...Nelson Mandela en la realización de la igualdad racial y la libertad en Sudáfrica Introducción La figura emblemática de Nelson Mandela se coloca hoy como un símbolo perpetuo de la perseverancia en la larga batalla para desmantelar el apartheid. Fue una batalla para la que estaba "dispuesto a morir por " una lucha no sólo contra la dominación blanca , sino también la dominación negro . Sin embargo, como la época del apartheid llegó a su fin , la cruzada de Mandela para una "nación arco iris " democrático miró con desesperación inalcanzable como Sudáfrica se acercó peligrosamente a descender en el caos total . Sin embargo , Mandela , mucho tiempo activista anti- apartheid y líder en el Congreso Nacional Africano (ANC ) , continuó la lucha por su sueño de una nación multicultural. Algunos han expresado la opinión de que, aunque el Congreso Nacional Africano , fue sin duda un papel decisivo en la revolución pacífica y democrática el fin del apartheid , el propio Mandela era más que una figura decorativa para el ANC en su 1994 victoria electoral y en realidad era la de muchos otros líderes ejecutivos de alto nivel que guiaron la ANC a la victoria. Más importante es la creencia de que la destrucción del sistema de apartheid obsoleta e inhumana fue hace mucho tiempo . Mandela , como líder de la ANC , simplemente el beneficiario de este cambio masivo en la actitud que finalmente resultó en la elección del ANC en 1994 Aunque Mandela , sin duda, tuvo un fuerte complemento de...
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...analysis of apartheid on womens lives in s.a Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid as a means to cement their control over the economic and social system. Initially, aim of the apartheid was to maintain white domination while extending racial separation. Starting in the 60's, a plan of ``Grand Apartheid'' was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression. With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. Race laws touched every aspect of social life, including a prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites, and the sanctioning of ``white-only'' jobs. In 1950, the Population Registration Act required that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or colored (of mixed decent). The coloured category included major subgroups of Indians and Asians. Classification into these categories was based on appearance, social acceptance, and descent. THE EFFECT OF APARTHEID ON WOMEN IN RURAL AREAS African women in South Africa, being both black and female, suffered a triple oppression. As Africans—which for the most part defines their class position—they had to contend with the restrictive and repressive apartheid legislation, which ensures alien control over all facets of their lives. In addition, as women, they had to contend with the fact that they are regarded as dependants and as inferior to men; as such, they are even further discriminated against...
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...de Johannesburgo. Posteriormente se unió al Congreso Nacional Africano (CNA), organización que se oponía a la discriminación y la explotación excesiva de los sudafricanos negros mediante campañas pacíficas. En 1943, fundó la Liga Juvenil y organizó movilizaciones de protesta contra el sistema de segregación racial: el apartheid. El gobierno de los blancos reprimía violentamente a los manifestantes, por lo que en 1961 Mandela fundó una organización llamada “Lanza de la Nación” (Umkhonto we Sizwe) la que luchaba de una forma armada por los ideales de no discriminación e igualdad para todos los ciudadanos. Debido a esto es capturado al siguiente año, sometido a juicio y considerado culpable. Pasó 27 años preso en la isla Robben, frente a Ciudad del Cabo. En los siguientes años sus colaboradores y seguidores continuaron luchando contra el apartheid dentro y fuera de Sudáfrica, por lo que varios gobiernos del mundo empezaron a exigir la libertad de Mandela y la abolición de la segregación racial. Recién en 1990 el presidente Frederik de Klerk finalmente liberó a Nelson Mandela. En los siguientes meses ambos líderes negociaron la eliminación del apartheid, la que quedó derogada oficialmente en 1991. Fueron galardonados con el Premio Nobel de la Paz en 1993. En 1994, Mandela fue elegido presidente de Sudáfrica y gobernó hasta 1999. En este periodo se esforzó por reconciliar a los sudafricanos y contribuyó en el cese de varias guerras del continente. Invictus Tal como...
