...Equivalence Partitioning By: Khalifa, Husam Ali Equivalence partitioning Equivalence partitioning is a software testing technique that divides the input and/or output data of a software unit into partitions of data from which test cases can be derived. The equivalence partitions are usually derived from the requirements specification for input attributes that influence the processing of the test object. Test cases are designed to cover each partition at least once. Using equivalence partitioning • Equivalence partitioning technique uncovers classes of errors. • Testing uncovers sets of inputs that causes errors or failures, not just individual inputs. What can be partitioned? Usually it is the input data that is partitioned. However, depending on the software unit to be tested, output data can be partitioned as well. Each partition shall contain a set or range of values, chosen such that all the values can reasonably be expected to be treated by the component in the same way (i.e. they may be considered ‘equivalent’). Defining Partitions A number of items must be considered: All valid input data for a given condition are likely to go through the same process. Invalid data can go through various processes and need to be evaluated more carefully. For example: a blank entry may be treated differently than an incorrect entry, a value that is less than a range of values may be treated differently than...
Words: 310 - Pages: 2
...This paper define the vertical partitioning in which spread or break the logical relation into group of attributes according to transaction that access the attribute are group of attribute. The vertical partition is defined in three context memory level a centralized database and the most important is distributed database like placed data in different sites. In this paper we focus on distributed database. in which local transaction should be minimize. In this paper we use two phases the first approach is that we have no first knowledge and second is cost optimization. Fragmented may be no overlapping or overlapping. Summary Partitioning in database design is the process of assign object from the logical schema to the physical several objects. Vertical partition is the process of divide attribute into group (fragments) and assign to physical object. In vertical fragmentation we make maximum and all minimum possible fragments it mean that fragment may be overlap or non-overlap. So we make cluster of fragments that one overlap or no overlap but we use the both disjoint and no disjoint cases in partitioning. We use fragmentation to improve the performance of query optimization .according to distribution point of view the different approach is like hierarchy of memory partition. In this approach we used vertical partitioning in that way the attribute that are mostly accessed are placed inthat way the attributes that are highly access are placed in the fastest memory level.in the...
Words: 1301 - Pages: 6
...simple to use: point it at a drive, it'll scan for deleted files, then you can view particular file types (JPGs, PDFs, videos and more) by choosing them from a tree. Scanning speed isn't great, but Undelete 360 can recover files that other programs miss, and so it's definitely worth considering [ (Williams, 2013) ]. Standard undelete programs are perfect for recovering a few files, but if you've lost an entire partition then you'll probably benefit from a specialist application like MiniTool Partition Recovery. The free (for personal use) program has a wizard-based interface which makes it very straightforward to use. Point MiniTool Partition Recovery at the problem drive, specify the area to be searched, and it'll scan for the missing partition. A report will let you know what the program has found, and you can recover the partition in a few seconds. You don't get a bootable recovery disc here, so if your system partition is damaged then MiniTool Partition Recovery won't help you very much. Otherwise, it provides a quick and easy way to locate and restore lost partitions [ (Williams, 2013) ]. A tool called BitPim which is a device that specifically works for CDMA devices, such as LG, Samsung, Sanyo and other manufacturers. This tool is a good one for working with devices that use Sprint, Verizon and U.S. Cellular as their providers, since it primarily works well with CDMA carries & devices. This is not a tool I would recommend that a law enforcement agency should use since...
Words: 1131 - Pages: 5
...loaded in its entirety into memory and allocated as much contiguous space in memory as it needs. Jobs processed sequentially in single-user systems Requires minimal work by the Memory Manager Register to store the base address Accumulator to keep track of the program size Disadvantages of Single-User Contiguous Scheme: Doesn’t support multiprogramming not cost effective Fixed Partitions: Main memory is partitioned; one partition/job. Allows multiprogramming Partition sizes remain static unless and until computer system id shutdown, reconfigured, and restarted requires protection of the job’s memory space requires matching job size with partition size Disadvantages: Requires entire program to be stored contiguously Jobs are allocated space on the basis of first available partition of required size Works well only if all of the jobs are of the same size or if the sizes are known ahead of time Arbitrary partition sizes lead to undesired results Too small a partition size results in large jobs having longer turnaround time Too large a partition size results in memory waste or internal fragmentation Dynamic Partitions: Jobs are given only as much memory as they...
