Key Terms Chapter 3:

* Heilsgeschichte – “salvation history” * JEDP – suggests multiple authors for the Pentateuch as opposed to only one * Deuteronomistic History – the idea that Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, 1&2 Samuel, 1&2 Kings were all one text * Retribution Theory – good deeds are rewarded and bad deeds are punished * Covenant – conditional promise * Hazor – northern kingdom that God told the Israelites to defeat when they entered the promised land * Transjordan – “beyond the Jordan” * Jericho – * Rahab: Israel sent two spies into Jericho who were protected by Rahab. The spies then promise her that if she distinguishes her house from the others, her family will be spared just as she spared their lives. * The Battle: Israel marched around the city every day for six days. On the seventh day, they marched around the city seven times, the priests blew their trumpets, and the walls fell down. * Joshua – * Main character of the book of Joshua * About 60 years old * Loyal, obedient, committed/courageous * Amphictyony – a league of states or tribes that took part in a cult (Delphic League) * Othniel – First judge, model leader * Deborah – female judge, prophetess, settled disputes * Gideon – succeeds despite being fearful * Jephthah – made a foolish vow to the Lord before going to battle, had to sacrifice his daughter to God because of his victory * Samson – arrogant/self-centered * Samuel – * Early Life * Birth – Divine intervention: mother was barren, made a promise to God that if she had a son she would dedicate him to God * Raised as a priest (not a Levite) * Called by God to be a priest/prophet * Adult Life * Judge: successful military leader * Priest: offers sacrifices, knows laws * Prophet: brings word of God to people, emphasizes national sin and repentance, ultimately indicates and anoints God’s kings * Saul – * First king of Israel * Benjamite * Looks like a king – tall, strong, good fighter * Successful military leader * Extended Israel’s borders * Poor character * Impatient, disobedient, lust for power * Performed priestly functions (not called by God to be a priest) * Took spoils of war against God’s command * Refused to accept God’s choice of a new king * Attempted to consult the dead to win a battle * David – * Early Life * Anointed as king while a youth * “a heart after God” as opposed to Saul * Gifted musician * Faith and courage * Growing popularity * Running from Saul * Saul tried to kill him several times * Saul’s behavior is unpredictable * Maintained relations with Saul’s son, Jonathan * Marries Saul’s daughter, Michal * Leaves homeland to form a war band * David’s Reign * Follows two years of civil war * Great military success * Major enemy: the philistines * Other groups are conquered and assimilated * Takes control of 2 major trade routes * Establishes an elite guard * Establishes Jerusalem as capital * Political center * Religious center * Promised an eternal dynasty * Messianic promise * Problems in personal life increase * Multiples wives * Adultery and murder * Bathsheba, wife of Uriah the Hittite * Nathan the prophet * Sons follow the pattern of sexual violation, murder, and rebellion * Philistines/Philistia – Israel’s main enemy, defeated by David (see: David and Goliath) * Uriah – Part of David’s elite guard, killed in battle so that David could cover up Bathsheba’s pregnancy * Bathsheba – * Wife of Uriah the Hittite * Was bathing on the roof of her home while David spied on her * David took her into his chambers and seduced her * Amnon – oldest son of David, best known for the rape of his half-sister Tamar despite the biblical prohibition of sexual relations between half brothers and sisters. * Tamar – lured into Amnon’s room to be raped. * Absalom – Tamar’s full brother who held a grudge against Amnon for raping his sister. Eventually killed Amnon after he made him drunk with wine. * Rahab – Woman who hid the Israelite spies. Her family was spared during the assault. * Solomon – * Chosen by David as successor * Characteristics * Wisdom * Develops national administration * Great economic progress * Peace time * Trade agreements * Tribute from conquered people (taxes) * Extensive building projects * Fortified cities (people less likely to invade) * The Temple * Location: Jerusalem * Twice the size of the tabernacle * Tragic End * Influence of foreign wives * Worship of Ashtoreth, Molech, Chemosh * Abuses the Israelite people * God promises to remove kingship from Solomon’s line * Will preserve one tribe (God’s promise to David) * Succeeded by his son Rehoboam * Map Locations: * Jerusalem – * Hebron – * Moab – * Edom – * Ammon – * Syria – * Damascus – * Historical Narrative – a type of story that includes a real event in history, but told in a narrative form such as a biography * Hymn – describe/celebrate who God is or what He does * Penitential Psalms – confess sin and sorrow for sin, include hope in God’s salvation * Wisdom Psalms – describe being skilled in Godly living * Royal Psalms – describes a king as God’s servant * Messianic Psalms – describes the Messiah who will establish eternal salvation * Imprecatory Psalms – Prayers to God to deal with evil * Lament Psalms – Prayers for help in times of crisis. Describes trouble -> Confidence in God -> Praise for God’s deliverance
