...Antimicrobial Resistant Infections An antimicrobial resistant infection has been around for quite some time now and it has become one of the most challenging eras of the 21st century. A mixture of antibiotics and other similar drugs have been used as antimicrobial agents to treat people with infectious diseases. In their time, they worked fascinating. These drugs helped reduce illnesses and deaths caused by diseases. However, the extensive use of these drugs has become abroad that unfortunately, the infectious microbes that the antibiotic must target have become adapted to them, making them resistant to the drug. Therefore, antimicrobial resistant infections have risen drastically throughout the years around the world. The reason for this...
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...Antibiotic resistance — what is it and why is it a problem? The development of antibiotics was one of the most important advances of medicine. Many bacterial infections (e.g. tuberculosis and infected wounds) that had previously had no effective treatment and often killed people, became treatable with antibiotics, saving millions of lives. Now, because of the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, bacterial infections that were once easily cured with antibiotics are becoming harder to treat. This is due to antibiotic resistance. The World Health Organization has called this one of the biggest threats to human health today. What is antibiotic resistance? Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria change to protect themselves from an antibiotic. They are then no longer sensitive to that antibiotic. When this happens, antibiotics that previously would have killed the bacteria, or stopped them from multiplying, no longer work. What are ‘superbugs’? ‘Superbugs’ are bacteria that are resistant to several different antibiotics. The methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria commonly found in hospitals, and the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), are now very hard to treat because of antibiotic resistance. Strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) — the bacteria that causes many urinary tract infections — have also developed resistance to a number of antibiotics. How does antibiotic resistance affect me? Using antibiotics when you don’t...
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...org/journal/jss http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2015.33025 Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Property of the Leaf Extract of Euphorbia hirta (Tawa-Tawa) Lorna T. Enerva1,2, Theresita V. Atienza1,3, Zenaida R. Glifonea1, Ofelia B. Villamor1, Normita A. Villa2,3 1 College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines Taguig City University, Taguig, Philippines 3 Graduate School, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines Email: bettyenerva@yahoo.com 2 Received 23 December 2014; accepted 15 March 2015; published 18 March 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Tawa-tawa is usually abundant throughout the Philippines in waste places and open grasslands. The plant is an annual hairy herb, usually much-branched from the base. These branches are simple or forked, ascending or spreading up to 40 centimeters long and often reddish or purplish. The leaves are opposite, distichous, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2.5 centimeters long, toothed at the margin, and usually botched with purple in the middle. The plant deserves special attention because of its medicinal properties. Local tradition credits that this plant can help patients stricken with dengue fever. While it does not fight with the virus, it promotes the development of blood platelets...
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...of the germ theory and disease came about in the Nineteenth Century through Louis Pasteur. Pasteur identified that pathogens, such as bacteria, cause disease by attacking the body from the outside, BBC (2014). Following on from Pasteur’s germ theory, Robert Koch in 1876, proved specific pathogens caused specific diseases, Stevenson (2014). Pathogens are biological agents that take the form of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa causing infection and illness by challenging our immune system, through killing cells or disrupting the cell function, National Academies (2015). “Only when a microorganism has successfully established a site of infection in the host does disease occur”, Janeaway et al (2001). When working in Mexico, there are certain infectious diseases prevalent, and transmission of these diseases can happen through a variety of methods such as direct contact with other infected humans or animals, indirectly by touching infected objects or via airborne transmission. Reports suggest over one million people die from vector borne diseases every year, such as malaria from mosquitos carrying pathogens from host to host, WHO (2014). Whilst working or travelling, should you succumb to an infection or disease, your body will try to defend itself using non-specific mechanisms, such as mechanical, chemical and biological barriers against pathogens to respond to the infection or disease, Tunkel (2012). However individual behavioural practices, and promotion to others of those...
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...detectable symptoms such as labored breathing, chest pain, hypotension, headache and disorientation (Goel Ajay, 2015). If left completely undetected, or for patients with compromised immune systems, the infection can affect functioning of different organs including the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, kidney, heart and brain. When the infection reaches this point it becomes very difficult to cure the disease by antibiotic therapy and the action of anthrax toxins ultimately leads to septic shock and death within only a couple of days (Goel...
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...As we have sped into the 21st century, we have run into the issue of keeping up food supply with the demands of the growing population. To keep up with these new demands, large food companies have enlisted the help of scientists to engineer our foods to make them easier, faster, and cheaper to grow. Unfortunately, using Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) is bad not only for the health of us humans, but also the health of our environments. I believe that we should stop using genetically modified foods so that we can avoid liver disease, kidney disease and an increased risk of cancer in humans, and stop the rise of antibiotic resistance in animals and on crops. Throughout the past several decades, as we have funded the genetic engineering of our food, the higher ups of the food companies have turned a blind eye to the health risks that consuming engineered food have to us, and have conveniently forgotten to inform the everyday consumer of these risks. In “Evidence Grows of Harmful Effects of GMOs on Human Health” by Helke Ferrie, who has a MA in Physical Anthropology and has spent much time working with the World Health Organization, states that according to Canadian research “93% of all fetuses and their mothers tested were found to be contaminated with toxins associated with GM foods” (Ferrie 2) and that there is proof “GM soy products cause pre-cancerous changes to the ovaries and uterus of animals that consume them” (Ferrie 2). To begin with, the most important stage of...
