...Kerven Louis Physics 102 Anti-Matter Antimatter is a material composed of antiparticles, they have the same mass as any normal particles that makes matter but have opposite charge and other particle properties such as lepton and baryon number ( Kragh 2002). When normal particles and antiparticles encounter each other it leads to the annihilation of both and gives rise to certain high-energy photons or gamma rays, neutrinos, and lower-mass particle–antiparticle pairs. Setting aside the mass of any product neutrinos, which represent released energy which generally continues to be unavailable, the end result of annihilation is a release of energy available to do work, proportional to the total matter and antimatter mass, in accord with the mass-energy equivalence equation, E=mc2. Antiparticles have been found in cosmic rays, and are also produced in particle accelerators also known as atom smashers. An antiparticle never lasts for very long, because shortly after it forms, it encounters one of its equivalent matter particles, and both are annihilated, yielding pure energy.( Thompson 1997) Artificially produced antimatter can have some practical applications, especially in medical science, where it is involved in the operation of positron emission tomography scanning equipment. Antimatter has been suggested as a possible propellant for spacecraft, a source of energy for public consumption, and as material for a doomsday bomb that would vaporize the earth. (G. Weidenspointner...
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...The development of the universe during the first million years of existence We know because of the theory that 14 billion years ago an explosion occurred; this event is now known as the Big Bang. This explosion happened as the universe had an incredibly high energy density, a really high temperature and pressure so all the energy was jammed into a very small space. The universe was tremendously hot because of particles of both matter and antimatter rushing apart in all directions its believed that just seconds after the explosion the temperature of the universe reached 1000 trillion degrees Celsius; that’s why it’s believed that one simple small variation in the energy field could have been enough to set off the series reactions of the Big Bang. After it had been expanding for a while the universe started to cool down converting energy into matter and antimatter. As the universe expanded further, and consequently cooled, common particles began to form. These particles are called baryons which consist of photons, neutrinos, electrons and quarks that would then become the building blocks of matter and life now. A minute after the Big Bang, matter, after initially being equal to anti-matter, came to control over anti-matter as the interaction between them ended in a slight excess of matter developing. Anti matter as first discovered as anther particle with exactly the same mass of an electron but with a positive instead on negative charged field, this particle was called the...
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...How Do We Make Use of Antimatter? – PET PET stands for positron emission tomography, and works due to the theory of what happens when antimatter meets matter. When matter and antimatter meet (that is, the particles that make up everything in our universe), they destroy each other and radiation is released. The “P” in PET, standing for positron, refers to the antiparticle of the electron. Antimatter was predicted in 1928 by the English physicist Paul Dirac, before the positron was discovered. Dirac’s theory stated that for every type of particle, there is an antiparticle, that has the same rest mass as the particle, has exactly the opposite charge of the particle (if the particle carries a charge), and that it would annihilate itself and the particle if the meet, converting their total mass into photons. The process of annihilation results in the emission of two gamma photos, which can be detected outside the human body by a gamma camera. However, first we must look at the process in which positrons are emitted, known as positron emission or beta plus decay (β˖ decay). Unstable nuclei due to too many protons relative to the number of neutrons in the nucleus undergo β˖ decay, converting a proton into a neutron, which then ejects a positron to conserve the electric charge. For example; Hence, due to the theory of the annihilation between a particle and its antiparticle emitting 2 gamma photons, PET can be used in medicine for scans. A positron-emitting isotope is emitted...
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...Book Review ANGELS AND DEMONS I. 1. Bibliography card a. Title: Angels and Demons Author: Dan Brown Publication Date: May 2000 Publisher: Pocket Books b. Checked out from school library on February 1st 2. Summary card a. The Vatican City is about to explode. Eyes of the media and the people from all over the world are watching in horror. And in the critical moment something nobody expects happens… p 593- 600 b. I would rate this book 5 out of 5 II. 1. Characters Robert Langdon – a Harvard professor of religious symbology, that becomes a witness of the resurrection of an ancient secret society known as Illuminati. A very intelligent, sharp-minded, and a warm –hearted person. I really like this character because of his ability to understand the situation and try everything to help others. Quote: “Religions are not born from scratch. They grow from one another. Modern religion is a collage… an assimilated historical record of man’s quest to understand the divine.” (p 108) This quote represents one of the views on religion in this novel. As a man, that studied different kinds of religions all his life he looks at it only like another myth, but respects it’s influence on people. Vittoria Vetra – A beautiful particle physicist working in the world’s greatest nuclear research facility – CERN. She and her father had a goal to connect science and religion, by scientifically proving that God exists and almost succeeds in it. She helps...