Ch 9 * Ark of the covenant- a regular wooden chest the Lord had Israel construct to represent his throne in the sanctuary * Chesed- duty loyalty, obligation * Habiru- displaced immigrants viewed as inferior social class. Many ethnic groups, several Semitic people * Holy war- a term applied to the wars waged under Joshua for conquest of Canaan * Kinsman-redeemer- ancient Israel, man’s nearest male relative has such duties as avenging his murder, redeeming estate, marrying widow * Programmatic text- did not get this one * Torah- Hebrew word meaning “a teaching” it denotes the revelation of God, especially given through Moses, to Israel
Ch 10 * Amphictyony- a league of states or tribes that took part in the cult of a common deity * Prophets- one who speaks or acts or predicts for God as by divine guidance * Ruach- wind, breath, spirit * Seer- an early term for a prophet, later referred to one who predicted the future by various means
Ch 11 * Cherem- devoted to the Lord, usually to be destroyed * Chronicler- the author, compiler, or editor of 1&2 chronicles * Covenant- a formal agreement between two or more parities, specific responsibilities for each participant and legally binding * Davidic covenant- an expansion of the Abrahamic covenant. Mainly it identified more precisely the descendants to the house of David, and Christ later * Dynasty- a succession of rulers that are in some way related or similar * Myth- an essentially polytheistic practive of personifying the forces of nature as various divinities and writings that tell their tales * Transjordan- literally “beyond the Jordan” denotes plateau east of the Jordan River, included land of Bashan, Gilead, Ammon, Moab, and Edom
Ch 12 * Acrostic- a poem that begins consecutive lines of stanzas with letters in the alphabet that form a pattern * Chiasm- reversed parallels ex. A-B is B-A * Imprecation- language calling for a judgment, calamity, or curse upon ones enemies * Lament- a prayerful expression of sorrow, generally coupled with a petition for God’s deliverance * Ma’at- Egyptian wisdom term for something similar to “justice” * Mashal- Hebrew term for proverb, but can include an extended comparison such as a parable * Metaphor- figure of speech that names one thing and applies it to another * Parallelism- the state, or condition of balanced grammatical construction for rhetorical effect * Psalter- another title for the book of Psalm * Sitz im leben- “life-setting” * Typology- interpretive approach to scripture that recognizes that persons, events, and institutions in the or OT often comparisons in the NT
Study Questions:
Ch. 9 * Identify the people and events that lead to the capture of Jericho. * Rahab and the two spies * Israel sent two spies into Jericho and Rahab protected them from the city guards. In turn, the spies promised that if she did not turn them in, her family would be saved from the invasion. * The battle * Israel marched around the city every day for six days. On the seventh day, they marched around the city seven times, the priests blew their trumpets, and the walls fell down. * How many military campaigns did Joshua make in taking the land? What were they? * 3 military campaigns: * Jericho (central) * Canaan? (southern) * Hazor (northern) * Who were the judges of Israel? What is the pattern of Israel’s life in the book of Judges? * The judges were people sent by God to deliver Israel from their oppressors * Normal -> Apostacy -> Oppression -> Repentance -> Deliverance * Names of major judges, adversaries, how they attained victory. * Othniel – Cushan-Rishathaim, King of Aram Naharaim – Spirit of the Lord overcame him, he mustered the Israelites, and overcame the enemy. * Deborah – Eglon, King of Moab – rain disables the enemy’s chariots, allowing Israel to have the upper hand * Gideon – Midianites – stopped an entire army with only 300 men * Jephthah – Ammonites – defeated the Ammonites with a group of raiders * Samson – Philistines – destroyed the Philistine temple, and ultimately, himself * Factors that led to the monarchy: * Israel asked God for a king -> Samuel is raised up as a priest -> anoints first king of Israel * Canaanite religions: * Dagon, god of vegetation and fertility