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Architecture

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CACCA & CAZZO Las normas éticas nivelan la forma correcta de las acciones de cada individuo y permiten que cada miembro de la sociedad funcione de manera armónica. La difícil cuestión de la ética es una preocupación perenne para arquitectos y ha contribuido a la forma en que los problemas de arquitectura han sido negociados desde la disciplina se inauguró . La ética que quiero discutir aquí no entran en el terreno cómodo de un código moral ya hecho , y las normas profesionales que están diseñados para asegurar la integridad de la disciplina y responder lugar a circunstancias contingentes y innovadoras propuestas de diseño. Quiero abogar por una coalición entre la ética y la estética - es decir, un ético -estética - para sugerir cómo un enfoque ético se convierte en parte integral del acto creativo de diseño . Debido a que es difícil de tratar estas cuestiones en abstracto , voy a empezar con una parábola. Hay una película Australiana desde 1982 se llama la "Heatwave" , dirigida por Phillip Noyce y protagonizada por Judy Davis y Richard Moir . Davis interpreta a un activista político , y " anarquista " de vez en cuando , que está luchando por los derechos de los residentes en una franja de casas antiguas en el centro de Sydney que están programadas para la demolición. La película comienza cuando los residentes están siendo forzosamente , removidos violentamente de sus hogares. Moir es el arquitecto ambicioso , talentoso y visionario de la remodelación prevista. Sus planes se han extraído de los sistemas naturales y las promesas de un nuevo orden social. Su personaje es una reminiscencia de la mítica figura del arquitecto heroica del movimiento moderno , en la facilidad de hacer afirmaciones acerca de cómo la arquitectura puede contribuir a la ingeniería social. En una escena lo vemos de calco sobre los brazos extendidos de un árbol , de donde se genera la estructura de su propuesta, acertadamente bautizada Edén. Tal vez es el árbol de la ciencia que está trazando ? El arquitecto - esteta y el activista radical se compulsivamente atraídos el uno hacia el otro a lo largo de la duración de la película, en un abrazo inevitable. Cuando el anarquista pide el esteta por qué hace lo que hace, y por qué él no está preocupado por el desplazamiento de los residentes y los obligaron a abandonar sus hogares , explica que si no había tomado en el esquema , alguien con menos talento tendría . Todas las cosas , mientras que en el mundo van de mal en peor. Las personas van a faltar , un colega del arquitecto aparece asesinado , y la tira de casas adosadas se quema en el suelo después de un acto de un incendio provocado. Para el final de la película planes visionarios del arquitecto han sido desplazadas por un esquema más pragmático , más económico , menos elegante y mucho menos con el medio ambiente . La conclusión es ambigua - ni el activista anarquista ni el esteta - arquitecto gana el día. La confianza del arquitecto para imaginar que ella contribuye a nuevas formas de sociabilidad y futuras formaciones de la comunidad ha sido muy disminuido a raíz de la posmodernidad . Sin embargo, la disciplina de la arquitectura no puede ser concebido como autónomo, o fuera de un orden sociopolítico . Un retorno a los sistemas naturales ha comenzado a generar mucho interés entre experimental , la llamada digital, arquitectos. A diferencia de el arquitecto de la ola de calor , que imita la estructura de un árbol para generar su arquitectura, arquitectos experimentales se han movido más allá de la mimesis de las formas naturales y en un examen de las minucias microscópico de los procesos naturales. Estos procesos, y un énfasis en el proceso sobre el resultado incorporado ( una preocupación que es el legado de las costumbres posmodernistas ) , se derivan de la intersección de la biología y de las técnicas de imagen y dominio algorítmico de la computación moderna . El arquitecto de la tarde ha quedado fascinado por emergentes , sistemas de auto-organización que se generan desde "abajo hacia arriba " o no- jerárquicamente - por ejemplo, el comportamiento de los enjambres , los nidos de hormigas e incluso ciudades que han evolucionado " orgánicamente " con el tiempo . Estas preocupaciones también hacen alusión a la posibilidad de nuevas formaciones sociales - por ejemplo , la cultura de la red, la interconexión a distancia a través del desarrollo de las telecomunicaciones , etc . Mi enfoque aquí podría parecer una pequeña área de la actual empresa de arquitectura, pero es particularmente instructiva. Este vanguardista hacer las afirmaciones más provocadoras para una futura arquitectura arquitectónico - a pesar de que queda un tanto carente de un proyecto político visionario ( a diferencia de sus primos de los primeros años del siglo XX ) . Esta vanguardia de la innovación es un lugar donde una ética activos es de mayor demanda , especialmente cuando los arquitectos tales como la aparición y el Grupo de Diseño atrevidamente afirman que un día pronto arquitectura responderá a criterios de vida o manifestarse como una forma de vida sintética en simbiótica intercambiar con un entorno determinado . La ética se combinó con regularidad con la estipulación de los principios morales . La arquitectura es una práctica dedicada a la esfera real de la acción con su propio territorio, como una ética para este tipo de arquitectura pueden ser intrínsecamente activo y situado , no es prescriptivo , en el sentido de un código moral pre - determinado. Esta ética se ocupa de nuevos problemas en una base de día a día - problemas de diseño para los que hay precedentes de tripwolf necesariamente el arquitecto . Teóricos de la arquitectura como Karsten Harries y filósofos como la nota Rosalyn Diprose australiano que la ética está conectado al ethos, o el modo de característica de ser de las personas y comunidades.1 Como explica Diprose , la ética se deriva de la palabra griega " ethos " , que significa vivienda o hábitat. Un hábitat es el que articulamos a través de nuestros hábitos cotidianos en contacto con una , envolvente construido de arquitectura : " Hábitat abarca hábitos , que , como el producto de la repetición de las actividades corporales , conforman el carácter de uno, uno de especificidad, o lo que es propiamente uno de poseer. Para pertenecer, y proyectar hacia fuera de un ethos es tomar una posición en relación con los demás ". 