis What is ARTHRITIS? Arthritis is a general term for more than 100 diseases and conditions that affect the joints of the bones. It is a degenerative bone disease. Many people with arthritis do not have any symptoms in the early stages. Later, as it progresses, arthritis symptoms may include joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. Swelling may cause the skin to look tight, smooth or shiny. The muscles surrounding the joint may be sore, too. Some...
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...Case Analysis #1 Tuesday, January 22, 2013 Matt Janes Merck & Company, Inc: The Recall of Vioxx Introduction Geroge W. Merck stated once stated, “We try never to forget that medicine is for the people. It is not for the profits. The profits follow. Initially, Vioxx was the blockbuster drug that Merck needed due to the upcoming Zocor patent cliff in 2006. With an estimated 27,785 heart attacks and sudden cardiac deaths that could have been avoided if Celebrex had been used instead of Vioxx, Merck faces the possibility of not only having to pay enormous civil and criminal penalties, but also losing the trust of patients. Many parties are partially culpable, but Merck faces the severe uphill battle of regaining a reputation that once served as a market differentiator; in the 1980’s, Merck was voted the “Most Admired Company in American Business” for seven consecutive years. A critical issue in this case is to analyze the events listed in the case and propose an alternate course of action that may help prevent future deaths from other pharmaceutical drugs while not prohibitively restricting innovative research that could potentially save lives if tested properly. Critical Points and Issues Merck was relying on the success of Vioxx due to Zocor’s expiring patent and the direct competition Vioxx was engaged in with Celebrex, which had a first mover advantage. While Celebrex was also a Cox-2 inhibitor, Vioxx was the only Cox-2 inhibitor proven to be beneficial...
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... * Executive Summary of Marketing Plan Aleve All day strong. All day long Bayer Consumer Care manufactures parent company Bayer's line of over-the-counter drugs and nutritional supplements. One of the largest manufacturers of OTC drugs in the world, the division has production facilities in Europe, North America, Latin America, and Asia and sells its products in over 100 countries at pharmacies and other retail outlets (Law, Bayer AG, 2012). This market plan is to establish how Bayer Consumer Care, the manufacturers of Aleve intend to capitalize on the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) market as drugmakers scramble to grab Vioxx's and Bextra’s multi-billion-dollar share of the arthritis and pain-relief market. Aleve is used to treat pain or inflammation caused by conditions such as arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, tendinitis, bursitis, gout, or menstrual cramps (Cerner Multum, Inc., 1996-2012). * Company Overview Take two Aspirin ... and maybe some Alka-Seltzer antacid and One-a-Day vitamins to be on the safe side. Bayer Consumer Care manufactures parent company Bayer's line of over-the-counter drugs and nutritional supplements. Its products include analgesics, cough and cold medicines, dermatology care, and gastrointestinal remedies. One of the largest manufacturers of OTC drugs in the world, the division has production facilities in Europe, North America, Latin America, and Asia and sells its products in over 100 countries at pharmacies and...
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...Inversion Ankle Sprain SNAP, CRACKLE, POP! We aren’t talking about the cereal either, but rather the sound of a possible inversion ankle sprain. It is common in sports like football, soccer, and basketball. Injury occurs when the foot is all of sudden forced into inverted past what the ligaments are able to go or in other words excessive inversion and plantar flexion. As a result it may cause ligaments like the anterior talofibular ligament (ATF) and calcaneofibular ligament (CF) to tear. Like most joints, there are ligaments which restraint the joints from moving a certain distance. The ATF and CF are the main ligaments in the ankle which restraint inversion movement to a certain extent. Classification of inversion ankle sprains is done by being classified by grade 1, grade 2, or grade 3. Grade 1 is considered to be mild stretching within the ATF with little to no swelling, point tenderness, and minor pain. Grade 2 is considered to be slight tear of ligament, pain, swelling, point tenderness, possible disability, and possible loss of function. Lastly, there is grade 3 ankle sprain which is considered slight ligament tear, pain, swelling, point tenderness, disability, and loss of function. Treatment: Common treatment is to RICE, which stands for rest, ice, compress, and elevate. You should apply ice for no longer than twenty minutes on and the twenty minutes off. You should repeat this process as much as you can within the next twenty four hours to help reduce swelling...
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...1. Why are drugs classified in the categories they are? Drugs are classified by the area the drug effects or its particular effect on the body. For example, if an individual has a headache they typically use one of two things, either a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or a vasodilator. Ibuprofen is a NSAID and is used to treat inflammation, which could be a cause of a headache. Aspirin, however, is a vasodilator and is used to open the blood vessels to allow more blood and oxygen to get to the brain. 2. Give a description of the actions of drugs in each category. Cardiac Medications – These drugs are used to stabilize the heartbeat or used to lower and control high blood pressure. Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Thrombolytic Medications – These drugs are used to thin the blood apart to break up and prevent blood clots. Analgesic Medications – These drugs are used as pain relievers and most are over-the-counter drugs. Antihistamines and Endocrine Medications – Antihistamines are used to block the immune system response in allergic reactions, such as hives and swelling. Endocrine drugs include insulin, which lowers blood sugar, or glucagon, which raises blood sugar. CNS Medications – These medications are used to control problems with the brain, generally mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, or other mental disorders. Anti-Infective Agents – These medications are known as antibiotics, which are used to fight infections caused by bacteria. Viruses cannot...
