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Aristotle's Idea Of Courage Summary Chapter 8

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1. Courage involves confidence in the face of fear, best exhibited on the battlefield, where men show themselves unafraid to die an honorable death. Aristotle says that the most frightening thing is death but the courageous is not concerned with this and the most terrible things. Death of these men that are considered courageous happen on the battlefield amongst the greatest and noblest danger. A courageous man is one who is fearless in facing a noble death. A courageous person is fearless, but his fearlessness must exist under certain circumstances to be considered courageous. A circumstance as when a person faces death on the battlefield. He continues to say that the truly brave person fears the proper things in the proper amounts. …show more content…
In the beginning of chapter 8, Aristotle says that courage is spoken of in five different ways. First, courage is found in the citizen. These people seem to endure dangers in the legal and political areas and your honor is at stake. Aristotle says that this is the closest to true courage because its motive is a noble one. This courage involved people doing things out of fear of punishment. For example Aristotle says, “those who are compelled by their rulers but they are inferior insofar as they do what they do not through a sense of shame but on account of fear, and because they are fleeing not what is shameful but what is painful to them.” The second is the courage of experience such as is shown by professional soldiers. Experience which gives people the knowledge of certain facts is also thought to be courage which is why Socrates thought that courage was knowledge. Others exhibit this quality in other dangers while professional soldiers exhibit it in the dangers of war. These men seem courageous because they know of the false alarms that happen in war while others do not. This experience makes them more able to attack and to not suffer one. In such circumstances like “trained athletes against amateurs” men that fight best are not the bravest but those who are the most physically fit and are the strongest. However if the danger is too great for these soldiers and are inferior in numbers they are the first to flee while the citizen soldiers, the ones who do as …show more content…
There are two extremes that explains liberality; prodigality and stinginess. The prodigal person extravagantly spends and wastes money. They spend money lavishly and with no restraint. A liberal person is one who uses their wealth best. They give their money to those who need it and this corresponds with doing well and doing what is noble. Aristotle says that these actions are in accord with virtue which makes them noble. The liberal will give to whom he ought, as much and when he ought to and anything else that accompanies correct giving. He will even give away his own possessions to help other people often leaving himself with little left for himself. He will also take money when necessary since the virtue is a mean with respect to both giving and taking. If he spends too much money when he is not supposed to this will pain him. This person gives without it being painful to him and what accords with virtue is pleasant and least of all painful. Prodigality is closer to liberality because they are not attached to money and are more likely to be able to give it away. More than the stinginess of the other extreme. Aristotle puts spending in the same category as giving. He also says that stinginess is said to be the contrary to liberality because it is the greater vice than prodigality and people tend more toward this extreme than the direction of prodigality. The people that are not wealthy are best fit for this virtue because he doesn’t accept or safeguard

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