...out which ones are the most accurate. Uniform Crime Reports, National Crime Victimization Surveys and the National Incident Based Reporting System are three ways of collecting crime data. However all three have different statistics that they collect. Uniform Crime Reports One of the main sources of gaining crime statistics are Uniform Crime Reports, also known as UCR’s. These are crime statistics that are given to the FBI by law enforcement agencies on a monthly basis, based off of their reports. There are only eight crimes that this crime reporting program reports on. Those crimes are murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, auto theft, arson and larceny. National Crime Victimization Survey This crime reporting program is a survey done of households to determine the extent of criminal victimization, more so the unreported victimization. This survey is conducted twice a year. This reporting program helps to determine what amount of crimes people have not reported. Whether it is because they are too scared to because of what consequence could come from the offender, or because they may not have known that they had been robbed right away there are many reasons that civilians don’t report crime. National Incident Based Reporting System This is a system that is currently in the works of replacing Uniform Crime Reports. If so, this system will give more details of demographic data on the crime committed, the offender and the victim...
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...play a game of “drink your age.” ;When he had finished 21 shots and knowing that the record among his friends was 23, he drank 3 more for a total of 24 shots of liquor. He drank them in about 1-� hours. The Media's Effect on Underage Alcohol Abuse The Media’s Effects on Underage Drinking The use of alcohol is a major aspect of our society. It is used in religious ceremonies, during socialization, and its presence ...His friends took him home and put him to bed as he passed out. His BAC continued to climb to a lethal level of .44 g/100ml, as the depressant did its work. His breathing stopped and the coroner estimates that he died at approximately 4:30 AM. He died on his 21st birthday, November 5, 1998. Tragedies similar to this one happen too often. People say that the age of 21 is an age of responsibility, and one is now responsible The Media's Effect On Underage Alcohol Abuse The Media’s Effects on Underage Drinking The use of alcohol is a major aspect of our society. It is used in religious ceremonies, during socialization, and its presence is seen ...to drink. Well in this particular case, responsibility was not there. Having an age limit for alcohol use does nothing if individuals are not educated to use alcohol properly. Lowering the age limit to 18 will not cause any more problems that are significantly present already with the age limit of 21. In the great land of America, responsibility is a measure of one’s age. Many privileges are granted when one reaches a certain...
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...it is dangerous to the point of causing death. The referred to issue is driving and talking or texting on the cell phone simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to determine the detrimental effects of cell phone usage while operating a motor vehicle and invoke an awareness of the dangers involved, particularly in the area of texting and driving. Proof of these dangers will be brought to bear via expert analysis and statistical facts. It will also examine the laws enacted in recent years to deter this activity. In a report issued in June 2006 by University of Utah psychologist Dr. Frank Drews et al stated that “We found that people are as impaired when they drive and talk on the cell phone as they are when they drive intoxicated at the legal blood alcohol limit of 0.08 percent.” Our brain does not have the cognitive ability to perform the two separate tasks of having a phone conversation and driving at the same time. The danger lies not within the “manual or visual interface with the device but in the conversation itself” (Rosenberger, 2013). This fact seems to be lost on the general users who believe that hands free devices (devices mounted on the dashboards of vehicles) do not distract the operator of a motor vehicle as much as hand held devices. This belief is evidenced by the sparseness of states that have placed a ban on these devices. On the other hand text messaging while driving is a much different matter....
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...Look around you, according to the U.S. Social Security Administration’s Official Website “one out of every six people you encounter is on some form of Social Security.” Whether it is Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), which is for insured workers, disabled spouses, and children disabled before age 22 of disabled, retired or deceased workers. Or Supplemental Security Income (SSI), which is given to people with little or no income, it is costing the United States government over $66 billion a year to fund. Furthermore, West Virginia leads the nation in the percentage of recipients on Social Security with a whopping 24%, or one out of every four people. (“Quick Facts”) The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program was created in 1972 to establish a minimum income for elderly, blind, and disabled people who were unable to work. As a Bail Enforcement Agent my job is to bail people out of jail who have been charged with a crime and are incarcerated. Almost 80% of the people I bail out of jail are receiving some form of SSI, or have an immediate family member who does. The crimes they commit range from domestic violence, breaking and entering, DUI, robbery, and illegal prescription drug distribution. Should the people who go out and commit these crimes be entitled to such generosity from our Government? Is anyone considering the people who work hard to support their families and are paying to fund these programs? The United States Government needs to implement some type...
