...Artificial Intelligence Christianie Dor INF103 LaWanda Morant 8/26/2014 Like with most phenomena, our imaginations are far more advanced than our current reality. This is especially true in the case of technology and more specifically artificial intelligence. If the scientific movies were any indication of reality humans should be fearful of any technological advancement in the field of artificial intelligence because it surely means some type of machine uprising. An uprising in which the creator must fear the created. Such an uprising is something that we don’t have to fear for quite some time because unlike how artificial intelligence is portrayed in the movies, science has not gotten that advanced. As research and time has went on in the artificial science field the conclusion that “superhuman artificial intelligence is far from the current state of the art and probably beyond the range of projection for even the most optimistic AI researcher” has been made (Hendler, 1995). It will take many lifetimes to get artificial intelligence to the levels we see it on the silver screens. Technology, knowledge, and implementing the information we know into actual programs is something that will take more time and different approaches. In order for someone to understand the concept of artificial intelligence they must first have an understanding of what intelligence actually is. The subject of intelligence has fascinated researchers and philosophers for years. Humans...
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...Artificial intelligence From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "AI" redirects here. For other uses, see Ai. For other uses, see Artificial intelligence (disambiguation). Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents"[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."[4] AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[5] Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focussed on the solution of specific problems, on one of several possible approaches, on the use of widely differing tools and towards the accomplishment of particular applications. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals.[7] Currently popular approaches include statistical...
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...Artificial Intelligence Balinda Roberts INF 103 Computer Literacy Debra Austin July 4, 2013 Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It includes people, procedure, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrated characteristics of intelligence. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but Artificial Intelligence does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. Intelligence is basically the computation part of the ability to achieve goals in the world varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines. There is no solid definition of intelligence relating it to human intelligence. The problem is that it cannot yet be characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures can be called intelligent. We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others. Sometimes Artificial Intelligence is about simulating human intelligence but not always. On the one hand, we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand most work in Artificial Intelligence involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. Artificial Intelligence textbooks...
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...1 The Turing Triage Test Dr. Robert Sparrow Centre for Human Bioethics Faculty of Arts Monash University Victoria 3800 Australia. This paper appeared in print in: Ethics and Information Technology 6(4): 203-213. 2004. Please cite that version. 2 The Turing Triage Test Abstract If, as a number of writers have predicted, the computers of the future will possess intelligence and capacities that exceed our own then it seems as though they will be worthy of a moral respect at least equal to, and perhaps greater than, human beings. In this paper I propose a test to determine when we have reached that point. Inspired by Alan Turing’s (1950) original ‘Turing test’, which argued that we would be justified in conceding that machines could think if they could fill the role of a person in a conversation, I propose a test for when computers have achieved moral standing by asking when a computer might take the place of a human being in a moral dilemma, such as a ‘triage’ situation in which a choice must be made as to which of two human lives to save. We will know that machines have achieved moral standing comparable to a human when the replacement of one of these people with an artificial intelligence leaves the character of the dilemma intact. That is, when we might sometimes judge that it is reasonable to preserve the continuing existence of a machine over the life of a human being. This is the ‘Turing Triage Test’. I argue that if personhood is understood as a matter of possessing...
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...Christopher Powell Artificial Intelligence AI is defined as the ability of a computer or machine to think for itself, and mimicking the thought processes a human might have only smarter. The idea that a computer has the ability to react more intelligently than a human being has fascinated us for several centuries. There are thoughts of robotic red blood cells to create a scientifically generated longer life span or the ability to conquer certain disease.[1] Although there have been major advancements in AI and technology in this century that we never dreamed possible, we have yet to prove that science and engineering have the ability to become smarter than the human brain. Evidence of A.I. is said to be traced back to ancient Egypt but the ability to create machine intelligence was not developed until 1941 with the first electronic computer in 1955, Newell and Simon developed The Logic Theorist.[2] The Logic Theorist was a program that demonstrated problems as a tree and would attempt to solve them by choosing the best possible solution, based on each branch of the tree. It was in 1956 when the term “Artificial Intelligence” was first coined at the Dartmouth conference, where the proposed 2 month, 10-man study of AI would be carried out. The conference, in which John McCarthy called upon the leading researchers to discuss topics which were such a new topic to the imagination, he coined a new phrase for it; Artificial Intelligence (McCarthy, J., Minsky...
