...MATHEMATICS has played a significant role in the development of Indian culture for millennia. Mathematical ideas that originated in the Indian subcontinent have had a profound impact on the world. Swami Vivekananda said: ‘you know how many sciences had their origin in India. Mathematics began there. You are even today counting 1, 2, 3, etc. to zero, after Sanskrit figures, and you all know that algebra also originated in India.’ It is also a fitting time to review the contributions of Indian mathematicians from ancient times to the present, as in 2010, India will be hosting the International Congress of Mathematicians. This quadrennial meeting brings together mathematicians from around the world to discuss the most significant developments in the subject over the past four years and to get a sense of where the subject is heading in the next four. The idea of holding such a congress at regular intervals actually started at The Columbian Exhibition in Chicago in 1893. This exhibition had sessions to highlight the advancement of knowledge in different fields. One of these was a session on mathematics. Another, perhaps more familiar to readers of Prabuddha Bharata, was the famous Parliament of Religions in which Swami Vivekananda first made his public appearance in the West. Following the Chicago meeting, the first International Congress of Mathematicians took place in Zurich in 1897. It was at the next meeting at Paris in 1900 that Hilbert...
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...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory * Join * Search * Browse * Saved Papers ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form * Home Page » * Other Topics History of Indian Mathematics In: Other Topics History of Indian Mathematics MATHEMATICS IN INDIA The history of maths in india is very great & eventful.Indians gave the system of numerals, zero, geometry & equations to the world. The great Indian mathematician Aryabhata (476-529) wrote the Aryabhatiya ─ a volume of 121 verses. Apart from discussing astronomy, he laid down procedures of arithmetic, geometry, algebra and trigonometry. He calculated the value of Pi at 3.1416 and covered subjects like numerical squares and cube roots. Aryabhata is credited with the emergence of trigonometry through sine functions. Around the beginning of the fifteenth century Madhava (1350-1425) developed his own system of calculus based on his knowledge of trigonometry. He was an untutored mathematician from Kerala, and preceded Newton and Liebnitz by a century. The twentieth-century genius Srinivas Ramanujan (1887-1920) developed a formula for partitioning any natural number, expressing an integer as the sum of squares, cubes, or higher power of a few integers. Origin of Zero and the Decimal System The zero was known to the ancient Indians and most probably the knowledge of it spread from India to...
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...MATHEMATICS IN INDIA The history of maths in india is very great & eventful.Indians gave the system of numerals, zero, geometry & equations to the world. The great Indian mathematician Aryabhata (476-529) wrote the Aryabhatiya ─ a volume of 121 verses. Apart from discussing astronomy, he laid down procedures of arithmetic, geometry, algebra and trigonometry. He calculated the value of Pi at 3.1416 and covered subjects like numerical squares and cube roots. Aryabhata is credited with the emergence of trigonometry through sine functions. Around the beginning of the fifteenth century Madhava (1350-1425) developed his own system of calculus based on his knowledge of trigonometry. He was an untutored mathematician from Kerala, and preceded Newton and Liebnitz by a century. The twentieth-century genius Srinivas Ramanujan (1887-1920) developed a formula for partitioning any natural number, expressing an integer as the sum of squares, cubes, or higher power of a few integers. Origin of Zero and the Decimal System The zero was known to the ancient Indians and most probably the knowledge of it spread from India to other cultures. Brahmagupta (598-668),who had worked on mathematics and astronomy, was the head of the astronomy observatory in Ujjain, which was at that point of time, the foremost mathematical centre in India; he and Bhaskar the second (1114-1185), who reached understanding on the number systems and solving equations, have together provided many rules for arithmetical...
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...Willy Ngin AMAT 452: History of Mathematics Mathematical History of China and India Since the beginning of time mathematics has been a part of history. Throughout time without mathematics we wouldn’t have been able to make fundamental advances in science, engineering, technology and much more. Although every country has different histories, cultures and lifestyles; one thing that remains the same is the universal language of Mathematics. If you go to any country in the world, mathematics will always be the same. Addition will always be addition and subtraction will always be subtraction anywhere. Some of the countries who have been able to help further our discoveries and advances in mathematics were China and India. China’s history included many different wars which led to a lot of different dynasties taking over the country. Still, ”the demands of the empire for administrative services, including surveying, taxation, and calendar making, required that many civil servants be competent in certain areas of mathematics” (Katz, 2009, p. 197). It wasn’t until 1984 when they opened the tombs that they found some of the mathematic history. “Among the books was discovered a mathematics text written on 200 bamboo strips. This work, called the Suan shu shu (Book of Numbers and Computation), is the earliest extant text of Chinese mathematics.” (Katz, 2009, p. 196). This work was created during the Han Dynasty. It consisted of different problems and their solution. Alongside...