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...Is it fair to prosecute someone for breaking an unjust law? Alan Paton’s Too Late the Phalarope, set in Apartheid South Africa, analyzes this dilemma through the story of Pieter van Vlaanderen, a white South African police lieutenant, who must battle the criticism of a stringent community, his family, and his own perception of morality. As a lieutenant and a star rugby player, Pieter is a well-respected member of his society, yet he begins to have sexual relations with a young, black girl named Stephanie, in direct violation of the Immorality Act of 1927. Pieter is a family man who cheats on his wife, and a police lieutenant who breaks the law. One would think that the reader would have no sympathy for Pieter—in fact, it is quite the opposite. Through Pieter’s “social death,” Paton garners sympathy for Pieter’s tragedy, and ultimately unveils the repressed society as the “tragic figure,” thus conveying a more universal political message. Paton uses this compassion as a vessel to expose and criticize an unjust society, in which an affair of the heart can result in imprisonment. Through displaying Pieter’s inner-turmoil, Paton weaves a portrait of a troubled and alone Pieter who needs support and intimacy to avoid his self-destruction. Sophie, Pieter’s aunt and the story’s narrator, begins the novel saying, “[p]erhaps I could have saved him, with only a word, two words, out of my mouth” (9). Although the reader has no personal connection with either Sophie or Pieter, the...
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...general statement that announces what the paragraph is about. By starting a paragraph with a topic sentence, your audience may immediately identify your topic. This construction also helps you, the writer, stay focused on your subject. Consider the following example of an essay introduction: The first sentence is the topic sentence: It tells the readers they will learn about past narratives. The sentences that follow the topic sentence relate to the topic sentence because they provide examples of past narratives. Finally, the last sentence is the thesis of the essay, which expresses the author’s position on the topic and previews what the entire paper is about. You learn more about writing effective introductions later in this course. Supporting Paragraphs Every paragraph after your introduction must be a supporting paragraph. A supporting paragraph supports or proves your thesis. All supporting paragraphs must include a topic sentence. You may then develop the supporting paragraphs within your paper by using one or more of the following methods: • Examples and illustrations • Data, facts, or historical or personal details • A simple story, or narrative • Descriptions • Division and classification • Analysis • Process analysis • Definitions • Cause-effect • Comparison-contrast • Argument The previous paragraph about journals used examples to support the topic sentence. Consider the paragraph...
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...|[pic] |Course Design Guide | | |College of Humanities | | |COM/156 Version 7 | | |University Composition and Communication II | Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course builds upon the foundations established in COM/155. It addresses the various rhetorical modes necessary for effective college essays: narration, illustration, description, process analysis, classification, definition, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and argumentation. In addition, requirements for research essays, including the use of outside sources and appropriate formatting, are considered. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject...
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...MNUALLL/301/0/2013 Tutorial Letter 101/0/2013 General tutorial letter for proposal, dissertation and thesis writing MNUALLL Year module Department of Health Studies IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This tutorial letter contains important information about your module. Note: Copyright pertaining to Mouton (2006) has been ceded to Unisa CONTENTS Page 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 2 WELCOME ................................................................................................................................... 6 SECTION 1: BEING REGISTERED FOR THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL MODULE (RPM) .... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 7 Application .................................................................................................................................... 7 Registration for Research Proposal Module (RPM) ...................................................................... 7 Registration................................................................................................................................... 8 Appointment of supervisor ............................................................................................................ 8 Guidelines for writing a proposal ...............................................................................................