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...its original rise as a response from other approaches that had been proved to have flaws. There was also a link between the studies of the mind that eventually lead to the study of behavior. Since behaviorism had some minor flaws, the development of cognitive psychology occurred because of the disagreements of behaviorism. There are many different key milestones in the development of our own cognitive psychology. Neuroscience, information processing, criticisms of behaviorism, and connectionism are 4 of these milestones. All four are associated with different aspects of the mind. The milestone neuroscience, is said to examine how the nervous system and the brain work together to determine behaviors. People who specialize in this field are referred to as neuroscientists. They are able to account for various behaviors such as intelligent behavior through the tactics of hypothetical representations, abstract constructs, and processes. Neuroscientists are able to use techniques of localization in identifying brain areas through cognitive psychology. This research that is conducted by neuroscientists gives us the ability to understand different states of emotion, motivation, physical health, psychological health, sensory experiences, and state of consciousness. Information processing is usually referred to as the “computer” sense of the mind. In information processing, the focus is to highlight and...
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...Turing machine Single vs double dissociation Single: one manipulation Double: two manipulations Visual angle Grandmother cell a lot of cells respond for Halle Berry Do not respond only to Halle Berry Math: impossibly large number of neurons Only 100 images do not necessarily show that those cells only respond to one concept Size constancy: If no depth cue/ with out size constancy; then same visual angle same proximal size and same perceived size. s Alternative: different difficulties of those 2 tasks Mediate by separate part of brain regions Color constancy Binding: different percepts What is intelligence? (Cartesian) Dualism, identity theory, functionalism The Turing test (and objections to it) Aunt Bertha machine Linear vs. exponential scaling Dualism: mind is nonphysical substance Identity theory: same mind state means the same brain state Problem of strict...
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...and changes in the economic times. Through much reading and access to large bulk of information, I created a superhero, Bosco Genius, a guy who awakens in the morning with a 100 percent access to his brain power. The state realizes and becomes aware of the existence of Bosco. They look for him but with his expertise skills and ability, he dodges the men in black and also fends off the middle school tormentors. The whole process torn the writer or the creator into a rhetoric existence because of the complexity nature of the study. It is reported once that the robotics destroyed and killed human beings within the company. The information was unsubstantiated and untrue since it was maliciously spread to negate the importance of the robots. As a rhetoric, such an instance has never happened and no person has lost life in the company. The three laws of robotics cannot allow them to harm humans and therefore, the information revealed to the public is false and faulty. As a company we have dealt in robotics and they have served to increase the performance of the labour force. However, the public force has a resistance towards the robotics with several claims that the robotics have an effect on the cultural and social setting of the society. The loggerhead position of the public towards the robotics and the whole company has created poor working relation and existence between the two entities. As a rhetoric, I have to work towards...
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...In a world filled with so many new technologies that try to make an average humans life easier, there are bound to be downfalls. Nicholas Carr, was a writer who always loved getting caught up in books and researching information. Things have changed though. He has noticed that he loses concentration while reading and finds himself forcing his attention back to the book just after three pages. Carr believes there is one thing to blame, the internet. People are just looking for at most three paragraphs to answer their questions. That’s why the world of web research has taken off. People are now getting lazier and only want their questions answered and that’s it. So what are these positive and negative consequences of exclusive reliance on electronics, specifically the internets information in general. I. Critical Thinking One consequence that we see of digital text rather than printed text is in the way it effects our critical thinking. The ways we use technologies develop habits of mind. Now days we seem to skim to quickly to find the information we need. While before we used to be able to read deep, intellectual books without any problem. While reading the text we multitask while on a screen. We are bombarded by colorful and exciting ads on every website makes it hard to concentrate.Our concentration starts to drift while reading books after two or three pages. “My mind isn’t going—so far as I can tell—but it’s changing. I’m not thinking the way I used to think. I can feel...
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...psychology is one branch that focuses on how cognition directly affects human behavior. Primarily cognitive psychology tries to uncover the underlying mental processes that play a role on particular human behaviors. Cognitive psychology was created in distinction of behavioral psychology. Major human functions can be observed through theories from the cognitive branch of psychology. These things can range from language, problem solving skills, memory functioning, and perception. Cognitive psychologists have developed many theories over the years that have made major contributions to the general field of psychology. The Foundation of Cognitive Psychology Prior to cognitive psychology becoming a significant branch of the psychology field, behavioral psychology was the main branch within psychology. Cognitive psychology came about when psychologists began to have questions about the behavioral method to psychology. Several psychologists felt that the behavioral approach to psychology had many gaps when it came to basic human functions such as memory, language, and learning. Psychologists attempted to fill these gaps by comparing the human mind to a computer (Willingham, 2007). Psychologists and scientists who studied artificial intelligence considered that the human mind functioned similar to an information processor. They believed that when humans processed information it resulted in the output of human thoughts and behaviors. These psychologists and scientists also made the...