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...setting sun casts shadows down the northern stairway that appear like a long slithering snake - Kulkulkan, the Feathered Serpent God (Cline). The Mayans developed numerology and mathematical understandings that were way ahead of their time, but thankfully the end of their calendar was not a prediction for the end of the world back in 2012. Indian astronomy began with creating relevant calendars in the 3rd millennium BCE during the Indus Valley Civilization period, but quickly advanced to be even more impressive. An Indian mathematician and astronomer, Aryabhata, was able to calculate a pretty accurate model of our solar system without any modern tools. By observing the night sky and performing groundbreaking mathematical calculations, he proposed a geocentric system where the Earth spins on its axis, the Sun determines planetary orbital periods, and solar/lunar eclipses can be explained without religion (Thurston 1994). Aryabhata also studied how the shadows of poles at separate points differed from each other. He measured the lengths of the shadows, and the differences of the shadows in time and distance from each other. Using this information, he was able to determine the diameter of the Earth, and since the skilled mathematician had also successfully calculated the value of pi almost perfectly, he measured the circumference of the Earth with better precision than anyone else would be capable of without modern tools. Years later, another Indian astronomer, Nilakantha Somayaji...
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...The objective of ISRO is to develop space technology and its application to various national tasks. Accordingly, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources; also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching IRS type of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites. SATELLITES LAUNCHED Since its establishment , ISRO has achieved numerous milestones. It built India's first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1975. In 1980, Rohini became the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian- made launch vehicle, SLV-3. ISRO subsequently developed two other rockets: the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching satellites...
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...technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. Chandra Gupta I, Samudra Gupta the Great, and Chandra Gupta II the Great were the most notable rulers of the Gupta dynasty. The 4th century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa, credits Guptas with having conquered about twenty one kingdoms, both in and outside India, including the kingdoms of Parasikas (Persians), the Hunas, the Kambojas tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys, the Kinnaras, Kiratas etc. The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculptures and paintings. The Gupta period produced scholars such asKalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural center and set the region up as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. The earliest available Indian epics are also thought to have been written around this period. The empire gradually declined because of many factors such as...
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...INDIA has a multi-ethnic, multi-religious society living together. India, with its diverse & fascinating history, arts, music, culture, spiritual & social models has become a matter of proud for all of us. Also it can become a superpower in future by working hard in many fields. We all know that India is a developing country, but still to become a developed one or to become a superpower, lot of work has to be done. First of all, our goal of superpower has to be unique and not just what other countries like USA did. We have to redefine what superpower actually means. A superpower is a developed, self-reliant and a truly independent nation. It is a country with a dominant position in international issues and has the ability to exert its influence and project power on a global scale. The term superpower first applied to the British Empire, the United States and the Soviet Union. Now india is also moving its steps towards it. India can become a superpower being like an elephant that neither eats other animals nor gets eaten by them. Similarly we should neither threaten nor defenceless. It is known that India is a country that occupies greater part of South Asia. If we talk about area, India ranks as the seventh largest country in the world. Though India is the world's biggest democracy and has a strong political system, yet to become a superpower it is a bit away. We should strive to be a superpower in technology, education and ideas just as we did from the start...