Words: 846 - Pages: 4
...private some stated that Pakistan must be conceded to avoid Muslim unrest. Viceroy Wavell was keenly interested in making practical preparations for the eventual unpleasantness of announcing the actual boundary lines. This shows that some of the British leaders did foreshadow the horrific consequences of the partition but they went ahead with it anyway, perhaps believing that it was a better solution than keeping India united. This contrasts with popular writings which claimed that 'the country’s division was a colossal tragedy, a man-made catastrophe brought about by hot-headed and cynical politicians who failed to grasp the implications of division along religious line's '[14]. The writings criticise the politicians for not being perceptive and aware of what the outcome of the partition could be. It places the partition solely in the hands of the clueless politicians, so the partition was not inevitable and the leaders should be blamed for making such a disastrous decision and not thinking about the consequences of separating the country based on religious differences. Neither the congress nor the Muslim League anticipated the human tragedy that accompanied partition. With hindsight, this seems remarkable, given the warning signs of politically motivated violence and driving out of minority populations from the time of the August 1946 Great Calcutta Killings onwards. Wavell did take a...
Words: 722 - Pages: 3
...Introduction The essay describes a situation I faced two year ago. In May 2011, I was leading a telecommunication engineering project in Bangladesh. My team members came from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and China. The team members joined the project at different stage of the project. Although the status of each team members is mainly decided by his position (title) in the project, but the time of joining the project also has slightly impact on the status of team members. At very beginning, the project had only three members: A, Z and I. Both A and Z are Bengalese, and they all worked as a team leader later in the project. The number of members increased to twenty in a very short time with the kick-off of the project. After that, with the growth of the project, the number of members in the project also increases slowly. Problem When the project came to implementation stage, I applied another team member from Project Management Office in headquarter. The new member, R, is a project manager from Pakistan. He just finished a project in Sri Lanka. My initial plan was arranging R as assistant project manager. But on the next day after he joined my project, when A and I were on the way to our client’s office for a meeting, we were discussing the position for R. A suggest me it’s better to not bring R to the meeting with clients, because the relationship between Bengalese and Pakistani is not so friendly due to some historical and political factors. This really surprised me, I had...
Words: 669 - Pages: 3
...Unit 4 Historical Enquiry “In the context of the years of 1847- 1947, how far was the Partition of India in 1947 inevitable? “ Pawanpreet Dhaliwal Candidate Number-3049 In the context of the years of 1847- 1947, to what extent was the Partition of India in 1947 inevitable? ------------------------------------------------- The countries India, Pakistan and Bangladesh were once united as a whole Sub-Continent mixed with Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs ruled under the British raj in 1857. Where these countries are now, what they have become and their relationships with each other have very much been forged by the events of 1947 with Independence from Britain and the subsequent partition of India. When assessing the extent to which partition was inevitable, it can be difficult as the action itself justifies the inevitability, “Partition happened therefore it was inevitable Khaswant Singh **historian**. This tends to suggest that all history is a predetermined narrative that cannot be changed and altered. This would very much be consistent with Indian philosophy that ‘it has happened because it was written’ this suggests the inevitability of partition is considered to be seen inevitable even before looking at the contributing factors. However from a Western and particularly British perspective, 1947 heralded not only the beginning of the end of the British Empire; but as Lawrence describes, “The end of period of history which from 1492 had seen the domination of the globe by...
Words: 3899 - Pages: 16
...The economy of Bangladesh is a rapidly developing market-based economy.[3] Its per capita income in 2010 was est. US$1,700 (adjusted by purchasing power parity). According to the International Monetary Fund, Bangladesh ranked as the 43rd largest economy in the world in 2010 in PPP terms and 57th largest in nominal terms, among the Next Eleven or N-11 of Goldman Sachs and D-8 economies, with a gross domestic product of US$269.3 billion in PPP terms and US$104.9 billion in nominal terms. The economy has grown at the rate of 6-7% p.a. over the past few years. More than half of the GDP belongs to the service sector, a major number of nearly half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with RMG, textiles, leather, jute, fish, vegetables, leather and leather goods, ceramics, fruits as other important produce. Remittances from Bangladeshis working overseas, mainly in the Middle East is the major source of foreign exchange earnings; exports of garments and textiles are the other main sources of foreign exchange earning. Ship building and cane cultivation have become a major force of growth. GDP's rapid growth due to sound financial control and regulations have also contributed to its growth. However, foreign direct investment is yet to rise significantly. Bangladesh has made major strides in its human development index.[4] The land is devoted mainly to rice and jute cultivation as well as fruits and produce, although wheat production has increased in recent years; the...
