...Sift: A MAC Protocol for Event-Driven Wireless Sensor Networks_ Kyle Jamieson1, Hari Balakrishnan1, andY.C. Tay2 1 MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, The Stata Center, 32 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA 02139 jamieson@csail.mit.edu, hari@csail.mit.edu 2 Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117543, Republic of Singapore tay@acm.org Abstract. Nodes in sensor networks often encounter spatially-correlated contention, where multiple nodes in the same neighborhood all sense an event they need to transmit information about. Furthermore, in many sensor network applications, it is sufficient if a subset of the nodes that observe the same event report it. We show that traditional carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols for sensor networks do not handle the first constraint adequately, and do not take advantage of the second property, leading to degraded latency as the network scales in size. We present Sift, a medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks designed with the above observations in mind. We show using simulations that as the size of the sensor network scales up to 500 nodes, Sift can offer up to a 7-fold latency reduction compared to other protocols, while maintaining competitive throughput. 1 Introduction Every shared wireless communication channel needs a medium access control (MAC) protocol to arbitrate access to the channel. Over the past several decades, many MAC ...
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...Review of Existing AI Software Title: Metal Slug 2 Author/ Publisher: SNK Mega EnterpriseAgetec Price: $3.99 Overview: Metal Slug 2 is a run and gun video game for the Neo-Geo console/arcade platform created by SNK. It was released in 1998 for the MVS arcade platform and is the sequel to the popular Metal Slug. It is the second title in the Metal Slug series. The game was later re-released in a slightly modified/remixed form as Metal Slug X. It was re-released for the Wii's Virtual Console in North America on December 1, 2008 at a cost of 900 Wii Points. Target Audience: Arcade players Strong Points: It can be played by two players and they will be partner or tag team. Weak Points: It has only few characters to choose from and the weapons aren’t buyable. Areas That Can Be Improved The program has no updates of new maps, characters and weapons. My Own Version / Story Board In my own version, it can be played by maximum of 4 players and if they have received and earn points/gold they can buy weapons. Program Rating Program Type | | Exploratory | | Drill & Practice | | | Tutorial | | Interdisciplinary | | | Simulation | | Creativity | | | Management | | Utility | | | Reference | | Quiz Game | | ✓ | Arcade Game | | Problem Solving | | | Critical Thinking | | Others: Virtual Reality | | | | | | Architecture | ✓ | Single User | ✓ | Multi-user | | | Network | | | RATING SHEET With 5 as the highest...
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...RICKY WOOLF 1 Any Road, Anytown AN1 1CV Telephone: 01632 960 898 (Home); 07700 900 138 (Mobile) Email: rickywoolf@example.com PROFESSIONAL PROFILE A committed and proactive professional who specialises in the use of embedded design and programming techniques to develop creative and innovative robotic systems tailored towards specific project requirements. Quick to assimilate new ideas, concepts and cutting-edge technologies whilst demonstrating a logical and analytical approach to solving complex problems and issues. Able to work well on own initiative while demonstrating the organisation and prioritisation required to achieve tight deadlines and deliverables. A motivational and inspirational leader who enjoys being part of a successful and productive team, and thrives in highly pressurised and challenging working environments. OBJECTIVE Currently looking for a new and challenging position, one which will make best use of existing skills and experience while enabling further personal and professional development. EDUCATION AND QUALIFICATIONS MSc Embedded Systems and Robotics – Distinction (2003) Thesis: Compact Motion Tracking System for Human Rehabilitation BSc Computer Science with Robotics & Intelligent Machines – 2.1 (2002) Thesis: 2D Mapping Mobile Robots in Unstructured Environments College Courses Mathematics, Mechatronic Systems, Applied Dynamics and Electrical Control Theory KEY TECHNICAL SKILLS • Assembler, Embedded C, C++, Visual MFC...
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...Assignment 1 – Chapter 1 1.1 (a) intelligence – means to have the knowledge to learn and understand different situations. (b) artificial intelligence – the ability of a computer or robot to act like a human and make decisions based on pre-defined rules. (c) agent – is the entity that is doing the actions, it can interact with the environment, change it, and learn from it. (d) rationality – is the ability of doing the right thing based on what it already knows or has learned from the environment. (e) logical reasoning – is the process using arguments, statements, premises, and axioms to determine whether a statement is true or false. 1.3 - Yes, reflex actions such as flinching from a hot stove are rational because it is the right thing to do. We don’t think before we flinch from a hot stove because it suppose to be quick, thinking will defeat the purpose of flinching. - No, I believe that reflex actions are not intelligent because you don’t have to put any thought into them, we do them automatically. 1.4 No, the program wouldn’t be more intelligent than a human because the artificial intelligence systems will avoid trying to solve problems. Humans don’t solve complete problems either, but they are good at solving a lot of structure using knowledge they have learned. Artificial intelligent systems attempt to do the same as humans. IQ test scores interact well with certain other measures only if they are measuring normal humans, it doesn’t measure anything...