2 Este último paso es vital. Es decir, la proyección hacia fuera de uno de entorno habitual y hábitos diarios para acoplarse en encuentros con otros. En este ámbito sociopolítico impredecible también tenemos que negociar el hecho de que la gente llega de muchas diferentes posiciones, los hábitats y hábitos, y diversos puntos de vista éticos , en la medida en que la toma de la ética como un código moral universal o un imperativo categórico , simplemente no es factible . En esta arquitectura asamblea puede verse como la estructura que no sólo enmarca las actividades entre el público y el dominio privado , pero entra más profundamente en la mezcla de cuerpos, materias y objetos como un cuerpo en su propio derecho . Como un acto de diseño, sus preocupaciones son también estético - que distribuye materiales sensibles para que tengan un impacto en los habitantes , ya sea individual o colectiva . Y este habitante no es mudo , sino que habla de nuevo , participando en un intercambio con la arquitectura. Lo que se señala a nuestra atención es la profunda imbricación entre el cuerpo y sus hábitos , junto con el recinto que se compone como nuestra arquitectura rodea, y, por último , el espacio público en el que nos proyectamos , y que distribuye otra escala de la materialidad de la arquitectura. Estos son todos los territorios reales de existencia que lidiar con sobre una base diaria , y tenemos que tener cuidado de no dar prioridad a ninguna de estas esferas de actividad. Neil Leach, en su ensayo en la Arquitectura libro y sus dilemas éticos , editado por el erudito de Cambridge y el arquitecto Nicholas Ray , investiga la relación entre la ética y la estética . Se define en términos generales la estética como el proceso de diseño arquitectónico. Esta estética se deben considerar como distinto del uso peyorativo del término estetización , lo que sugiere que el brillo de la bonita y la agradable para su propio bien, el resultado de que , Leach indica, es el " enjuague de las preocupaciones sociales , políticas y económicas " 0.3 central a la actividad del arquitecto es la gestión de materiales y efectos sensibles , tanto en formato electrónico vistió y forma a través de las manos de un fabricante de prueba de un modelo o dibujo. El arquitecto debe tener cuidado de no meramente estetizar cuestiones éticas , o hacer que la arquitectura representa alguna preocupación ética . Un compromiso estética está intrínsecamente relacionada con la ética en la que resuelve los problemas contingentes , empresas nuevas sociabilidades , e incluso contribuye a la formación de nuevas subjetividades , en lugar de simplemente tratar de materializar una idea abstracta de la ética. Los problemas más evidentes con el que la arquitectura Garfios se refieren a cuestiones de falta de vivienda y la migración, y los desafíos medioambientales , sino también los desafíos políticos que siguen en las consecuencias de la destrucción del medio ambiente construido y cómo la arquitectura viene a ser cooptado para replantear una nación de identidad . Sólo tenemos que reflexionar sobre la transformación del mundo de la política después de los ataques contra el World Trade Center , Nueva York, 11 de septiembre de 2001, y el medio por el cual la arquitectura se ha utilizado , tal vez de manera irresponsable , para corregir este evento. Estas crisis no son sólo ambientales y políticos , sino que también cuestionan la identidad misma de la nación-estado , así como la ética de las subjetividades de los sujetos o ciudadanos que se organizan biopolíticamente por el Estado. En respuesta a estas cuestiones, Félix Guattari argumenta a favor de tres registros ecológicos, o lo que él llama una " ecosofía " . Estos son : el medio ambiente, las relaciones sociales y la subjetividad humana . Vemos como el arquitecto de la ola de calor está dispuesto a responder al medio ambiente, pero es menos hábiles en su trato con las relaciones sociales. En cuanto a su subjetividad , en un primer momento que se fija en el interior del cliché de lo heroico , arquitecto individualista , pero poco a poco comienza a cuestionar su posición, lo que permite su subjetividad para adaptar y transformar . Arquitectos digitales contemporáneos que promuevan un nuevo paradigma biológico tiende a olvidar tanto la cuestión de las relaciones sociales y las nuevas formaciones de la subjetividad , quedando enamorado vez con nuevas técnicas . Guattari también presenta lo que él llama optimismo un nuevo paradigma ético- estético, que he tratado de tocar aquí . Esto no es enteramente una novela conjuntamente . En una ética de los sentidos y la estética entran en contacto cada vez que los modos de creación o diseño artístico y las cuestiones de las relaciones sociales y los componentes de la subjetividad participar en cualquier problema o proyecto determinado. A raíz de un código moral , si se legisla o inscrito por la práctica profesional o naturalizada a través de ser integrado en un sistema de creencias o de otra, no es en sí mismo un desafío. De hecho , la adhesión a un código moral es a menudo habitual, de tal manera que no nos detenemos a considerar nuestras acciones , excepto para decir que algo simplemente no se hace, o que alguna acción no es apropiado. La tarea mucho más difícil está lidiando con las tácticas de los teléfonos que tienen que emplearse provisionalmente a través de una ética activos. En el ámbito creativo de la arquitectura esta ética está en la planta . Admite la contingencia de los problemas cotidianos y considera las preocupaciones tripartitas del medio ambiente, las relaciones sociales y las nuevas subjetividades , y cómo están íntimamente entremezclados estas tres fuerzas .

