...University of Phoenix Material What Is Life? Read each statement. Write a 100-word summary explaining how that media piece supports that statement and include reference citations. 1. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—related to the scientific method, creating hypotheses, or designing experiments. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how the scientific method is used to create hypotheses and experiments. [pic] 2. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that recognizes the fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types...
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...David Hrobochak Biology 1740 Kirstin Purcell Common Book Assignment 2 The reasons you can get more proteins from the genes are because each gene is individual, and each protein has a different function. Some proteins are responsible for structural support while others are responsible for defense against germs; others are involved in bodily movement. There are 4 levels of protein structure. The first is primary, which is the sequence of amino acids that make up protein. Different proteins will have different sequences of amino acids. Secondary structures are the coils or folds in the helix due to hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structures are just further folding of the polypeptide and quaternary structures are 2 or more polypeptide units folding together. The folding of all these amino acids causes the multiplication of proteins. I agree that nature plays a part of our development. Look at the scientific theory of evolution. Are we really descendents of apes? From a scientific perspective this is conceivable. The outbreak of Malaria is tolerated in most countries, but in Africa it is a widespread pandemic. This is an example of genetic variation. I believe 100 percent of us are genetic. We are created through genetic variation and the inheritance of variation. Natural selection is how we can cope with environmental changes. This is why certain individuals can deal with extreme temperatures better than others. The ability for each individual to go longer without water during times...
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...Anna Anderson PTLW CSUEB July 2011 Activity 1.1.2 MICROBIOLOGIST * Microbiologist Microbiologists study microscopic bacteria, fungi, protists, and viruses. Many of these organisms cause disease (pathogens) and many can provide useful products such as penicillin (antibiotic). * Education and/or Training Required In order to work in this field you must have at least an undergraduate degree in microbiology. Further training with a Masters or Doctorate would be required to do anything other than entry level positions. Excellent microscopy skills and training in aseptic techniques are a must. * Responsibilities and Daily Activities This job requires a strong academic background with a lot of math, chemistry, and biology. Computer and lab skills are essential. Microbiologists grow cultures of bacteria (and other organisms) in medium for study. Using aseptic technique, they grow cultures to measure and calculate the rate of growth and how it grows. They learn what can and cannot kill their organisms and if it is a pathogen, they study ways to stop or slow its growth. In the lab, they work with microscopes, grow cultures, measure the rate of growth, and perform experiments with these organisms. Lab safety is very important in their work. They would NEVER eat or drink in the lab because this could cause contamination or could infect the food they are eating. * Salary Range Microbiologists can work in the academic community, industry or government...
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...Pero no todas las marcas son igual de capaces de auxiliar en la salud bucodental. Febrero 2009 • Consumidor 45 L os enjuagues bucales ayudan a suprimir temporalmente el mal aliento, reducen las bacterias en la boca y la refrescan, dejando en ella un sabor agradable. Algunos contienen ingredientes activos para ayudar a proteger contra enfermedades orales como la caries o la gingivitis. La caries dental es una enfermedad común, aunque en los últimos años su frecuencia ha disminuido gracias a los programas de salud bucodental, a una mayor atención dental y a la utilización de algunos ingredientes activos en los dentífricos y en las aguas de consumo. La caries se caracteriza por la destrucción del esmalte dental y la dentina (tejido duro situado debajo del esmalte) ocasionado por bacterias (entre ellas el streptococcus mutans), que se desarrollan en la placa dental y producen un medio ácido que erosiona el esmalte dental. Entre los ingredientes activos destaca, en varias de las marcas, el flúor, que es un mineral esencial para la salud dental, el cual, además de su poder antiséptico, endurece el esmalte, lo que lo hace más resistente a la caries. A mayor cantidad de flúor en los dientes, menos riesgo de disolución del esmalte por los ácidos producidos por las bacterias y, por tanto,...