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..._______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Report Information from ProQuest August 22 2014 14:21 _______________________________________________________________ 22 August 2014 ProQuest Table of contents 1. A Matter Over MIND..................................................................................................................................... 1 22 August 2014 ii ProQuest Document 1 of 1 A Matter Over MIND Author: Gibeaut, John ProQuest document link Abstract: The U.S. Supreme Court may help to answer the question after it hears Clark's challenge to Arizona's strippeddown insanity defense, which Clark says denied him a fair trial by not taking full account of his mental illness. In a double-edged due process attack on Arizona's system, Clark wants the justices to relax restrictions the state places on the insanity defense, which accounts for mental illness with a "guilty except insane" verdict. [...] in a more contentious aspect of the case, Clark also says the trial judge unfairly refused to consider evidence of his mental illness to rebut the criminal intent required for his first-degree murder conviction. "From all this, the court must conclude that, while the defendant was affected by his mental illness, it did not... distort his perception of reality so severely that he did not know his actions were wrong," Coker wrote in a special verdict detailing...
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...significantly more likely to experience declines in violent crime.... Counties that rarely imprisoned low-level drug offences showed the largest reduction in violent and property crime” (pp. 10–11). Minor drug arrests appear to have “no relationship to, and no impact on, either crime or drug abuse” (p. 14). Notably, Californians voted by a 61%–39% margin in 2000 to require drug treatment instead of jail for those arrested for drug possession or use. Indeed, it would appear that they have learned that they are not getting “value for money” from the billions of dollars being spent to imprison small drug-users. In fact, California voters were not alone in demanding reform of harsh drug laws: there were drug policy issues on ballots in seven states in the recent election, and in five of them, harsh drug laws were voted out. Combined with the long-term drop in crime (especially violent crime) that has taken place over the past ten to fifteen years, as well as the budget crises at the state level, this gradual recognition in the US of the enormous costs of harsh sentences, with little criminal justice benefits, has — in fact — led to a decline in support for prisons as a one-(jumbo)-size-fits-all solution. As King and Mauer (2002) noted already in 2002, this decline in the attractiveness of prisons as political institutions is reflected in the “roll-back” of pro-prison policies in a number of state legislatures across the US. To name simply a few, certain mandatory minimum sentences have...
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...Danil Arefiev ENG-152-003 When kids are growing up they are always told that “drugs are bad for you,” time and time again. Now as a kid, you don’t really understand the reasoning behind it, but you listen to your elders regardless. When I was little, I remember being told this my entire life and even to this very day I am still being told that “drugs are bad for you.” But growing up, I realized that people would still use these drugs even though it’s illegal. Though its not something anyone could ever understand, why do these people go against the law and jeopardize their life just to use drugs? The drug that I am talking in this essay about is marijuana, and it may be surprising to some but it is all around us. Marijuana is even being referred to in today’s media. The way that they are doing this is through the mainstream media sources that people prefer; like music, movies, and TV shows. Now being a 20 year old adult and having my own personal experience with Marijuana and knowing its effects on others, and myself. I always ask why it’s not legal. Why is it that this drug has become illegal all over the world, but they allow cigarettes, alcohol, and prescription medication. The war to legalize marijuana in the United States of America has been and is now being fought nonstop since the existence of the drug itself. Marijuana has been tested and proven to have a very positive impact on the American society for multiple reasons. Some of these reasons are for America’s economy...
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...01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Step 7 A Judge Is Assigned to Hear the Case ❖ 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 N 30 L In the previous two chapters, we learned about the two attorneys in the courtroom drama, the prosecutor and the defense attorney. In this chapter, we turn our attention to the third member of the courtroom work group, the judge. We will learn what judges do and how they become judges. Then, we will look at judges’ discretion and how it affects their relationships with others. INTRODUCTION Judges are by far the most easily recognized member of the courtroom work group, both by their conspicuous robes and by their prominent position in the courtroom. They are also the subject of many stereotypes because the public wants to believe that judges combine patience, wisdom, and compassion to arrive at fair decisions, while they eschew the character flaws that sometimes form the basis of decisions by others, including prejudice, intolerance, favoritism, and hostility. Unfortunately, judges are human and their decisions occasionally reflect such a reality. One West Virginia judge, for example, became so enraged at a defendant who began cursing at him in court that he jumped down from his bench, tore off his judicial robe, and bit the tip off the defendant’s nose (Smith, 1998). He served five days in jail on state assault...