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...and electro-mechanics integration as the key technologies. Soft-mechanics could be instrumental for providing soft interaction between machines and humans, while electro-mechanics integration enables a novel approach to create highly functional, tiny terminals. 2 The research drivers Future mobile communication devices will have more functions packed in small size and they are going to be used for communication, information searching and browsing as a natural extension of human capabilities in everyday life. One of the key drivers for future mobile devices is to enable drastic change of the physical appearance of mobile terminals to soft and comfortable human centered devices with totally new product category possibilities. The modularization of main components and flexible connectivity will enable the adaptability to different user group needs and allow the freedom to use and transport the device in most convenient way. 2.1 Background Some researcher said that as mobile phones become more like handheld computers and consumers spend as much as 8 to 10 hours a day talking, text and using the Web on these devices. Future mobile communication devices will have more functions packed in small size and they are going to be used for communication, information searching and browsing as a natural extension of human capabilities in everyday life. For most of us, a mobile phone is an instrument to talk with...
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...Agent-based social simulation: dealing with complexity Nigel Gilbert Centre for Research on Social Simulation University of Surrey Guildford UK n.gilbert@soc.surrey.ac.uk 18 December 2004 While the idea of computer simulation has had enormous influence on most areas of science, and even on the public imagination through its use in computer games such as SimCity, it took until the 1990s for it to have a significant impact in the social sciences. The breakthrough came when it was realised that computer programs offer the possibility of creating ‘artificial’ societies in which individuals and collective actors such as organisations could be directly represented and the effect of their interactions observed. This provided for the first time the possibility of using experimental methods with social phenomena, or at least with their computer representations; of directly studying the emergence of social institutions from individual interaction; and of using computer code as a way of formalising dynamic social theories. In this chapter, these advances in the application of computer simulation to the social sciences will be illustrated with a number of examples of recent work, showing how this new methodology is appropriate for analysing social phenomena that are inherently complex, and how it encourages experimentation and the study of emergence. Social simulation The construction of computer programs that simulate aspects of social behaviour can contribute...
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...Chapter Eleven: Order Fulfillment Along the Supply Chain and Other EC Support Services 11-1 Online File W11.1 What Services Do Customers Need? Insights on online customer services: ◗ Customer preferences. Customers tend not to do much self-service in terms of getting information from companies (e.g., only 19% use FAQs), so they require attention. As more companies offer online self-service, though, this situation is changing. When contacting companies for information, customers use e-mail more than the telephone (71% versus 51%). ◗ Types of service. Four types of service exist, based on where the customer is in the purchase experience: during shopping (search products, compare, find product attributes); during buying (questions on warranties, billing, receipt, payment); after placing the order (checking status in processing and in shipping); and after receiving the item (checking return procedures, how to use the item). ◗ Problem resolution. Customers expect quick resolutions to problems, and expect problems to be resolved to their satisfaction. Therefore, easy returns and order tracking are desirable. ◗ Shipping options. Several shipping options are usually needed to make customers happy. ◗ Fraud protection. Customers need to make sure that sellers or others are not going to cheat them (Chapters 9 and 14). ◗ Order status and updates. Customers want to have some way to check on the status of their order, which involves tracking either by phone or online. These services...
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...separately, with no knowledge of their twinship. Neubauer also recognized the exceptional research possibilities such a separation offered. Studies of twins reared apart are one of the most powerful tools that scholars have to analyze the relative contributions of heredity and environment to the makeup of individual human natures. Identical twins are rare, however, and twins who have been separated and brought up in different families are particularly unusual. Neubauer was aware of a mere handful of studies examining twins reared apart, and in most cases the twins being studied had been separated for only part of their childhoods and were reunited at some point long before the study began. Here was an opportunity to look at twins from the moment they were separated, and to trace them through childhood, observing at each stage of development the parallel or diverging courses of their lives. Because the sisters shared the same genetic makeup, one could evaluate the environmental effects on the twins' personalities, their behavior, their health, their intelligence. Such a study might not set to rest the ancient quarrel over the relative importance of nature versus nurture, but there were few other experiments...
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...to make sure you have a balanced number of arguments for each side of your debate. Finally, you also don’t need to separate your popular and scholarly sources as they are likely to examine similar issues. You don’t want to be repetitive when describing various arguments, so think about a way of effectively organizing the arguments you will presenting. Your paper is essentially going to be divided in two parts. The first part will be about describing the arguments on either side of the debate. I call this the descriptive component of your paper. The second part of your paper is the analysis. You will be analyzing two things. First, I want you to compare and contrast how your topic is presented in scholarly versus popular media. Think of areas like language (simple versus complex), use of references, and length of article as a starting point for your analysis. Make sure to use examples in your analysis. For instance, if you tell me that scholarly sources are harder to understand than popular ones because of language, provide an example of this from your own sources. The other thing I want you to analyze is how your topic relates to any one or two of our course themes and/or theories. This is unit one material only. Topics to Choose From: Please...
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