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...WEAKNESSES OF THE BIG BANG THEORY According to Marmet (2005) , the big bang theory believes that the universe originated from an extremely dense concentration of material. The original expansion of this material is called the big bang theory. Moskowits (2010) describes the big bang theory as an assertion that the universe began extremely hot and dense. Around 14 billion years ago, space itself expanded and cooled down eventually allowing atoms to form and clump together to build the stars and galaxies we see today. Taylor (2012) says According to the Big Bang theory, all matter and all space was originally part of an infinitesimally small point called the Singularity. The theory says nothing about where that singularity came from. It is assumed to have come about by a random quantum event. The theory was first proposed in the 1930s, based on Edwin Hubble's discovery that distant galaxies are receding. Hubble measured the distances to a large number of galaxies which was based on the observed brightness of certain stars within them, he went on to collate these distances with their electromagnetic spectra. As it turned out, more distant galaxies had the features in their spectral lines shifted to lower frequencies in a linear manner: that is, more distant galaxies exhibit greater redshifts. The only known mechanism for generating a spectral shift is the Doppler effect, which means that distant galaxies are receding from us. Another dominant idea connects the dots between the...
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...going to DC b. Used as information source by enemy 2. The victim is his friend III. Personal Opinion about Langdon A. Real hero? 1. Destroyed other religious groups a. Was it really worth it? b. Or not? 2. Made some secrets public about a. The Illuminati b. Free Masonry B. Conclusion IV. Camarlengo Carlo Venteresca A. How is he shown to the reader? 1. Family information a. Raised by mother b. Father died 2. Popes Camarlengo B. Discoveries and disagreements 1. Antimatter 2. Pope has a son V. Camarlengos creation of Janus A. His goal as Janus B. Claimed to be the Illuminati leader 1. Poisoned Pope 2. Hired Assassins 3. Killed Kohler C. Antimatter- terrorist attack in the Vatican D. Suicide when found out that Pope was his father E. Acclaimed Pope by crowd VI. Personal opinion about Camarlengo Carlo Venteresca A. Was he really a villain? 1. Was it his job to get rid of the antimatter? 2. Was it his job to kill the Pope? B. Is he really to be blamed by his lack of understanding? C. Conclusion to...
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...trying to stimulate what really happened at the beginning of time and space. This technology is also the Particle Accelerator as it accelerates particles such as Atoms at close to the speed of light. A Brief History of Time and Space “Is not He who created the heavens and the earth Able to create the likes of them? Yes; and He is the Knowing Creator. His command is only when He intends a thing that He says to it, ‘Be,’ and it is.” (Quran 36:81-82) The Big Bang theory states that around 12-15 billion years ago the universe came into existence from one single extremely hot and dense point, and that something triggered the explosion of this point that brought about the beginning of the universe. Matter was created along with its opposite antimatter. Time and space began at the moment of Big Bang. The Large Hadron Collider/ the Particle Accelerator The Large Hadron Collider is the largest and most powerful particle accelerator ever built. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) from 1998 to 2008, with the aim of allowing physicists to test the predictions of different theories of physics. It is designed to smash tiny particles into tinier ones to find out the stuff from which the universe is made. The LHC consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way. Inside the accelerator, two...
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... clashes whose outcomes may well determine the future course of Western civilization. The two books differ in setting, threat, and focus. While The Da Vinci Code tackles ancient speculations about the Holy Grail, Angels and Demons involves more standard thriller fare. It puts science and religion into conflict by reviving the Illuminati, a secret society of scientists and freethinkers whose relationship with the Catholic Church has long been, Brown indicates, intimate, tangled, and not fully known. This secret society returns as a threat when the major church leaders are gathered at the Vatican to elect a new pontiff. Increasing this centuries-old tension is a more specific threat: the Illuminati claim to have stolen a rare sample of antimatter and hidden it somewhere in the Vatican. It is highly explosive if it comes in contact with normal matter, and it will do so when a protective magnetic field runs out in twenty-four hours. Add to this the fact that the four preferred candidates for the papacy have been kidnapped, and the result is that Robert Langdon must decipher a grand puzzle and save the day while half a dozen clocks are ticking. Although the novel’s style is melodramatic, and its exposition and moral judgments are heavy-handed, Angels and Demons remains a first-rate...