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...INTRODUCTION The antibacterial capsules are specifically designed to treat bacterial infections. That was literally means “against life”. On the other words, any oral dosage form that is capable to treat a disease caused by bacteria and microorganisms. Most instances. The antibacterial capsules they are ideally to be the drug of choice used for treating a specific bacterial infection. Such drug like penicillin are among the most widely effective anti-bacterial agent and also the least toxic drugs known that is in a form of oral route of administration in a capsule form. The Discovery of antibiotic and 1st antibacterial substances was in 1929 by Sir Alexander Fleming in which he discovers and describes the properties of antibiotic, penicillin. As he observed that the Bacterium Staphylococcus aureus was destroyed by the mold Penicillium notatum wherein it became more significant and widely used for treating soldiers with open wounds during World War II. Curing or treating battlefield wound infections and pneumonia. Today, the antibacterial capsules are routinely prescribed and the simple cure they provide for so many infectious diseases is often taken for granted. Unfortunately, the misuse of these life-saving medication is now becoming more occurring in the Philippine country side, other people might tend to use and prefer automatically antibacterial agents to treat any form of wounds & diseases as a medication for better relief while others also attempt to but a medicine...
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...Bacterial Dysentery Dysentery is the result of inflammation and swelling within the intestinal walls, which causes food and water to be improperly absorbed, leading to diarrhea. Bacterial dysentery is caused by bacteria infecting the intestines, leading to localized tissue damage and inflammation. In general, bacterial dysentery is not life-threatening, although serious complications can develop. Causes Bacterial dysentery is most commonly caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water, according to the Mayo Clinic. The most common types of bacteria that can cause dysentery are salmonella, E. coli, shigella and campylobacter. Bacterial dysentery is especially common among people traveling to underdeveloped nations; in these cases it is often termed "traveler's diarrhea." Contamination Sources Food can become contaminated as a result of poor hygiene during food preparation, which can in bacteria spreading from unwashed hands or utensils into the food. Food can also get contaminated by being prepared with water from an untreated well other water source. Foods containing mayonnaise or undercooked eggs or meats can also contain bacteria, especially if they are allowed to remain at room temperature for extended periods, which encourages bacteria to form. Symptoms Bacterial dysentery causes patients to develop diarrhea. Sufferers may also develop cramps and abdominal pain. Other common gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea and vomiting. Some types of bacterial...
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...Preface A well-developed knowledge of clinical microbiology is critical for the practicing physician in any medical field. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans have no respect for the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts...
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...can fill them in without assistance. Exam 1 will cover chapters 1-3 and 6. 1. How long have microbes been on the planet? How has this affected the evolution of more complex species? a. Microorganisms are the foundation for all life on earth b. They have existed on this planet for about 3.5 billion years c. Over time plants, animals, and modern microorganisms evolved from them 2. Describe some of the negative impacts of microbes. d. Disease epidemics- an infectious disease that affects large numbers of people in a given area e. Chronic disease caused by bacteria i. Many disease once thought caused by environmental stressors actually caused by bacteria 1. Example: gastric ulcers a. Causative agent – Helicobacter pylori f. Examples: ii. Black Plague (Yersinia pestis bacterium)- killed 25 million Europeans between 1346-1350 iii. Influenza 1918-1919 killed more than all the wars combined iv. Cholera-vibrio cholerae v. Tuberculosis- mycobacterium tuberculosis g. Microbes affect all organisms h. Modern sanitation, vaccination, and effective antimicrobial treatments have reduced incidences of the worst disease i. Food transmitted pathogens- contaminated food carries bacteria vi. I.E E.coli, salmonella j. Antibiotic resistance bacteria- bacteria that can’t be...