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...Of all the technological developments of the modern age, none is as complex as artificial intelligence. The idea that a non-human, manufactured entity could advance to a point of emulating human behavior is enough to make people shiver. The idea of something so advanced that we will not be able to tell the difference may be even worse. In 1961 Philip Dick wrote Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. It portrayed a world with these exact characteristics. Artificial Intelligence had advanced to a point of near-perfect human replication. In creating this world, Dick was echoing the speculations and fears of a.i. that had build up by that time. It would then continue to influence those opinions in the years after. It is necessary to look at the development of artificial intelligence in order to put this idea into context. The concept of intelligent and aware constructs began to emerge in the 1950s and 60s as several scientists in many fields came together to discuss the possibilities of advanced computer research. The first major step was a scientific conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. Here, the general concepts and possible paths of research for a.i. were fleshed out. As described in Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, this conference was “the birth of artificial intelligence.” This was mostly a theoretical stage yet attending experts predicted that with a huge investment, working technology could be available in a generation (16). After being officially established...
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...Artificial Intelligence Balinda Roberts INF 103 Computer Literacy Debra Austin July 4, 2013 Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It includes people, procedure, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrated characteristics of intelligence. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but Artificial Intelligence does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. Intelligence is basically the computation part of the ability to achieve goals in the world varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines. There is no solid definition of intelligence relating it to human intelligence. The problem is that it cannot yet be characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures can be called intelligent. We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others. Sometimes Artificial Intelligence is about simulating human intelligence but not always. On the one hand, we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand most work in Artificial Intelligence involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. Artificial Intelligence textbooks...
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...What is a SYSTEM ? A system is defined as a set of concepts or parts that must work together to perform a particular function. An organization is a system or a collection of systems. Every job in an organization is used by a system to produce a product or service. The product or service is the means by which a organization supports itself. Compiled by : S. Agarwal, St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata. There are four inputs necessary in every system to produce a product or service: People: People The workers making up a group and linked by a common activity. Material: Material The raw products which go into the system. Technology: Technology The technique for achieving a practical purpose or goal. Time: Time The measured period during which an action or process begins and ends. Compiled by : S. Agarwal, St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata. People + Material + Technology + Time ---------OUTPUT Functional Divisions of an Organization and IS : •Finance •Marketing & sales •Human resources •Operation (manufacturing or services) •Information systems (IS) Information System : A system, whether automated or manual, that comprises people, machines, and/or methods organized to collect, process, transmit, and disseminate data that represent user information. At the center of organizational units lies the information system. Each unit relies on the information system in the generation of information. People in different functional areas of the organization will need different...
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...The power of mind “Light is the fastest speed in the universe, exceeding any speed.” Einstein told the world. Truly, if there were something faster than light, time would stop, and even go backwards. But, in class, I was hit by an inspiring sentence: nothing can surpass light except our mind since it is our mind that enables us to look back and foresee our future. These memorable words deepened my understanding of the power of mind. Looking back, we may encounter extreme fears, something we don’t want to bring up, and hope to be forever hidden. We may be trapped in adverse situations, where we are helpless and confused in face of the incomprehensible nature. But just as Einstein said, the only incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible. The short-lived biped on a two-bit planet can still move forward and make miracles, because the power of mind, which exceeds any speed in universe, can bring us faith and spirit. Eventually, this power could surpass our fears, and destroy all the negative conditions. This reminds me of the stories of some great minds, such as Steve Jobs, the legendary former CEO of Apple. When Steve had just released his first creation—the Macintosh, he got fired from Apple, the company he started. Very publicly out at that time, he lost the focus of his entire adult life. He really did not know what to do for a few months and even thought about running away from the valley, erasing all the failure experiences. However, thinking...
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...* Chapter 13: Managing Information and Information Technology * * Businesses need information, but they nedd it to be accurate, and they need it to be accessible in a timely fashion. * * Information has always been an integral part of every manager's job. * * The Role of Information in the Manager's Job * * Information is a vital part of communication, it follows that management and information are closely related. A key part of information-processing activity id differentiating between data and information. * * Data: are raw figures and facts reflecting a single aspect of reality. * * Information: is data presented in a way or form that has meaning. It provides meaning to a manager and provides a basis for action. * Information Technology (IT): Refers to the resources used by an organization to manage information that it needs to carry out its mission. IT may consists of computers, integrated computer networks, telephones, fax machines and other pieces of hardware. It involves software that facilitates the system's ability to manage information in a way that is useful to managers. * Example: The grocery industry uses data, information, and information technology to automate inventory and checkout facilities. * * Characteristics of Usesful Information In general, information is useful if it is accurate, timely, complete and relevant. * * Accurate * For information to be of real value to a manager, it must be...