Words: 1644 - Pages: 7
...The Kashmir Issue: Some options towards solution By Dr. Misbah Islam As we all know the Kashmir issue has been has been a perennial problem ever since the birth of Pakistan. Kashmir is one of the two most intractable problems that have stymied the world for so long resulting in horrendous loss of life and negative impact on the development of the belligerants. Nature of the Problem: The origins of the Kashmir issue lie in the illegal instrument of accession to India signed on October 26, 1947 by Raja Hari Singh that violated the rights and hopes of 77% Muslim population of Kashmiris to join Pakistan. It has resulted in or associated with at least four major wars: 1948, 1965, 1971 and 1999. Besides loss of liberty for 10 million people it has entailed loss of lives (more than 102,000), in the form of executions, bombardment and disappearances, horrendous tortures, injuries, crimes against women, destruction of property, businesses and the list goes on [Ref 1]. No value can ever be assigned to the psychological losses. So far India has refused visits by Amnesty International to investigate and report impartially. We have also to take into account other costs. The purpose of this exercise is to highlight the seriousness of the issue and to prove Pakistan’s commitment to the cause. The Kashmir issue has involved direct expenditure in terms of resources: military, diplomatic, journalistic and so on. Resources, that could have been better spent for mitigating and solving...
Words: 4182 - Pages: 17
...History of Bangladeshi Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship Several studies on topics like entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs were done by several academicians all over the world in different countries. The issue got immense importance in the eyes of the researchers. The case of Bangladesh is also similar. After the period of British ruling when two new states India and Pakistan came, the economy of this subcontinent was backward, highly agricultural and characterized by massive poverty (Ray, 1992). During the ruling of Pakistanis, though the other side of Pakistan (West Pakistan) saw some economic developments, the portion which is now called Bangladesh (the then East Pakistan) could not see that light. Bangladesh got rid of Pakistani ruling in December 1971.But because of one-eyed behavior of the then Pakistani rulers huge economic problems were already prevailing in East Pakistan even at the pre-independence period. After independence, as a result of the post-war crisis, massive political unrested. The overall economy became more backward and stagnant. From then, even today Bangladesh is known all over the world for its mass-poverty and poor economic growth (Kamal, 1985). Even now-a-day, the dominant sector of economy is the agricultural sector. But investment in agriculture from commercial point of view has not been made much due to ownership problems, existing inheritance laws, uneconomic size of farm, socio-cultural traditions of the people and absence of governmental commitment...
Words: 1251 - Pages: 6
...married, but their decision caused a lot of discussion and many problems, just because of their different nationalities. This has lead me to my main question, “Is marrying across boarders still a problem, in our modern society?” Chamberlain presents the conflict in a very informing, clever and neutral way, and thereby giving the reader a chance to create their own attitude upon the matter. He starts by introducing the main people, Shoaib and Sania, and then describes the conflict their marriage has sparked. By making a simple comparison to the Capulets and Montagues from Shakespeare’s famous tragedy “Romeo and Juliet”, he describes the severity of the conflict to people who do not know of the fierce feud that has been raging since the partition of India, between Pakistan and...
Words: 1123 - Pages: 5
...Which technically means that India could stop the flow of water to Pakistan at any time, leaving Pakistan’s agriculture based economy in a chaos. The best way to resolve the conflict and to ensure uninterrupted supply of water is to establish confidence building measures. An example of a successful agreement over the use of water is Indus Water Treaty. At the time of separation, the line of partition was drawn right across the River Indus, which meant that the source of the rivers allocated to Pakistan, belonged to India. This posed a threat to Pakistan that India might, at any time, divert the flow of water leaving Pakistan’s water dependent economy in a serious drought. The Indus water treaty, signed in Karachi on September 19th, 1960, by India’s Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan’s President Muhammad Ayub Khan, adjudicated by Mr. W.A.B. Illif of the World Bank, defines the allocation of the waters of Indus River between the two countries. It allocates three western rivers; Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to Pakistan, while the three Eastern rivers; Ravi, Beas and Sutlej to India. Most of the conflicts that have risen between Pakistan...