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...Lab Write Up Identifying an Unknown Microbe Gregory Howard 10E The isolation I was given two unknown microbes and asked to identify them. The first step was to isolate each microbe. I did this by using the streak method to apply each microbe to an enrichment culture. The enrichment culture provides conditions to enhance growth of a species. Obataining a pure culture makes it easier to identify and study a particular species. The macconkey agar plate which is used to isolate and differentiate members of the enterobacteriace based on its ability to ferment lactose. Macconkey agar w/o crystal violet or bile will only grow gn rods which inhibits the growth of gp cocci. Columbia can agar plate which is a medium that allows growth of gp orgs especiall staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci and inhibits the growth of gn orgs. After both plates where streaked they where incubated at 35 degress celcius for 48 hours. The Gram Stain Next I performed a gram stain to detect differences between microbes or differences in structure of the same microbe. This being my first time I ever gram stained false results could be because of poor staining techniques. Usina a modern light microscope I observed each microbe that grew on its agar plate of interest. Through my gram staining and visual observation I came to the conclusion that the macconkey agar plate grew enterobacteriace , a GN rod shape org and the org that grew on the Columbia can plate resembled a cocci due to its cluster...
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...What Types of Bacteria are Found on Gas Pump Handles? BY: ANNIE LYONS Problem/Question: How much bacteria are on gas pump handles? Do the newer gas stations have less germs than the older ones? Do we need to sanitize our hands after we pump gas? Hypothesis: Gas pump handles contain bacteria that could cause harmful diseases. There will be a significant amount of staph bacteria on the handles. Control: Each gas pump handle will have some bacteria on it. There is not baseline because it has so many variables. Dependent Variables: Temperature, Weather, Age of the Gas Station, Type of Customers, Time of year, and Location. Independent Variables: Types of bacteria on the gas pump handles. Conclusion: The newer gas stations have 10x the amount of bacteria including Staphylococcus Aureus). There is enough bacteria on the handles of each gas station to make someone sick. Hand sanitizer should be used after pumping gas in your car to prevent illness. Constants: Swabs, Blood plates, temperature of the incubator, gas stations, gas handles, and the gas. Material List: Swabs, Culture, Lab, Incubator, plastic loops, differentiation disc, identification stickers, and blood culture plates. A. Swabs- Used to rub on the gas pump handle to catch germs. B. Culture Process- The process used to help bacteria grow. C. Lab- Certified place for...
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...All known organisms need iron to survive. All except one - Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, has evolved to use manganese instead. For almost all organisms, iron is essential in processes like making new enzymes and other proteins. Perhaps the most obvious example is its role in haemoglobin, the oxygen-transporting protein found in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates. Researchers knew that the bacteria B. burgdorferi did not need iron, but have now discovered that it requires high levels of manganese instead. The bacteria's use of manganese rather than iron helps explain how it can evade the immune system. One of the immune system's responses against invaders is to lower the amount of iron in the blood. This starves the pathogen of the iron it needs (as well as making us feel terrible) and works against almost every pathogen. But if the invader doesn't need iron, like B. burgdorferi, this attack is quite ineffective. Antibiotics are currently the only treatment for Lyme disease. Penicillin is generally effective if Lyme disease is caught early, but it works by attacking a bacterium's cell walls - something certain forms of Borrelia don't have. The team behind the study hope knowledge of manganese's role will aid the manufacture of new treatments. "We'd like to find targets inside pathogenic cell that could thwart their growth," Valerie Culotta (John Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health and involved in the study)...
