...Kaitlyn Daignault Professor Waters Philosophy Women in Western Ideas May 2nd, 2013 Assignment: Women in Sports Final Paper Notwithstanding WE CAN DO IT Women have always been, and continue to be, discriminated against. This is especially true in the realm of sports. Although this is fact, it does remain to be a particularly controversial topic. Activists have worked hard to supply rights to women, and other divisions of society, in demand to make just as many opportunities obtainable to this faction, as there are available to the ‘common white man.’ Perpetuated thoughts against this argument have branched from days as early as Aristotle and other celebrated philosophers. Times are progressing toward more equality in this area, however; in order to present these basic human rights to women, a specific law had to be put in affect. The passing of this edict also came along with many misinterpretations, which still inhabit stubborn minds today. Apart from this ordinance, many women partook an enormous influence on proving woman can actually compete and challenge men on the playing field, court, etc. From the beginning of time, women have existed right alongside with men. Many questions were conjured up as to why the physical existence is so distinct from each body. Many different philosophers constructed their own unique views on this matter. Aristotle believed that women are absolute subsidiary to men, thus establishing, anything women can do, men can do better...
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...As Title IX approaches its 40th anniversary, its policies and impacts on both men’s and women’s sports is still greatly debated and argued. While it is proven fact that it was tremendously successful at providing women far greater opportunities both in sports and outside of sports, the topic of how it is negatively affecting men’s sport is often debated. The five articles that I gathered advocate for Title IX. They express its positive impacts through narrative accounts and personal experiences of well-known female athletes who prospered due to Title IX not just in sports, but in their educational and professional careers. They also disprove the myths commonly associated with Title IX that lack evidence about how it is responsible for negatively affecting men’s sport opportunities and potentially ruining the programs currently in existence. Title IX is generally associated with women’s opportunity in sports to the point where its other positive implications tend to be forgotten. Title IX isn’t just about providing an opportunity for women to participate in sports in high school and at the college level, it is about providing young women the skills needed to achieve greater successes later on in life. Pugmire’s (2013) article quotes Women’s basketball legend Anne Meyers Drysdale saying the following: “According to the Women's Sports Foundation, 80% of women in Fortune 500 companies played sports. It teaches you so much -- confidence, failure, success, courage, how to get along...
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...Angie Kraft Title IX Paper September 27, 2015 Title IX has impacted the world as we know it in so many ways, and to think that some people have never even heard of the matter. Title IX states, “No person in the United states shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be defined the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” The law was passed in 1972 by Richard Nixon and has been celebrated for 43 years. The purpose of Title IX is to get rid of discrimination on the basis of sex in any program that is federally funded. Before Title IX was passed women were very limited when it came to playing sports. They mostly played for physical fitness rather than competition. They were recreational and noncompetitive. In the early 1900s is when woman started to become more interested in playing sports and started forming athletic clubs; those clubs were informal of course. College sports for women before title IX was a little different. They would let women play certain sports but only against their fellow classmates, not outside of the college. In the late 1800s the first intercollegiate competition between women was scheduled and then canceled because one of the schools did not allow their female athletes to compete between colleges. Schools must go through a 3-prong test to use as evidence to the legislation of Title IX. The first part of the test is proportionality...
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...Mark Zawada Title IX Title IX states, “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance”(Coakley). This law has been under scrutiny the last couple of decades. Mainly by those who have a misconception that the Title IX law has hurt male athletics in college sports. The fact of the matter is that Title IX does not affect the state of men’s athletics and has not had a negative affect towards male athletes. Title IX is a law that provides equal opportunities for both men and women. One of the biggest misconceptions is that Title IX has had a negative impact on male sports in intercollegiate athletics. People who are against Title IX state that men’s programs get cut due to the fact that universities have to provide equal scholarships to both men and women. The Women’s Sports Foundation states that, “Title IX's purpose is to create the same opportunity and quality of treatment for female athletes as is afforded male athletes. The law does not require reductions in opportunities for male athletes” (www.womenssportsfoundation.org). In fact, Erik Brady of the USA Today writes that, “Men’s teams in other sports have been added over the years to more than offset the teams dropped. She says schools that drop men's sports often give reasons other than Title IX. And she points out that of...
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...Abstract The major legal issues, case law, and arguments, are investigated as a parent of a special needs student fosters a complaint that her daughter is subjected to harassment on the school bus by fellow students. This case study questions whether the lack of concern from the bus driver and negligence from the school district was the essential catalyst of her daughters’ harassment, torment, and sexual abuse. After several incidents of unsupervised abuse, the mother criticized the school bus driver the harassment rendered; however, there was little to none action taken against the other students that ultimately elevated her blouse and exposed her bare breasts. The legal issues relevant to this case study are student harassment, negligence, abuse, tort liability; breach of duty, injury, and causation, and a distinct lack of concern from the school district. Special Need Student Case Summary/Evaluation You are the principal of an elementary school. It’s Monday morning and a parent of a special needs student complains that her daughter is being harassed on the school bus by fellow students because she has Down Syndrome. Students on the bus, including a couple of other special education students, are calling her dumb, slow, slope head, and other degrading names. Her daughter is crying each night and doesn’t want to return to school. The mother has complained to the bus driver before and he has done nothing. The last straw was that these same kids pulled her daughter’s...