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...Pain Medications: The Way We Cope All of us have lived with pain sometime in our lives. We would all like to have a magic pill to take all the pain away, but in modern medicine there isn’t anything like that. There are several different types of medication that can help. Depending on the pain severity, medications vary from your nonnarcotic analgesic drugs which include (salicylate analgesic drugs, nonsalicylate analgesic drugs, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and narcotic analgesic drugs. In the following paragraphs I am going to explain the pain medication I am on for my Rheumatoid Arthritis which is Tramadol. Another name for it is Ultram and it falls under the category of a nonsalicylate analgesic drug. When you are in pain, the one thing you want is the relief to be fast. Tramadol delivers. It has been on the market for years, offering fast relief to moderate to severe pain. How come it is so effective? It is because it is a synthetic form of the more powerful opiate drugs. This gives you most of the pain relief without the side effects. Tramadol works by having your body change the way it senses pain. It does this by inhibiting your neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin, while it also “activates narcotic receptors in the brain and spinal cord to relieve pain.” (Turley, 2010) Tramadol binds to opioid receptors in the brain, which are receptors that transmit the sensation of pain throughout the body. My Rheumatologist started me on 50mg...
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...University of Phoenix Material Health Care Marketing Information Matrix There are a variety of information sources that may be used by consumers to obtain information relating to the marketing of health care products and services. The following matrix is intended to assist you in organizing the information contained in these sources. Consider the types of marketing messages that these information sources may contain and the reliability of the marketing message. Following the provided example, identify three examples of your own. |Source of Health Information |Type of Health-Related |Marketing Messages |How the Consumer May Assess the Accuracy or | | |Information | |Reliability of the Marketing Messages | |List the information source, such as Internet websites, WebMD, MedLine, or the news media. |Type of information |List at least one |List one approach the consumer may use to | | |provided by the source |marketing message being |verify the accuracy of the marketing message.| | | ...
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...arthritis is one of the main diseases that they might have to face and is also one of the number one causes that concerns the elderly. Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints. A joint is the area where two bones meet. It affects the musculoskeletal system, especially the joints and it is the main cause of disability among people over fifty-five years of age in the industrialized countries. There also can be causes of chronic pain; advanced age increases the risk of certain health disorders that causes chronic pain. For older adults who live independently chronic pain can have devastating and wide-spread effects, threating the quality of life, imposing steep economics and social costs and also leading to personal strain. Compliance with drug therapy can be a challenge. Many elderly mistakenly think they should take analgesics only when pain becomes unbearable, and some fear they will become addicted to them. But the emphasize the importance of taking pain medication to keep ahead of pain rather than waiting until the pain becomes unbearable. When they use Nonpharmacologic pain management they become more open to using this method to manage pain, and teaches them to exercise and relaxation. There are many diagnoses of arthritis which have been found in the elderly like Osteoarthritis which is chronic inflammatory disease of the joints, like the large weight bearing joints like knees, hips and also of the joints that move repeatly like the shoulders, neck, and hands. Other diseases...
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...be of different forms. It can be acute or chronic pain. Each and every person has a different tolerance level towards pain. It can be treated in different ways, but the relief from the pain differs from person to person. There are different kinds of medications that a person can take, which includes prescription or non-prescription medications. All medications regardless of what they are or what they do should be taken with caution. Non-prescription medications include “Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including Tylenol, Excedrin, Ibuprofen, Motrin, Aleve, Advil, etc. Then you have prescription medications which are Corticosteroids, Opioids, Antidepressants, Anticonvulsants (anti-seizure medications) and many others”. These can be used to get rid of the common headache, arthritis, or muscle and joint pain. In some cases it may take weeks before a specific medication starts to work, therefore making a person turn to another option (WebMD, 2008). Morphine is a narcotic pain drug indicated for the relief of pain in patients who require opioid analgesics for more than a few days. Morphine interacts predominantly with the opioid mu-receptor. “These mu-binding sites are discretely distributed in the human brain, with high densities in the posterior amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, nucleus caudatus, putamen, and certain cortical areas. They are also found on the terminal axons of primary afferents within laminae I and II (substantia gelatinosa) of the spinal cord...
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...fever. e. Upload the structure of the molecule to the Resources area in your Workspace and embed it in your post by linking to it. Or, you can directly link to it on the web if the picture is on its own webpage. There are actually two functional groups in Ibuprofen. Carboxylic acid is the first functional groups and an aromatic ring (image of Benzene). The way Ibuprofen work in the body is with the enzyme called cyclooxygenase which prevent a compound called arachidonic acid to turn into prostaglandins. One of the actions prostaglandins cause is inflammation (Jones & Lewis, 2010). That is why when we look at Ibuprofen, it is described as an anti-inflammatory medication. What this means is it help reduce the swelling to relief pain and help reduce fever. The small side effect most of us done know is Ibeprofen have an anti-platelet effect which is a COX inhibitor that prevent the production of TxA2. According to an article from examiner.com, there are six natural alternatives to ibuprofen. They are Bosellia, Capsaicin, Cat’s claw, Curcumin, Omega-3 fatty acids, and White willow bark. All of these usually contain little or no side effects comparing to ibuprofen. Each have they own ways to relief pain or swelling. However, some of these can take weeks until you see results (Mitchell, 2009). When it comes down choice what to use, I think I would pick FDA approved...
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...Self-monitoring (or self-tracking) is an activity of recording one’s own behaviors, thoughts or feelings [34]. The self-monitoring process involves individuals’ collecting and reflecting on personal data. Thus, self-monitoring of chronic headaches also depend on effective data collection and analysis of collected data. The CHAMP headache diary allows patients to track headache severity, medication intake, menstrual cycles, overall disability due to headache and perceived headache triggers (sample in Figure 1.1). A headache patient usually tracks only the factors that they assume to trigger their headaches. The problem with perceived triggers is the fact that they are completely based on guesswork of the patient. The perception can go wrong since associativity of perceived headache trigger with headache attack is not based on temporal analysis and identifying triggers is complex due to headache trigger characteristics mentioned in the previous...
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