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...REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES (RRL) Literature About the Malunggay Leaves Extract Against Staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus is a group of bacteria that can cause a number of diseases as a result of infection of various tissues of the body. Staphylococcus is more familiarly known as Staph (pronounced "staff"). Staph-related illness can range from mild and requiring no treatment to severe and potentially fatal. The name Staphylococcus comes from the Greek staphyle, meaning a bunch of grapes, andkokkos, meaning berry, and that is what Staph bacteria look like under the microscope, like a bunch of grapes or little round berries. (In technical terms, these are gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, usually unencapsulated cocci.) Over 30 different types of Staphylococci can infect humans, but most infections are caused byStaphylococcus aureus. Staphylococci can be found normally in the nose and on the skin (and less commonly in other locations) of 25%-30% of healthy adults. In the majority of cases, the bacteria do not cause disease. However, damage to the skin or other injury may allow the bacteria to overcome the natural protective mechanisms of the body, leading to infection. And one of the cures for staphylococcus aureus is vitamin c which is found in malunggay. Called "Malunggay" in the Philippines, "Sajina" in the Indian Subcontinent, and "Moringa" in English, it is a popular tree. Many Asians use the leaves of Malunggay (Sajina) like spinach and also the fruit...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...MICROBIOLOGY 2051 BRINNINSTOL Characteristics of Cells: true of all living cells * Communicate with environment * Molecules being exchanged—recognized by other cells—causes cell to do something (releasing toxins; move) * Growing—one cell divides and becomes two cells (binary fisson) * Some form appendages—form differently, look dfrnt, function dfrnt—spores, cysts, flagella * Evolve—ancestral cell Microbial Communities Table 1.1 More water than land Most microbes in soil Origin of Earth * 3.8 billion years ago—evidence of microbial cells Agriculture * Bacteria in plant (soybean plant) fixes nitrogen to usable nitrogen for environment * Cows have microbes in digestive tract to digest grass into sugar Energy—biofuels (methane, ethanol—from sugar cane) produced from microbial Disease—Cause & Treatment * More death-causing bacteria in 1900’s than today (in US!) Food—Microbes make food—bread, beer, cheese, 1665—Hooke; first to describe microorganisms through primitive microscope; drew picture of sprouting bodies 1676—Leeuwenhoek; first to describe bacteria; tiny microscope; drew multiple pictures of dfrnt kinds Four Types of Light Microscopy: 1. Brightfield: simplest; stained and illuminated, 10x 100x 1000x 2. Phase Contrast: cast shadow; shows depth 3. Darkfield: black background; light refracted 4. Fluorescent: fluorescent stained; naturally fluorescent;...
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...Courtesy of L E K A R SPECIAL EDITION Authors: Marino, Paul L. Title: ICU Book, The, 3rd Edition Copyright ©2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISBN: 0-7817-4802-X Authors Dedication Quote Preface to Third Edition Preface to First Edition Acknowledgments Table of Contents Section I - Basic Science Review Basic Science Review Chapter 1 - Circulatory Blood Flow Chapter 2 - Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport Section II - Preventive Practices in the Critically Ill Preventive Practices in the Critically Ill Chapter 3 - Infection Control in the ICU Chapter 4 - Alimentary Prophylaxis Chapter 5 - Venous Thromboembolism Section III - Vascular Access Vascular Access Chapter 6 - Establishing Venous Access Chapter 7 - The Indwelling Vascular Catheter Section IV - Hemodynamic Monitoring Hemodynamic Monitoring Chapter 8 - Arterial Blood Pressure Chapter 9 - The Pulmonary Artery Catheter Chapter 10 - Central Venous Pressure and Wedge Pressure Chapter 11 - Tissue Oxygenation Section V - Disorders of Circulatory Flow Disorders of Circulatory Flow Chapter 12 - Hemorrhage and Hypovolemia Chapter 13 - Colloid and Crystalloid Resuscitation Chapter 14 - Acute Heart Failure Syndromes Chapter 15 - Cardiac Arrest Chapter 16 - Hemodynamic Drug Infusions Section VI - Critical Care Cardiology Critical Care Cardiology Chapter 17 - Early Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes Chapter 18 - Tachyarrhythmias Section VII - Acute Respiratory Failure Acute Respiratory Failure Chapter 19 - Hypoxemia...
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...Lead Pharmacist Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Anne Fittock Non-Medical Prescribing National Advisor National Prescribing Centre Production Colin Bowers Web and Publications Officer (Corporate) Merissa Bellew Web and Publications Manager Published by: National Prescribing Centre Ground Floor, Building 2000 Vortex Court Enterprise Way Wavertree Technology Park Liverpool L13 1FB Tel No: (0151) 295 8671 Fax No. (0151) 220 4334 Websites: www.npc.co.uk www.npci.org.uk Contributors © National Prescribing Centre National Prescribing Centre Patient Group Directions 2009 Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of this document 1.2 Audience for the document 02 03 03 03 06 06 07 07 08 11 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 21 2 How patients receive medicines 2.1 Legislation governing the use of medicines — the key points 2.2 The difference between prescribing and Patient Group Directions 2.3 Exemptions under the Medicines Act 2.4 Choosing the most appropriate mechanism 2.5 When to use a PGD; when to prescribe 3 Using a PGD 3.1 Definition of a PGD 3.2 Professional groups who can use a PGD 3.3...
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