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...The Conscious Mind over Matter No stranger to uncovering the differences between the ostensibly real and the metaphysical, 1999 Time person of the century Albert Einstein once stated, “Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one.” Einstein’s chief contention here is that reality is merely a function of the conscious mind’s attempt to make sense of the environment. Since the conscious is concerned with its ultimate survival, humans often view material objects as the full composition of true reality. In The Thirteenth Floor, director Josef Rusnak muddies the water of what is real and virtual through his story of new technology that allows for a safe and successful transference of consciousness from one being to an artificial being known as a “unit.” Stemming from this idea that the conscious is independent from the physical realm, many questions remain unanswered concerning the plausibility of such technology. Furthermore, if this virtual reality technology was put in use, could the computerized units possess a conscious mind of their own, which is free of significant mental impairment? Holistically, Rusnak’s film challenges the basic principles on which physicalism was built by arguing that reality is a creation of the conscious mind, and therefore reality does possess many non-physical components. Mankind’s perception of reality is limited in scope to that which is visible and present around us. The same holds true when applied individually, since a person’s...
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...first introduce what Artificial intelligence means in the world of information systems. I will give points to both its advantages and disadvantages of its uses. Artificial Intelligence is considered the development of machines such as robots and security systems to perform the job of humans. They even have feelings, thoughts, preferences and the ability to understand human speech (Russell, 2009). In 1941, the most intelligent machine was an invention in the form of the electronic computer. Who would have thought 60 years from then that the same computer would be perfected beyond leaps and bounds and be used to control other machines, as well as be part of day to day living? In 1956, John McCarthy, considered the father of Artificial Intelligence, organized a conference where intellectuals gathered to learn of this phenomenon (Lee, 1992). This laid the foundation for the advancements in artificial intelligence today. Today artificial intelligence is used in our homes and sophisticated establishments such as military bases and the NASA space station. NASA has even sent out artificially intelligent robots to grace some planets and to learn more about their atmosphere and habitat, the intention being to investigate if there is a possibility of humans living on other planets. There are many advantages and disadvantages of the use of artificial intelligence in business and in our day to day lives. Some of the advantages of Artificial Intelligence include: • Machines...
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...TASK 5 Databases a) A database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. b) Databases are used by storing data so it can be quickly accessed, varied information could be kept about anything, from students to stock e.g. computers and equipment, you could use MS Access to make a Database, you can use queries to find things quickly. It would be best to create a database in MS access because things can be changed and added. For instance you could add a new field or put in some new data. It is also easy to use in MS Access because it sets it out as a table so it’s easy to edit and read. c) College could use this to keep records on all their students and teachers, they could have all personal details, like Phone numbers, address, and how well their doing in their course, it could keep track of all their absences. It could hold all information about people who are visiting the college, and when things are going to be organised like student days and open days. Internet a) The internet is a server where people can add web pages to show information; you need an internet connection to be able to access the internet. b) The internet is used for browsing web pages, I would use the internet for going on face book, but a business would use the internet for things like buying stock, or advertising there business to people, some business may also have their own website to advertise. A college may have a website to describe about all the different...
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...Project – an Automated Make-up color selection system. Supervisor – Dr. H.L.Premarathne Field(s) of concern – Artificial Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, Image Processing, Data Classification, make-up Background: Women typically like to be in the centre of attraction of other the people. In order to be elegant looking and to get the attention of others, ladies often use make-up. Make-up is a favorite topic of women, and is a primary concern, not only when attending functions such as weddings, parties, but in day-to-day life when going for work too. The success of make-up relies on how well one can select the colors that matches her skin color, eye color, shape of the face and other relevant features. Make-up is also an art; hence one should have a good artistic eye to select the make-up which suits her. Inappropriate applying of make-up will cause a person to be in the centre of sarcasm and annoyance, instead of being in the centre of attraction. This is why; ladies often take the service of a beautician. A beautician is a professional who’s trained and who has expertise knowledge on beauty therapy and make-up. With experience, a beautician can match the make-up colors to suit a person, according to her appearance and personality. However, one does not need the help of a beautician, if that person can choose the appropriate make-up colors for herself. Introduction: Selection of colors for a make-up is vital for a Beautician as well as for any lady who rely on make-up...
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...Artificial Intelligence: Past, Present and Future Alana Boggan INF 103 Sabahudin Tricic July 25, 2011 Abstract Technology, over time, has become more advanced. As technology has risen, so has man’s curiosity for advancement of what technology can do for mankind. In this exploration, artificial intelligence was created. In researching and exploring the past of artificial intelligence, mankind can make assumptions about the advances in the future. The past, with curiosity of humans, has lent itself to the artificial intelligence we have today and the endless possibilities for artificial intelligence in the future. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming a constant part of life as technology advances. Webster defines artificial intelligence as “the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it” (Wikipedia, 2010). When assessing AI, one must look at the past and present. Acquiring knowledge about the past and present of AI, the future of this ever-changing field of science allows thoughts of endless possibilities and unimaginable devices of the future; therefore, by studying and researching the advancement of this field from its past to its present, predictions for this field can be made. Method I researched information on the past, present, and future for the field of Artificial Intelligence. In researching the past of the scientific and computer field of artificial intelligence...
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...Artificial intelligence From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "AI" redirects here. For other uses, see Ai. For other uses, see Artificial intelligence (disambiguation). Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents"[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."[4] AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[5] Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focussed on the solution of specific problems, on one of several possible approaches, on the use of widely differing tools and towards the accomplishment of particular applications. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals.[7] Currently popular approaches include statistical...
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