1 Rosalyn Diprose, “A ‘Genethics’ that Makes Sense: Take Two” in Margit Shildrick and Roxanne Mykitiuk, eds, Ethics of the Body: Postconventional Challenges (MIT Press, 2005), p. 21.
2 Diprose, p. 238.
3 Neil Leach, “Less Aesthetics, More Ethics” in Nicholas Ray, ed., Architecture and its Ethical Dilemmas (Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 141.

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...RECIPROCAL ARCHITECTURE Reciprocal frames comprise a family of structural systems characterized by the interdependent relations of their constituent parts. The term “reciprocal frame” was coined by the English designer and builder Graham Brown in order to describe a structural paradigm that had, until that time, been without a name. Reciprocal frame building types have a long, though somewhat obscure history, having been developed seemingly in parallel by different cultures in response to the constraints of available materials, but for the most part abandoned following the introduction of modern structural typologies and increased availability of building materials through trade and the development of better transportation technologies. As our global resources are subjected to greater pressure, there has been renewed interest in architectural forms that are highly flexible to available materials. Reciprocal frame systems are efficient in their use of small pieces of material to span large volumes. This has beneficial implications for construction in that it makes available a material set that is otherwise unsuitable for architectural applications. Hardwoods and lower-quality softwoods that cannot be used in other framing schemes are ideally suited to RF morphology (Thonnisen & Werenfels 2011). This is perhaps one reason that we have seen a surge in the popularity of reciprocal frames as a research topic over the past two decades. Another probable factor is the development...

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Architecture as a Career

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