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...LIFE IS LIKE MATHS Maths is complicated and so is life. “If people do not believe that Maths is simple , it is only because they do not realise how complicated life is “JOHN LOUIS NEUMAN. Just like problems of Maths, we have problems in life which need to be solved. We cannot move ahead without solving or else problems become compounded and life is difficult. To solve any problem of life or of Maths, we need to be logical and organised and use our thinking tanks. Mathematics is a subject which remains a challenge for most students . It seems as challenging as life. Numbers are a very important part of life. The number zero has a very important in maths and life The great , Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata stated about thge zero value that "Sthanam sthanam dasa gunam" which meant place to place in ten times value and which is the modern decimal value system. To talk of life , the value of zero cannot be forfeited . Add zero to any currency note or to any other digit and the value increases ten fold, add two –the value increases hundred fold. As the number of zeros increases, the value of our assets increase.The more the number of zeroes , the more the power you command. Take a look at the Forbes list , the men on top are the people whose assests have the maximum number of zeroes added to any other digit. If a zero is taken out , the people on the list will climb down the ladder. Some people have an affinity for numbers and others are terrorised by...
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...Civilizations have had many achievements, but downfalls as well. Golden ages have occurred for centuries. Golden ages are times of peace and prosperity. Rome and India have made large impacts in helping the world. Pax Romana and the Gupta Golden Age led to major successes and influences. Pax Romana was a time of great accomplishment in Rome. It was a period of peace, as Pax Romana means ‘Roman Peace’. Lasting 200 years, it began with Emperor Augustus and came to a close after Marcus Aurelius. During this time, peace, unity, order, and prosperity flourished. Romans brought Greek concepts into their own ways. This included the use of columns, such as Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Other architectural achievements include the use of...
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...Pamahalaan - pangkat ng tao na may kapangyariang gumawa at magpatupad ng batas Monarkiya - reyna at hari * Sentralisado - nagiisa ang pinuno * Disentrlisado - may kanang kamay Divine - kanilang sarili na nagtataglay ng lapangyarihan ng diyos Sa bansang tsina - sons of god * Mandate of heaven SINAUNANG PAMAHALAAN SA INDIA Imperyong Maurya * Sinakop ni alexander the Great noong 326 BCE * Chandragupta Maurya - inagaw kay Seleucus 1 * Seleucus I - heneral na minana ang silangang bahagi ng india * Bumuo ng 30,000 hukbong kawal upang mapanatili ang kaniyang kapangyarihan sa India * Pagtatalaga ng buwis * Kautilya - taga payo at guro ni Chandragupta ; Sumulat ng Arthasasthra * Pamahalaang Burukrasya - pinamumunuan ng hari at ibang opisyal * Namatay si Chandragupta, namuno ang Anak at nagtagal ng 32 years * Namatay ang Anak, pumalit si Asoka, apo ni Chandragupta PMUMUNO NI ASOKA AT KAISIPANG DHAMMA * Asoka - Tugatog ng kadakilaan ang imperyong Maurya * Kailangang makidigma * Lugar sa Kalinga 100,00 na hukbo ang namatay gawa ni Asoka * Buddhism - malalim na pilosopiya * Daglian siyang gumawa ng * Dhamma mahamat tas - tao - ipapalaganap ang Dhamma * Dhamma - rules ni Asoka mula sa Dharma * Dharma - aral ni Buddha * Dakilang tagapagpalaganap ng Buddhism * Mabuti dahil pinalaganap ni ang relihiyon ni Buddha * Namatay si Asoka at humina ang Maurya * Sri Gupta - unang...
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...Lunar eclipse From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Lunar eclipse (disambiguation). A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes behind the earth so that the earth blocks the sun's rays from striking the moon. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, a lunar eclipse can only occur the night of a full moon. The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moon's location relative to its orbital nodes. Themost recent total lunar eclipse occurred on June 15, 2011; it was a central eclipse, visible over Europe and south America after sunset, over Africa and most of Asia, and Australia before sunrise. It was also the longest and darkest lunar eclipse of the century, lasting 100 minutes. The previous total lunar eclipse occurred on December 21, 2010, at 08:17 UTC.[ Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a certain relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of the Earth. A lunar eclipse lasts for a few hours, whereas a total solar eclipse lasts for only a few minutes at any given place. Types of lunar eclipse The shadow of the Earth can be divided into two distinctive parts: the umbra and penumbra. Within the umbra, there is no direct solar radiation. However, as a result of the Sun’s large angular size, solar illumination is only partially blocked in the outer portion of the Earth’s shadow, which...