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...www.GetPedia.com Click on your interest section for more information : Acne q Advertising q Aerobics & Cardio q Affiliate Revenue q Alternative Medicine q Attraction q Online Auction q Streaming Audio & Online Music q Aviation & Flying q Babies & Toddler q Beauty q Blogging, RSS & Feeds q Book Marketing q Book Reviews q Branding q Breast Cancer q Broadband Internet q Muscle Building & Bodybuilding q Careers, Jobs & Employment q Casino & Gambling q Coaching q Coffee q College & University q Cooking Tips q Copywriting q Crafts & Hobbies q Creativity q Credit q Cruising & Sailing q Currency Trading q Customer Service q Data Recovery & Computer Backup q Dating q Debt Consolidation q Debt Relief q Depression q Diabetes q Divorce q Domain Name q E-Book q E-commerce q Elder Care q Email Marketing q Entrepreneur q Ethics q Exercise & Fitness q Ezine Marketing q Ezine Publishing q Fashion & Style q Fishing q Fitness Equipment q Forums q Game q Goal Setting q Golf q Dealing with Grief & Loss q Hair Loss q Finding Happiness q Computer Hardware q Holiday q Home Improvement q Home Security q Humanities q Humor & Entertainment q Innovation q Inspirational q Insurance q Interior Design & Decorating q Internet Marketing q Investing q Landscaping & Gardening q Language q Leadership q Leases & Leasing q Loan q Mesothelioma & Asbestos Cancer q Business Management q Marketing q Marriage & Wedding q Martial Arts ...
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...Dark Energy, Dark Matter In the early 1990's, one thing was fairly certain about the expansion of the Universe. It might have enough energy density to stop its expansion and recollapse, it might have so little energy density that it would never stop expanding, but gravity was certain to slow the expansion as time went on. Granted, the slowing had not been observed, but, theoretically, the Universe had to slow. The Universe is full of matter and the attractive force of gravity pulls all matter together. Then came 1998 and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of very distant supernovae that showed that, a long time ago, the Universe was actually expanding more slowly than it is today. So the expansion of the Universe has not been slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has been accelerating. No one expected this, no one knew how to explain it. But something was causing it. Eventually theorists came up with three sorts of explanations. Maybe it was a result of a long-discarded version of Einstein's theory of gravity, one that contained what was called a "cosmological constant." Maybe there was some strange kind of energy-fluid that filled space. Maybe there is something wrong with Einstein's theory of gravity and a new theory could include some kind of field that creates this cosmic acceleration. Theorists still don't know what the correct explanation is, but they have given the solution a name. It is called dark energy. What Is Dark Energy? Universe Dark...
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...selves debating―or should we say clashing. There is no place more undemocratic than the cluster inour minds. Perhaps, it would be more appropriate to talk about a confederation of selves. As in any confederation, there is a struggle for power, for supremacy. Some get their heads bashed, some manage to climb up near the top, and one―just one―gets to be the hegemonic self; the self you call “your-self”. In other words, there is a whole universe inside us, albeit a rather chaotic one, governed by a few, fragile, laws. More important, however, is the idea that all those pugnacious selves were orbiting around you from the beginning. Sometimes there is relative harmony, and other times the collision looks like an encounter between matter and antimatter. When you look at it this way, changes in our personality seem, ironically enough, less random. While it is true that there is no way of knowing which of your selves will eventually become “your-self”, the possibility of turning into something you have never been are remote. Don’t we sometimes say that a particular person is able to bring out the “best of us” or the “worst of us”, perhaps...