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...SYNOPSIS The Story of Tom Brennan by J.C. Burke starts with a fatal car accident – a young driver who’s had too much to drink goes too fast and in an instant two of his friends are dead and his cousin is left with permanent spinal injuries. But the book isn’t about the car crash; it isn’t even about the driver. This is a book about seventeen-year-old Tom Brennan, and how his life changes when his older brother, Daniel, kills two people and paralyses another. While their cousin Fin lies in hospital, unable to move, Daniel goes to jail and the Brennans are forced to move towns – they’ve become the victims of a small town’s prejudice against the family of the boy they saw as ‘an accident waiting to happen’. The residents of Mumbilli are so hostile following the tragedy that they are open in their desire that Daniel receive a severe sentence. ‘They’re saying that Daniel’s going down and that he deserves everything he gets’ (p. 108). The family must move from Mumbilli because they are no longer welcome in the town – Daniel’s actions have affected all their lives. Because they fear the reaction of the township, they leave quietly at 4.30 am. J.C. Burke uses their escape as a prologue, which lures the reader immediately into the story as a sense of mystery develops. Starting again in a new town and at a new school, how can Tom even begin to rebuild his life when his mother won’t get out of bed, his father is struggling to hold the family together, his sister is threatening to spill...
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...ªIdeas for IELTS topics Who is this book for? Many students have no ideas or opinions about IETLS writing topics. Even if your grammar is perfect, you will not get a high IELTS score if you do not know what to write. This book is for students who want to go into the writing exam feeling confident that they have excellent ideas, opinions and vocabulary for as many topics as possible How do you get an IELTS score of 7 or higher? The key to a high score is not grammar, it is not your use of words like “moreover” or “in addition”, and it is not your use of phrases like “this is controversial issue nowadays”. To get a high score you need to use good “topic language” (words and phrases that are related to the question topic). You need good ideas in order to answer the question well. How should you prepare for IELTS writing task 2? There is an enormous amount of advice on my website ielts-simon.com. Here is a summary of what I suggest: Spend more time preparing than testing When you test yourself, you find out what your level is, but you do not learn anything new. You will not improve if you only write test essays. Before writing an essay, study the topic and prepare your ideas, opinions and vocabulary. Steal my ideas If you only use the vocabulary that you already know, you will not learn anything new, and you will not improve. Practise linking my topic ideas together to write “perfect essays”. See the website for examples of how to do this. Use this book together with the website ...
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...Ideas for IELTS topics Who is this book for? Many students have no ideas or opinions about IETLS writing topics. Even if your grammar is perfect, you will not get a high IELTS score if you do not know what to write. This book is for students who want to go into the writing exam feeling confident that they have excellent ideas, opinions and vocabulary for as many topics as possible How do you get an IELTS score of 7 or higher? The key to a high score is not grammar, it is not your use of words like “moreover” or “in addition”, and it is not your use of phrases like “this is controversial issue nowadays”. To get a high score you need to use good “topic language” (words and phrases that are related to the question topic). You need good ideas in order to answer the question well. How should you prepare for IELTS writing task 2? There is an enormous amount of advice on my website ielts-simon.com. Here is a summary of what I suggest: - Spend more time preparing than testing When you test yourself, you find out what your level is, but you do not learn anything new. You will not improve if you only write test essays. Before writing an essay, study the topic and prepare your ideas, opinions and vocabulary. - Steal my ideas If you only use the vocabulary that you already know, you will not learn anything new, and you will not improve. Practise linking my topic ideas together to write “perfect essays”. See the website for examples of how to do this. - Use...
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...Ideas for IELTS topics Who is this book for? Many students have no ideas or opinions about IETLS writing topics. Even if your grammar is perfect, you will not get a high IELTS score if you do not know what to write. This book is for students who want to go into the writing exam feeling confident that they have excellent ideas, opinions and vocabulary for as many topics as possible How do you get an IELTS score of 7 or higher? The key to a high score is not grammar, it is not your use of words like “moreover” or “in addition”, and it is not your use of phrases like “this is controversial issue nowadays”. To get a high score you need to use good “topic language” (words and phrases that are related to the question topic). You need good ideas in order to answer the question well. How should you prepare for IELTS writing task 2? There is an enormous amount of advice on my website ielts-simon.com. Here is a summary of what I suggest: - Spend more time preparing than testing When you test yourself, you find out what your level is, but you do not learn anything new. You will not improve if you only write test essays. Before writing an essay, study the topic and prepare your ideas, opinions and vocabulary. - Steal my ideas If you only use the vocabulary that you already know, you will not learn anything new, and you will not improve. Practise linking my topic ideas together to write “perfect essays”. See the website for examples of how to...