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...treatmentChemosphere 50 (2003) 145–153 www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere Biological treatment process of air loaded with an ammonia and hydrogen sulfide mixture Luc Malhautier a,*, Catherine Gracian a, Jean-Claude Roux a, Jean-Louis Fanlo a, Pierre Le Cloirec b a Ecole des Mines d’Als, Laboratoire du Gnie de l’Environnement Industriel, 6, Avenue de Clavires, 30319 Ales Cedex, France e e e b Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Dpartement Systmes Energtiques et Environnement, La Chantrerie, 4, rue Alfred Kastler, e e e BP 30723, 44307 NANTES Cedex 3, France Received 12 June 2001; received in revised form 10 July 2002; accepted 10 July 2002 Abstract The physico-chemical characteristics of granulated sludge lead us to develop its use as a packing material in air biofiltration. Then, the aim of this study is to investigate the potential of unit systems packed with this support in terms of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions treatment. Two laboratory scale pilot biofilters were used. A volumetric load of 680 g H2 S mÀ3 empty bed dayÀ1 and 85 g NH3 mÀ3 empty bed dayÀ1 was applied for eight weeks to a unit called BGSn (column packed with granulated sludge and mainly supplied with hydrogen sulfide); a volumetric load of 170 g H2 S mÀ3 empty bed dayÀ1 and 340 g NH3 mÀ3 empty bed dayÀ1 was applied for eight weeks to the other called BGNs (column packed with granulated sludge and mainly supplied with ammonia). Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide elimination occur in the biofilters simultaneously...
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...Patient’s manifestations Patient’s manifestations Signs & Symptoms Signs & Symptoms Process Process LEGEND LEGEND Typhoid Fever Typhoid Fever Macrophages & intestinal epithelial cells attract T cells & Neutrophils w/ interleukin 8 causing inflammation of the intestinal wall Macrophages & intestinal epithelial cells attract T cells & Neutrophils w/ interleukin 8 causing inflammation of the intestinal wall Toxins are injected into the intestinal cells Toxins are injected into the intestinal cells Peyer’s patches Peyer’s patches Bacteria enter the stomach Bacteria enter the stomach Ingestion of foods or fluids contaminated with Salmonella typhi bacteria Ingestion of foods or fluids contaminated with Salmonella typhi bacteria Bacteria is within the macrophages and survives Bacteria is within the macrophages and survives The bacteria induced macrophage apoptosis, breaking out into the bloodstream & cause systemic...
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...have to break-down food to obtain energy. Most need oxygen. (p. 19) Excretion: Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to respire and other chemical changes in the cells that produce waste products such as Carbon Dioxide. Irritability: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli; it is usually used to refer to anger or frustration. Adaptability: Is a necessary skill for leaders to develop in order to respond effectively to this change. Growing: Is the capacity Bacteria and Single-celled creatures have to increase in size. Many-celled organism increase the numbers of cells in their bodies change their body shape and size. (p. 306) Reproduction: Is the capacity single-celled organisms and Bacteria to simply keep dividing into two. Many-celled plants and animals may reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual Reproduction characteristics (meiosis/gametes production/mitosis) Meiosis is a form of cell reproduction. This process takes place in the sex cells. It is a process of cell division in which a diploid cell (2n)...
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...grapes, and “kokkos” means berries. Those bacteria under the microscope appear like a branch of grapes or berries. 1. Staphylococcus aureus is the pathogen that causes this infection called staph infections. It resides on the skin, in the mouth, the genital, anus, and at the beginning of the nasal area. They multiply rapidly to form a colony, and they harmlessly occupied these areas of your body. As soon as the skin is torn or broken, they rush in to invade that surface, and if not quickly treated they causes significant damage through serious infections. The bacteria appear in many forms and are able to create multiple diseases at once. For example acne, boils, styes (infections of the eyelids) are the result of their action. They can be the cause of urinary track infections, and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These Bacteria build up strength naturally, and they will not dissipate with the common antibiotics treatment such as penicillin, special medications are required. 2. Infectious agent evolve within food and water in many forms; for example, when leaving meals and beverages exposed out in the air after a few hours it releases a toxin that creates a colony of staphylococcus aureus. Unfortunately, they are too complex to see with naked eyes to pick them apart before eating. When cooking, use patience to complete the recipe properly, because eating raw or poorly cooked foods will create the bacillus cereus bacteria, agent of infections. Meat is tasty...