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...action the next year. During that year mercer states that the coach use offensive comments and was discriminating. Mercer eventually sued, arguing that the decision to cut her from the team was discriminatory because other less qualified players were still on the team. This is where the contact sport exception comes in. It is an argument that contact sports such as football should not be taken into account in regard to a school's compliance with title IX.(Spengler, pg 190)...
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...of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and Title IX as well as case law to argue that Susan has the right to use the girls’ restroom and unless students...
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...College hoops' black coaching issue Myron Medcalf [ARCHIVE] ESPN.com | July 18, 2013 When a national sportswriter calls to talk about minority hiring in college basketball, folks of all races seem to get nervous. As I sought feedback following last week's release of the "2012 Racial and Gender Report Card: College Sport" by Central Florida's Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport -- the report excludes historically black colleges and universities -- which states that the current pool of Division I African-American head coaches (18.6 percent through the 2011-12 season) is at its lowest mark since the 1995-96 season, people weren't sure what, if anything, they should say. Multiple administrators passed on the opportunity. The NCAA wanted to see my questions, and then it wanted a pre-interview phone conversation before it ultimately emailed its responses. The coaches who talked on the record always ended our chats with the same concern: "I didn't say anything that will make me look bad, right?" Shaka Smart Andy Lyons/Getty Images To reach Shaka Smart's level, black coaches often have to overcome certain labels. I don't blame them. It's an incendiary issue, because we're uncomfortable with race as dialogue. It's still a subject that makes athletic directors -- 89 percent of whom are white at the Division I level, per the report -- squirm. Minority coaches speak cautiously, because they don't want to be labeled as rebels or militants. That hesitancy...
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... Your excitement is overwhelming. You have spent your entire life working up to this point; you are a college athlete. You are being paid to attend school and play your favorite sport for it. Your coach walks in with an upset look on his face. You think to yourself that it’s just going to be a difficult practice. Your coach actually tells you that you do not have practice today. You wont have practice ever again. Your entire life work gone, just like that. With your heart crushed, you cannot understand why the sport is just, canceled. You walk up to your coach and ask what the problem is. Your coach, as disappointed as you, tells you that the University board of athletics has decided to drop your “life” from the program to abide by the Title IX requirements and for not being a profitable program. This actually happened here at the University of Utah 50 years ago and it’s because there is a problem going on at Universities like The U and it is that men’s non-revenue sports, like wrestling, are being impacted negatively. Wresting is beginning to fade from colleges that are not in the Big Ten or the Ivy League, and Colleges like the University of Utah are participating in letting the sport diminish. In an article written by Coyte G. Cooper, “Involving the core product” “While there were 363 NCAA wrestling programs in 1981, the number of men’s wrestling programs offered by the NCAA had diminished to 234 in 2005.” Schools should stop making excuses for dropping the sport and making...
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...THE EFFECTS OF EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN WOMEN SPORTS March, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Table of Contents …..……………………………………………………………………2 Section I. Introduction 3 Section II. Review of Literature 4 Equal Employment Opportunity Laws 4 Affirmative Action 6 Effects of EEO and AA on Women Sports 7 Effects on EEO and AA on women playing sports 7 Effects of EEO and AA on women coaching sports 9 Effects of EEO and AA on women in administration………………...11 Section III. Summary and Conclusions 14 References ............... 17 INTRODUCTION Women in sports have indeed come a long way. Years ago it was socially unacceptable for women to do anything other than cook and clean. Men dominated the work place and the sports industry. But eventually women got fed up with being treated less significant than their male counterparts and began protesting. Not until the mid-1950s and early 1960s did nondiscriminatory employment become a strong social concern (Bohlander & Snell, 2004). While women were just beginning to make a name for themselves, the government began regulating Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) by passing a series of laws, in an attempt to correct social problems of interest to particular groups of workers, including women. EEO laws have made a major impact on women in all industries, but especially on women in sports. While EEO laws focused on non-discrimination, affirmative action went beyond...
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...Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice Volume 7 | Issue 1 Article 2 September 2013 The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing Katherine Connor Ellen J. Vargyas Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj Recommended Citation Katherine Connor and Ellen J. Vargyas, The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing, 7 Berkeley Women's L.J. 13 (1992). Available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj/vol7/iss1/2 Link to publisher version (DOI) http://dx.doi.org/ This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals and Related Materials at Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice by an authorized administrator of Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact jcera@law.berkeley.edu. The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing Katherine Connort Ellen J. Vargyast TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. INTRODUCTION ....................................... THE FACTUAL CONTEXT ............................. A. The Scope of the Problem ............................ 1. Post-Secondary Admissions Tests .................. 2. Vocational Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories. B. Causes of Gender Differences in Test Scores ........... 1. Post-Secondary Admissions Tests .................. 2. Vocational Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories. C. Validity of the Tests .......................
