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Anxiety Disorders – an Outline

Fears & Phobias • Adaptive responses • Excessive in nature

Fear: excessive fears
Phobia: subset of fears including avoidance fear, anxious anticipation, interferes significantly with daily routine, markedly distressed.

Social Phobia: 2 types: generalized versus nongeneralized.
Five subtypes: animal type; natural environment type; blood-injection type; situation type; “other” type.

Common fears: ontogenetic parade. These include: fear of separation; fear of unfamiliar adults; fear of animals, darkness, & imaginary creatures.

Adult fears: social fears; fears related to blood, illness, injury, or death; fear of animals; fears of environmental hazards.

Genetics: Mean heritability 40%. Environment or combination of both appears important.

Theories of Fear: 1. Two-factor Theory (Mowrer) & Pavlov, Watson & Rayner. Includes classical & operant conditioning. 2. Rachman (1976) which includes direct conditioning, modeling, & information/instructional transmission.

Prepared Fears (Seligman, 1970): 1. rapidly acquired 2. resistant to extinction 3. “noncognitive” 4. differentially associated with stimuli of evolutionary significance.

Research on preparedness theory: Cook & Mineka (1987, 1990); McNally (1987); Bandura

Behavioral & Cognitive Theories: 1. Neo-conditioning; 2. Neo-conditioning & emotional processing.

Anxiety Sensitivity: Reiss – AS is one of 3 fundamental fears. The others include illness/injury sensitivity & fear of negative evaluation.

Cognitive Model of social phobia: Clark & Wells (1995)

Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
Issues with this disorder: controversy == 1. panic attacks and generalized anxiety are not qualitatively distinct forms of anxiety. 2. Agoraphobia is a major disability – why listed as secondary?

McNally (1994): Agoraphobia is a separate and distinct

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