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...Understanding Science For many people, science is something to be dreaded – boring math problems and pointless information. Science, however, plays an important part in the world around us. Not only does science rule every part of the human life, from the inner workings of the body to DNA, but it also explains the world that we live in. Even though, many times, science is looked at as an annoying extension of math and, therefore, something to be despised, understanding it can be extremely helpful in understanding our own lives. Science allows us to understand and answer the big questions that cause many people to turn to religion and their beliefs. Science is a way of understanding the world through examination and testing. It can be defined “as the process of observing and questioning the world around us. We also sometimes call the things that we learn through experimentation science” (Red Orbit). As such, science is the process of studying and testing theories to create a hypothesis. It is a very broad subject matter and encompasses many branches, most ending with the –ology suffix, meaning the study of. Biology, for example, is the study of the life where Geology is the study of the earth. People that study biology and geology are scientists because they follow the scientific method, “the most powerful method ever invented by humans to obtain relevant and reliable knowledge about nature. In fact, it is really the only method we have for discovering reliable knowledge –...
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...list of the most common prefixes in English, together with their basic meaning and some examples. You can find more detail or precision for each prefix in any good dictionary. The origins of words are extremely complicated. You should use this list as a guide only, to help you understand possible meanings. But be very careful, because often what appears to be a prefix is not a prefix at all. Note also that this list does not include elements like "auto-" or " bio-", because these are "combining forms", not prefixes. Prefix | Meaning | Example Words | a/an | not, lacking in | amoral, anarchy, asymmetrical | ab | apart from | abdicate, abnormal, abduct | ante | before | antechamber, antedate, antecedent | anti | against | anticlimax, antimatter, antipathy | arch | supreme | archbishop, archenemy, archetype | auto | self | autobiography, autocrat, autoimmune | be | beset with | becalm, beguile, bewildered | bi | two | bicycle, binary, bipartisan | co | accompanying | cooperation, coordinator, coworker | contra | opposite | contraception, contradict, contravene | counter | in opposition | counteract, counterbalance, counterpoint | de | reverse | debrief, decompress, deface | demi | half | demigod, demitasse, demimonde | dis | opposite of | disagree, disenfranchise, disinherit, | en (em) | put into effect | empower, empurple, enforce, enlighten | epi | on, over | epicenter, epidermis, epitaph | ex | out | exotic, exterior, exoskeleton | fore | before | forecast, foreclose...
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...calculate the age of the universe. Using this telescope, scientists also found out that not only is the Universe is expanding, it is actually accelerating. For this to happen, dark energy once again is put into consideration. Only such mysterious force could drive the universe to expand. Hubble Space Telescope helped to solve the question proposed decades ago by mapping out how dark energy behaves within clusters of galaxies. Today, scientists know more about the universe and what some of its properties are than fifty years ago. Even so, there are quite a lot of questions still remain that Hubble Space Telescope cannot answer regarding to our universe. Where exactly did the universe come from? How come the universe is made of matter and not antimatter? What will be the fate of our universe? Scientists and astronomers all over the world are trying to figure out these questions (conclusion) ...
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...THE GOD PARTICLE: HAS IT REALLY BEEN DISCOVERED? Speaking to a packed audience Wednesday morning in Geneva, CERN director general Rolf Heuer confirmed that two separate teams working at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are more than 99 percent certain they've discovered the Higgs boson, aka the God particle—or at the least a brand-new particle exactly where they expected the Higgs to be. The long-sought particle may complete the standard model of physics by explaining why objects in our universe have mass—and in so doing, why galaxies, planets, and even humans have any right to exist. "We have a discovery," Heuer said at the seminar. "We have observed a new particle consistent with a Higgs boson." History in the Making At the meeting were four theorists who helped develop the Higgs theory in the 1960s, including Peter Higgs himself, who could be seen wiping away tears as the announcement was made. Although preliminary, the results show a so-called five-sigma of significance, which means that there is only a one in a million chance that the Higgs-like signal the teams observed is a statistical fluke. "It's a tremendous and exciting time," said physicist Michael Tuts, who works with the ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus) Experiment, one of the two Higgs-seeking LHC projects. The Columbia University physicist had organized a wee-hours gathering of physicists and students in the U.S. to watch the announcement, which took place at 9 a.m., Geneva time. "This is the payoff...
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