Words: 2081 - Pages: 9
...A) FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GROWTH OF MODERN NATIONALISM IN INDIA There are several factors responsible for the emergence of nationalism in India. 1) Economic Critique of Colonialism: An understanding that British rule in India is leading to the underdevelopment and impoverishment of the country was first articulated by Dadabhai Naoroji. He developed ‘Drain Theory’ in 1867 in which he argued that Britain is draining the wealth of India. He published Poverty and Un-British Rule in India which is a systematic critique of British colonial rule. R.C. Dutt in his Economic History of India under Early British Rule and Economic History of India in the Victorian Age made similar arguments about the exploitative character of British rule in India. M.G. Ranade published Essays on Indian Economics in 1898. Economic critique of colonialism laid foundation for nationalist movement in India. 2) Political, Administrative and Economic Unification of the Country: British rule introduced modern bureaucracy, professional civil service, unified judiciary and a uniform civil and criminal laws in India which resulted in the political unification of the country. British colonial state also introduced modern means of transport and communication such as railways, roads, electricity and telegraph which resulted in the unification of the country. Political, administrative and economic unification of the country gave a sense of unified ‘nation’ for the people of India. 3) Western Thought and Education:...
Words: 2498 - Pages: 10
...1 1. Introduction 1.1. Bloody Sunday Sunday the 27th of January 1972 became known as the Bloody Sunday. This Sunday represents a very important point in the history of the partition of Ireland and the relationship between England and Northern Ireland. 14 people had been shot and another 13 wounded by British soldiers during a protest in the northern Irish city Derry for civil rights and against the British occupation policy on this very Sunday. The Events that took place on Bloody Sunday had been the initial phase for the conflict in Northern Ireland to escalate. As a result, the conflict got worse. Shortly after the declaration of the happenings in Derry, an enraged crowd of northern Irish citizens occupied the British Embassy in Dublin and burned it down. To simplify the enormous amount of the subject matter “Ireland”, in the following lesson, there is going to be a didactical cutback. To begin with, the students are supposed to get to know some basic facts about the divided Ireland. In this one lesson, it is not about representing the topic in all of its details. To a greater degree, it is about approaching the topic particularly with regard to war and peace. The children shall know, what happened on Bloody Sunday and they should be able to classify the events into the historical-cultural background.1 1.2. The Song “Sunday, Bloody Sunday by U2” One of the most famous Bands in the World, U2, was founded in 1983. The Single “Sunday, Bloody Sunday” is the reason for the...
Words: 3627 - Pages: 15
...Kashmir Issue: Causes and Effects Sana Iqbal December 5, 2010 Outline 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Causes of the Conflict 4. Beginning of the Confrontation 5. Conclusion Introduction Ever since territorial changes have taken place in history, issues pertaining to affiliation and independence of some state have always been there. Although history is full of territorial conflicts, the two most recent ones include the Palestine issue and the Kashmir issue. While Palestine issue was the result of the First World War and did create a huge impact on the international politics and foreign relations of several countries, however, the Kashmir issue is relatively a more regional conflict with its nucleus being the Indian subcontinent, and can be resolved if flexibility is shown by the conflicting parties. History Kashmir was initially ruled by Muslims, and was an integral part of the Pashtun Durrani Empire, which was primarily a dynasty of Afghan origin. The foundation of the Durrani Empire was laid by an Afghan commander, Ahmed Shah Durrani. When the East India Company started to lay its political foundations in the Indian subcontinent, they started massive annexations of areas that were previously ruled by local princes, nawabs and maharajas. During 1840s Kashmir went under the British control after they signed the Treaty of Lahore with the Sikhs. A few years British rewarded Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, a Hindu general who helped British to annex Punjab. British...
Words: 1411 - Pages: 6