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...FALE 1033 WRITING FOR SCIENCE Topics Covered Introduction to effective writing skills Writing thesis statement and topic sentences Definition , exemplification and classification Description Cause and effect Interpreting diagrammatic information Comparing and contrast Proofreading and editing Text Used 1. 2. Main Text: Oshima, A & Hogue. ( 1997). Introduction to Academic Writing. New York: AddisonWesley, Longman Zimmerman. (2003).English for Science. Singapore: Prentice Hall Additional Text Brannan, B. (2003). A Writer’s Workshop: Crafting Paragraphs, Building Essays. McGraw Hill Trible,C. (2003). Writing Oxford: Oxford University Press Method of Assessment 2 Assignments + 1 Test Assignment 1 -15% (Outlines) Assignment 2 – 15% (interpreting data) Test – 10% (Grammar/proofreading) Final Examination- 60% Section A- Essay Section B- Grammar Section C- Interpreting Graphic Data LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO EFFECTIVE WRITING SKILLS What is Science Writing? Science writers are responsible for covering fields that are experiencing some of the most rapid advances in history, from the stunning advances in biotechnology to the exotic discoveries in astrophysics. A science writer may include coverage of new discoveries about viruses, the brain, evolution, artificial intelligence, planets around other suns, and the global environment, to name a few topics Aims and objectives for writing for science To provide students with the necessary knowledge of the...
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...or at the end of the essay. 4. Now re-read more slowly and carefully, this time making a conscious attempt to begin to isolate the single most important generalization the author makes: his thesis. Follow his line of thought; try to get some sense of structure. The thesis determines the structure, so the structure, once you begin to sense it, can lead you to the thesis. What is the main point the author is making: Where is it? Remember, examples or "for instances" are not main points. The thesis is the generalization the author is attempting to prove valid. Your job, then is to ask yourself, "What is the author trying to prove"? Another way of identifying the thesis is to ask yourself, "What is the unifying principle of this essay"? or "What idea does everything in this essay talk about"? or "Under what single main statement could all the subdivisions fit"? If the author has stated his thesis fully and clearly and all in one place, your job is easier. The thesis is apt to be stated somewhere in the last few paragraphs, in which case the preceding paragraphs gradually lead up to it, or else somewhere right after the introduction, in which case the balance of the essay justifies the statement and refers back to it. Sometimes, however, the author never states the entire thesis in so many words; he gives it to you a piece at a time. Never mind. You can put it together...
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...Thesis abstracts / 75 Writing a structured abstract for the thesis James Hartley suggests how to improve thesis abstracts (From Psychology Teaching Review, 2010, 16, 1, 98-100) Two books on writing abstracts have recently come to my attention. One, Creating Effective Conference Abstracts and Posters in Biomedicine: 500 tips for Success (Fraser, Fuller and Hutber, 2009) is a compendium of clear advice – a must book to have in your hand as you prepare a conference abstract or a poster. The other, Abstracts and the Writing of Abstracts (Swales and Feak, 2009) contains several research-based exercises on writing abstracts for journal articles in the Arts and Social Sciences. Both books extol the virtues of structured abstracts (i.e., those with standard sub-headings found in several journals published by the BPS) but both contain few examples. Thesis abstracts Swales and Feak also have a short chapter on writing the abstract for the PhD – a rather different kind of abstract. Here two such abstracts are presented for analysis. However, because the book is written mainly for a North American audience, British students might like to check their institution’s regulations in this respect. It is likely, of course, that these will not be very helpful. Here, for example, are the regulations from my own University: Abstract The page should be headed Abstract, followed by no more than 300 words describing the key features of the thesis. Many information retrieval...
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...ACADEMIC YEAR 2013/2014 FOUNDATION SCIENCE FHEL1012 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC STUDY MID-TERM TEST JULY 2013 TIME: 1 HOUR NAME: ____________________________________ TUTORIAL GROUP: T ( ) SECTION A: COMPOSING TOPIC SENTENCES (12 MARKS) Given below are 3 thesis statements. For each thesis statement, write 2 topic sentences that will function as the first sentence of a body paragraph. (You will note that one topic sentence has been constructed for each thesis statement) 1. Thesis statement: There are three ways of combating the stress which undergraduates face in university. Topic sentence 1 To begin with, undergraduates should adhere to a daily time table that allows them to manage tasks in an organized manner Topic sentence 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2 Marks] Topic sentence 3 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2 Marks] 2. Thesis statement: Plastics are injurious to the environment in three ways. Topic sentence 1 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ...