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...CHAPTER 7 DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL Deviance 171 Social Policy and Social Control: Illicit Drug Use in Canada and Worldwide 193 What Is Deviance? 171 Explaining Deviance 175 Social Control 182 Conformity and Obedience 182 Informal and Formal Social Control Law and Society 186 Crime 185 187 Types of Crime 188 Crime Statistics 190 The Issue 193 The Setting 193 Sociological Insights 193 Policy Initiatives 193 Boxes RESEARCH IN ACTION: Street Kids 183 sOCIOLOGY IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY: Singapore: A Nation of Campaigns 186 TAKING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK: Holly Johnson, Chief of Research, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada 192 Cigarette smoking has become stigmatized in Canada. This newspaper advertisement, sponsored by Health Canada, reverses the typical advertising strategy of equating smoking with sexiness. 169 H eidi Fleiss was in her late twenties when she was arrested for operating a call girl service. At the time, her pediatrician father had reacted flippantly, “I guess I didn’t do such a good job on Heidi after all.” Later, he would be convicted of conspiring to hide profits from his daughter’s call girl ring. Fleiss had dropped out of school when she was sixteen and established a liaison with a playboyfinancier who gave her a Rolls-Royce for her twenty-first birthday. In her early twenties, Fleiss interned in the world of prostitution by working for Madame Alex (Elizabeth Adams)...
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...Year 12 Legal Studies Notes Focus Study: Crime Key Legal Concepts and Features of the Legal System Crime - a violation of a law in which there is injury to the public or a member of the public and a term in jail or prison, and/or a fine as possible penalties Types of Crimes Offences against the person Offences against the person are defined as acts that intend to cause harm or injury to the victim Homicide Definition: is the unlawful killing of one person by another * Murder is the killing of one person by another “with malice aforethought”(mental component) * Manslaughter is the killing of someone in circumstances less culpable than murder. (generally given a lighter sentence than for murder) Degrees of awareness | Murder | Voluntary Manslaughter | Involuntary manslaughter | Non-criminal Killing | Intention to killReckless indifference of life Constructive murderDeath during intention to commit grievous bodily harm | Where the intention to kill or cause the act is mitigated by other factors, such as provocation or diminished responsibility | Non-reckless indifference to life or manslaughter by criminal negligenceReckless indifference to grievous bodily harmManslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act | Death by non-criminal negligenceDeath by an unlawful act that is not dangerousAccidental deathSelf-defence | Stats: Murder: * In 2001 of the 340 homicides in Australia, 306 were murder * Maximum penalty is life imprisonment ...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS TO CRIM LAW (Levine) I. Overview of CJS A. Theories of Punishment 1. Utilitarian 2. Retributive B. Who should be punished? 1. Excuse (Because of personal condition X I shouldn’t be punished) 2. Justification (I acted in the right way and don’t deserve to be punished) C. Principles that Limit Punishment 1. Legality, Vagueness Lenity II. Components of a Crime A. Actus Reus 1. Conduct 2. Attendant Circumstances 3. Social Harm 4. Causation a. Actual Causation b. Proximate Cause i. Common law: Intervening Cause? ii. MPC: Built into culpability standards 5. Concurrence of Elements B. Mens Rea 1. Common Law Standard 2. MPC Culpability Standard 3. Specific Intent 4. Transferred Intent 5. Strict Liability Crimes 6. Role of Mistake a. Mistake of Fact b. Mistake of Law C. Concurrence of Elements III. Homicide A. Common Law 1. Murder a. 1st Degree Murder b. 2nd Degree Murder 2. Manslaughter a. Adequate Provocation b. Criminal Negligence c. Misdemeanor-Mansalguther B. MPC 1. Murder 2. Manslaughter 3. Criminal Negligence C. Felony Murder Rule 1. Limitations a. Inherently...
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