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...manure, urine, dead animals, and production operations on a small land area. The production methods used in these operations is the cause for measurable damages across a wide range of environmental, biological, and economic factors. (Institute of Science, Technology, and Public Policy, 2008) One of these factors is a public health one. The extensive use of antibiotics in livestock CAFO’s, especially for non-therapeutic uses such as growth promotion contributes to the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that are more difficult to treat and are causing food-borne diseases in humans. It is important to identify and reduce the unnecessary use of antibiotics on these animals in order to prevent the creation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Some of the Difficulties For decades, antibiotics such as Tylosin and Monensin have been used for the treatment of diseases in animals and humans. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved in the 1950’s their use in animal feed as long as they are given “in low doses to help animals grow faster, produce more meat, and avoid illness.” (Food Market Institute, n.d., p. 1) According to Tam & Willson, (2011) “antibiotics are also routinely placed in livestock feed and water to increase...
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...uncontrollable diarrhea after collecting water for her family out of a river. It is seen that a couple months before she moved, the island of Haiti was hit with an earthquake. After dire circumstances refugees moved not too far to the city of St.Marc where many others were forced to live. Due to the volume of people that moved to the city, many public services were reduced which made the family look to the river for water supply. After a clinic ran a test on Victoria’s stool they found motile, comma shaped, gram negative bacteria. After much research I have concluded that Victoria is suffering from an outbreak due to the microorganism Vibrio cholerae. “The genus Vibrio consists of Gram-negative straight or curved rods, motile by means of a single polar flagellum” (source 1) which was indicated in Victoria’s stool. In most cases this genus is found in most surface water and grows best in sea water. The disease identified is Cholera which is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. This disease is mostly found in “places with very poor sanitation” (source 2) and in Victoria’s case she was prone to contaminated river water. As a result, the toxin “increased the release of water” (source 4) in her intestines which made her have diarrhea. Victoria was experiencing symptoms of dehydration and fever because her body was loosing a large amount water and salt. The treatment for cholera involves the replacement of sugars, salt and fluid in rapid amounts throughout the patient’s...
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...Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) With a show of hands, how many of you have heard the term “super bug”? How many of you have heard the term “MRSA” or mersa? Tonight it is my goal to educate you on MRSA. First, we need to understand what a super bug is or what does this term mean. It does, in reality, sound quite science fiction and quite scary doesn’t it? A “super bug” is defined as a strain of bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics. Now, how many of you are familiar with the term staphyloccus aureus or “staph” for short. All of us have many microorganisms that live in harmony on our skin and for the most part, we don’t even know they are there. Staph is one of these microorganisms, or “bugs” that live on our skin. When we get a cut on our skin and it becomes infected, most of the time staph is the responsible party. Next, lets break down the big scarry words methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureaus. Methicillin is a drug. It is in the penicillin family and is most commonly used to treat infections caused by staph. So, if you combine the words methicillin resistant ……. It simply means it is a strain of staph infection that is resistant to the antibiotic most commonly used to treat staph infections. So, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureas simply means it is a staph infection resistant to the drug methicillin. It is also resistant to amoxicillin, oxacillin, penicillin, and many other antibiotics. Are there drugs available to...
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...Foodborne Illness – Hepatitis A 1. What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? The U.S. Government requires that sewage be treated to eliminate pathogens. This includes bath water, toilet water, and storm run-off. These fluids may carry pathogens for many water borne disease, including giardiasis and hepatitis A. This involves collection and sedimentation of sewage waters, separating solid matter (sludge) from the liquid (effluent) portion of sewage. The effluent is chlorinated to kill pathogens before it can be released in to lakes or rivers. The sludge is burned or dumped. Some advanced methods of treatment us a secondary treatment following the primary treatment. This is done by transferring the fluid in to tanks filled with a population of microorganisms that decompose more than 90 percent of the organic wastes and eliminate pathogens by competition. It is then chlorinated before being released in to rivers or lakes. Many sewage treatment plants use additional chemicals that also eliminate pathogens. 2. How is the infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Hepatitis A is the only common vaccine preventable food borne disease in the United States (Fiore 2004). It is one of five human hepatitis viruses that primarily infect the human liver and cause illness. This may result in liver failure and death. It is transferred through food or water that is contaminated with fecal matter that has the HAV virus. Other potential...
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