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...Thesis and Capstone Project Comparison In some ways the thesis and capstone project are similar. Both should follow the same basic outline and should represent a scholarly effort of high quality. As noted in the Graduate School requirements, "Graduate programs leading to the Master of Arts, Master of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy degrees emphasize the development of the student's ability for independent scholarly work and the creation of new knowledge through research. Practice-oriented programs, which ordinarily lead to the degree of master or doctor in a particular professional field, emphasize preparation of the student for professional practice at the frontiers of existing knowledge." Both capstone projects and theses should have a clear statement of the problem or issue to be addressed; a literature review which covers the important work related to the problem, with content clearly relating to the statement of problem; analysis of results; and statement of conclusions. When there is a question as to whether the proposal is a thesis or a capstone project, the proposal shall be submitted to the EDP Program Director for a decision. This must be done prior to registering for thesis or capstone project credits. The thesis should answer a question which contributes to new knowledge and is generalizable beyond a single setting. The thesis should be analytic, should systematically analyze data, and should develop and make appropriate...
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...edu 14237249 Associate of Science degree in Network Systems Administration EN 1320 Composition I ITT Technical Institute – Clovis, CA October 11th, 2013 Chapter 9 (Writing Today, pp. 171-196) 1. What is the purpose of a commentary? Commentaries are used to express opinions on current issues and events, offering new and interesting perspectives that help readers understand the world in which they live. It is to convince readers to agree with you and, perhaps, to change their minds. 2. What is the basic organizational pattern of the commentary? * A topic based on current events or current issues. * An introduction that immediately engages the reader by clearly announcing the issue under examination, the writer’s thesis, and the angle he or she will take on this topic. * An explanation of the current event or issue that reviews what happened and the ongoing conversation about it. * An argument for a specific position that includes reasoning, evidence, examples, and observations. * A clarification that qualifies the argument, avoiding the tendency to overgeneralize or oversimplify the topic. * A conclusion that offers an overall assessment of the issue, highlights its importance to readers, and looks to the future. 3. What are strategies for inventing the content of your commentary? You should begin by listening, understanding; listen for what is not being said, or was is not being pursued. Have knowledge of what you’re going to talk...
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...English speaking audiences. However, with this translation, the book can show any reader despite their beliefs can relate to the complexities of all relationships when people are unable to be open and share their feelings a learned behavior from society, family, or religious beliefs. See if it this meets the requirement thus far. Instructions Below: Your introduction must be no more than one paragraph in length. It should indicate the theme(s) and thesis/theses of the book, and you should include your thesis statement at the end of the introductory paragraph. The thesis statement is ABSOLUTELY essential to your paper. It tells me what your analyses will prove or argue. Your thesis statement should be an argument about the author’s purpose in writing the book or the author’s thesis in the book - and how successful (or not) was the author in achieving this purpose or proving this thesis. This may seem a bit confusing, but think of your thesis statement creation as a three step process. * First, identify what you think is the thesis or purpose of the book. *...
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...others on giving your personal reactions to it. The best rule of thumb is to ask your faculty member for clarification. You might even consider giving him or her this guideline and asking him or her to revise it to reflect his or her expectations. I. SUMMARY/SYNOPSIS – What are you reacting to? GOAL: Show that you understand the thesis, main ideas, and supporting ideas in the piece you're writing about. Identify all of the "basic information: about the book that you can, including: • the author of the piece, the title of the piece, the title of the book or journal from which it was taken (if relevant), the publisher, and the year of publication; • the topic or subject of the piece—for example, "The Triangle Shirt-Waist Fire" or "Revitalization efforts underway in Roxbury's Codman Square." In other words, tell what the piece is about in a word or a phrase; • the author's purpose or motive for writing the piece—for example, "to expose the dangerous conditions factory workers in the United States faced prior in the early decades of the twentieth century" or "to show how residents can unite to improve their neighborhood"; • the author's thesis statement (might be similar to the purpose, but not necessarily); • the author's primary supporting ideas. II. Analysis/Evaluation--What are the strengths and weaknesses of the piece? Goal: Show that you understand what...
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