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...The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and he fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite of a planet in the Solar System relative to the size of its primary, a quarter the diameter of Earth and 1⁄81 its mass . The Moon is the second densest satellite after Io. It is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always showing the same face; the near side is marked with dark volcanic maria among the bright ancient crustal highlands and prominent impact craters. It is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun, although its surface is actually very dark, with a similar reflectance to coal. Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of phases have since ancient times made the Moon an important cultural influence on language, calendars, art and mythology. The Moon's gravitational influence produces the ocean tides and the minute lengthening of the day. The Moon's current orbital distance, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth, causes it to appear almost the same size in the sky as the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun nearly precisely in total solar eclipses. The Moon is the only celestial body on which humans have landed. While the Soviet Union's Luna programme was the first to reach the Moon with unmanned spacecraft in 1959, the United States' NASA Apollo program achieved the only manned missions to date, beginning with the first manned lunar orbiting mission by Apollo 8 in 1968, and six manned lunar landings between 1969 and 1972—the...
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...2. Perkembangan IPTEK Permulaan dari IPTEK dapat ditelusuri sejak keberadaan manusia. Manusia purba telah memiliki pengetahuan tentang keadaan alam. Usaha mula-mula di bidang keilmuan yang tercatat dalam sejarah adalah yang dilakukan oleh bangsa Mesir Kuno. Banjir Sungai Nil yang terjadi setiap tahun telah mendorong berkembangnya sistem almanak, geometri, dan kegiatan pengamatan serta penelitian. Kegiatan keilmuan kemudian diikuti oleh orang-orang Babilonia dan orang-orang Hindu. Kegiatan keilmuan pengembangan iptek berlangsung sampai zaman modern. Perkembangan Iptek didunia juga sejalan dengan laju peradaban manusia. Seiring dengan berkembangnya Zaman iptek yang pada awalnya adalah suatu kebudayaan manusia berkembang menjadi sesuatu alat untuk membantu aktivitas manusia. Manusia yang selalu ingin berkarya menyebabkan manusia berlomba-lomba dalam penciptaan Iptek sehingga lupa dengan perubahan yang diakibatkan dari Iptek itu sendiri. Dengan demikian perkembangan Iptek sudah dimulai pada zaman purba dan berkembang sampai sekarang. Perkembangan IPTEK dapat dibuat periodisasi sejarah ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi sebagai berikut . 1) Zaman Purba (4 Juta tahun yang lalu) Di dalam kehidupan prasejarah dikenal adanya zaman batu. Ciri-ciri ilmu yang dikembangkan adalah kemampuan mengamati, kemampuan membedakan, kemampuan memilih, dan kemampuan melakukan percobaan, sekalipun masih terbatas pada proses trial dan error. Berdasarkan proses tersebut lambat laun terjelma suatu kemampuan...
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...HIST Y AN PHILO PHY TORY ND P OSOP Y OF S ENCE SCIE E COMM MON CO OURSE IN ENG E GLISH BBA (I Seme A ester) BA/BS (IV Se Sc emester) 2011 A dmission onwards o UNIV VERSI ITY OF CAL F LICUT SC CHOOL OF DI L ISTANC EDU CE UCATIO ON Calicut Universi P.O. M ity Malappur ram, Kera India 673 635 ala, a 106 School of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION BBA (I Semester) BA/BSc (IV Semester) Common Course in English 2011 Admission onwards HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE MODULE I & II Prepared by : House No. 21 “Pranaam” Keltron Nagar, Kolazhi, Thrissur Ms. GAYATHRI MENON .K MODULE III & IV Prepared by: Ms. SWAPNA M.S. Department of English K. K. T. M. Govt. College Pullut, Thrissur Dr. Anitha Ramesh K Associate Professor Department of English ZG College, Calicut © Reserved 2 Scrutinised by : Layout: Computer Section, SDE History and Philosophy of Science School of Distance Education Contents MODULE I ANCIENT HISTORY OF SCIENCE 1. Introduction 2. Origins of Scientific Enquiry 3. European Origins of Science 4. Contributions of Early India 5. Science in China 6. The role of Arabs in the History of Science MODULE 2 7. Science in the Middle Ages MODULE 3 MODERN SCIENCE 8. Newton and After 9. The Advancing Frontiers: Modern Medicine to Nanotechnology MODULE 4 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 10. Basic concepts in the Philosophy of Science 11. Some Issues in the Philosophy...
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