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...Championship game, where the two deserving teams are matched up against each other. This series of competition creates a rich supply of content for sports media networks to influence viewer’s values and attitudes. Networks have become increasingly knowledgeable and schematic in using sport entertainment as a way to promote their ideologies, values, commercialization and interpretations of sport. Studies have found that people turn to sports in the media for entertainment. The different forms of media are evolving and moving in a more prevalent direction than they have been in the past. With the explosive growth of internet users in the past decade, media companies have created a domain where they can input their interpretations of sporting events and coverage. These domains have become dominated by the 18-34-year-old demographic (Kian, Mondello & Vincent 2009) who use websites such as ESPN, the most widely used website for obtaining sports related news (Lefton, 2006 as cited in Battenfield, Redmond & Ridinger 2014), and Sports Illustrated to read about upcoming games, watch live coverage, or get the low down on games that have already happened. These online sport websites are visited more frequently by males (62%) than females (38%) (Loechner, 2005 as cited in Battenfield et al. 2014) but that gap is slowly dwindling. Opportunities for women to participate in sports has increased dramatically since the enactment of Title IX in 1972, with the number of female participants in college...
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...There are many pros and cons to college athletes being paid to play their sport, which makes this is a very controversial topic. Are the sport scholarships and uniforms enough? Should schools really pocket all that money they make in revenue from the sports teams? Many moral, ethical and legal issues can be raised in the idea of paying college athletes to play, on both the pro and con side of the issue. Should an athlete receive a full ride scholarship and also be paid from the school to play? Many big universities may be able to handle such a thing, but what about the small colleges that do not receive such a large amount of revenue from their sports teams? Can or should schools pay all the athletes or only the top players? What about Title IX, how will potentially paying athletes be affected by it? All these topics will be discussed, as well as Team C’s final decision on this matter. PROS In 2012 the athletic revenue reported by University of Texas was $163.2 million, Alabama $143.4 million, Ohio State $142.0 million and Michigan $140.1 million (Berkowitz, Schnaars, & Upton, 2014) Coaches like Nick Saban (Alabama Football) and Mike Krzyzewski (Duke Men’s Basketball) make in excess of $7 Million a year, along with the athletic directors. Conferences receive billion-dollar television contracts for NCAA tournaments and the new college football playoff system, which then gets dispersed to the schools in the conference. (Gasper, 2014). The student athletes go out and perform...
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...Jack Cobain Prof. Leanne MacDonald Multimedia Writing & Rhetoric 13300 11/11/2013 Reforming the NCAA In recent times a litany of scandals has brought the corruption of college sports to the forefront of the national discussion. Fans and media commentators express outrage each time it is discovered that a college athlete has been receiving under-the-table payments. These scandals disguise the larger issue however. The true injustice is not that some athletes are being paid but rather that more are not (Branch). Varsity athletics have evolved immensely since their inception in 1869 as a toughening agent to prepare American men for a new era of Darwinian struggle (Branch). College sports have become a lucrative industry, built on a free labor source unavailable in any other business (Palutsis). Yet despite the billions of dollars college athletes generate for their universities, they earn nothing for themselves. The restrictions placed on athletes by the NCAA not only prohibit the payment of a stipend to help cover the cost of attendance but they also prevent student-athletes from marketing themselves, cutting them off from potentially lucrative opportunities. A large proportion of these student-athletes come from low-income families who can barely afford to keep them in school even with the help of an athletic scholarship and to cut these people off from this potential source of income is cruel and unfair. While the NCAA’s commitment to amateurism sounds noble, in reality...
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...You are the chief of police in a city of 250,000 residents. Within the last 18 months there have been three well-documented cases of suicide by cop (suicidal persons who engage in life threatening behavior to force officers to shoot them to end their own lives)within your jurisdiction. Would you develop a policy to help police officers deal with this issue, and if so what would you include in that policy? Incidents in which police officers shoot and kill citizens often provoke substantial controversy . And this is even more true where the shooting occurs as a consequence of a person ‘s own provocative behavior and in circumstances that be defined as amounting to a victim provoked shooting or a victim precipitated shooting . Where death occurs it may be victim precipitated homicide , and in other terms as suicide by cop .Despite the fact that such events are surprisingly common , the literature is unexpectedly sparse and is often , lacking in empirical study . Outside the law enforcement community , the existence of the phenomenon is not well known and is certainly too often seriously misunderstood . But understanding suicide itself will help to give some understanding to this type of assisted suicide and how it is seen in the eyes of a criminologist . First I want to examine the criminologist perspective of suicide and this was first introduced by Emile Durkheim with his research on suicide that laid the foundation for anomie or strain theory . Anomic suicide ,he postulated...
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