...a group of eukaryotic organism. The fungal can reproduce sexually and/or asexually, depending on the environmental conditions. However, most of the fungi prefer the asexual reproduction by mitosis. Both reproduction type produce spores that can be dispersed from their parents and grow up into new organisms. A) Fungi Structure: 1-Fungi body structure: Main body parts are composed of cells, named hyphae. The group of hyphae sets the fungus body is termed the mycelium. The mycelium is mainly subterranean and it can be very large nevertheless diffuse The visible fungus is usually the reproductive structure, or fruiting body 2-Fungi ultrastructure:...
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...waste products such as Carbon Dioxide. Irritability: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli; it is usually used to refer to anger or frustration. Adaptability: Is a necessary skill for leaders to develop in order to respond effectively to this change. Growing: Is the capacity Bacteria and Single-celled creatures have to increase in size. Many-celled organism increase the numbers of cells in their bodies change their body shape and size. (p. 306) Reproduction: Is the capacity single-celled organisms and Bacteria to simply keep dividing into two. Many-celled plants and animals may reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual Reproduction characteristics (meiosis/gametes production/mitosis) Meiosis is a form of cell reproduction. This process takes place in the sex cells. It is a process of cell division in which a diploid cell (2n)...
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...Experiment one Pre-Lab Questions 1. Hypothesize why a fungus would use spores as a mechanism for reproduction. * Spores are small and light and can help fungus reproduce both sexually and asexually. A fungus would use a spore to reproduce because when they land in the right conditions, they germinate and grow new hyphae. 2. How might the environment affect a fungus reproducing sexually or asexually? * Because if the environment is not how it needs to be the fungus will be unable to grow 3. What characteristics are more plant-like? Animal-like? * With animals fungi lack chloroplasts and with plants fungi have a cell wall and vacuoles, the produce sexually and asexually Post-Lab Questions 1. Include your hypothesis from Step 5 here. * I believe that the wet piece of bread will experience more growth over time than the dry piece of bread. The bread will act as a sponge, soak up the water, and fungus and bacteria will start to grow over the course of a few days. 2. What structures did you see in the bread mold? * Different color molding, mostly yellowish white molds, rough surface, large oval or circular structures, some places were very hard and dry as well. 3. Why was it important to moisten the bread before sealing it in the resealable bag? * I believe it was important because moistening the bread will allow mold to grow quicker when kept in an incubated location 4. What type...
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...not require light to grow and their temperature range varies which means they can survive in a multitude of different environments. Very common, they can be found anywhere, from occurring on the skins of fruits to residing in the intestinal tracts of animals as parasites. The most common method of reproduction for yeasts is asexual reproduction through budding. In this process, the parent cell’s nucleus splits and forms a daughter nucleus. The daughter cell grows on the parent cell until it is large enough to separate. Through cytokinesis, this ‘bud’ then forms a new cell. Less common is the method of sexual reproduction in which spores are formed. In this lab, I will be culturing four yeast samples under different conditions. The goal is to study the effects of limited reproduction, additional resources (nutrition) and predation on the yeast population. Yeasts play a very important role not only by serving as nutrient recyclers in nature, but by also being important for the food industry because they can convert carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols through fermentation. They are also used in cell biology research and produce ethanol. 2. When ammonia, which limits reproduction, and a microbe (predation) are added to the culture, the yeast population will decrease. And when additional food is introduced into the environment, the yeast population will increase considerably, but then stabilize because of the carrying capacity of the environment. In all four groups, the yeast...
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...• Explain how the evolution of these reproductive adaptations has increased the chanced of continuity of the species in the Australian Environment Asexual reproduction Organisms that reproduce asexually do not have to rely on another individual organism to provide gametes and are at an advantage when sudden or unexpectedly favourable conditions arise because they can quickly reproduce themselves (with offspring identical to the parent). This can become a competitive edge if the organism lives in an environment that is often disturbed, and they are particularly well suited to a certain environment or habitat. Asexual reproduction among plants is far more common in harsh environments where there is little margin for variation. The main disadvantage to asexual reproduction is if extremely harsh conditions arise, the whole group of species is particularly vulnerable to these conditions, or to disease, parasitism and predation. Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically different and possibly better adapted to new and changing environmental conditions than their parents. This gives the species a better chance at surviving in ever-changing environments. However, sexual reproduction is often a more energetically expensive process, compared to asexual reproduction, and may be the first thing an organism abandons in times of hardship. External fertilisation The chances of successful external fertilisation are increased by the synchronisation...
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... Three main phyla has there is a forth known as imperfect fungi. Fungi are divided into phyla primarily based on their reproduction structures. Most fungi are adaptable to more extreme environments than bacteria would be able to survive and thrive in. For example most fungi prefer lower pH levels that would be far too acidic for most bacteria. They also have the ability to flourish in low moisture environments, such as many of our foods that are spoiled due to these classifications of organisms. All fungi are chemoheterotophs, meaning they must absorb their nutrients, vice, ingesting it as those in the animal kingdom. They also have the ability to produce enzymes that deteriorate complex carbohydrates for metabolism. These enzymes adhere to the tissue of fruits for example, breaking down the skin of the fruit. Thus the reason, fruits turn dark when they begin to spoil. As stated above, fungi are classified into distinct phyla based upon their reproductive structures. Each phylum will be discussed separately with examples of organisms with in the phyla as well as important aspects associated with humans both positive and negative. Organisms within the phylum Zygomycota have the ability to produce both sexually and asexually. Normally reproduction is carried out asexually until condition become right for sexually reproduction. In the asexual cycle, sporangiospores are contained within the sporangium. When the sporangium breaks open the sporangiospores are able...
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...YEAR 11 2A/2B Biology PROGRAM 2014 TERM ONE: 2A ADAPTATIONS FOR SURVIVAL WEEK | TOPIC | TEXTBOOKREADINGS | Home WorkSETS DUE | PRACTICAL | ASSESSMENT DUE | 1 | Introduction to Biological ScienceWorking as a biologist – Planning and conducting biological researchScientific Method and fair tests. | From Mr Goggins and Mr Goodlet | From Class Work Sheets | Caffeine and heart rate | | 2 | Module: Ecosystems, Biodiversity & SustainabilityClassification * Methods and purpose of classification. * biological classification as a hierarchical system of grouping organisms. * Domains and Empires * Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,Species | Chapter 8 | Pg 237 Q’ s 1-3Pg 241Q’s4-6 | Insecta Classification&PlantaeClassification | | 3 | Classification Continued * Characteristics of the major Phyla * Orders of insect. * binomial nomenclature and the use of taxonomic keys | Chapter 8and teacher resources | Pg 254Q’s 11-14Describe major distinguishing features of Animal Phyla. | Field Guides | | 4 | Ecosystems and Communities * role of organisms including autotrophs, heterotrophs and decomposers in the ecosystem (Niche) * energy flow and dissipation in food chains, webs and pyramids. | Chapter 9Chapter 14Pg 457-469 | Pg 275Q’s 1-4Pg 282 & 290Q’s 8-17Pg 467 & 469Q’s 3-8 | Mt Henry and surrounding area field survey. | | | EXEAT weekend Thurs to Mon | | | | | 5 | Cycling of mattermatter cycles through abiotic and biotic components...
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...Basic Processes of Reproduction Bacteria: Bacteria reproduce asexually, under positive environment settings this process is carried out through the method binary fission, where the most bacterial reproduction occurs in prokaryotic cells. The second method is through mitosis in eukaryotic cells except gametes (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). Binary fission is asexual by nature and involves the splitting of the parent cells into two equal parts which once the split can be capable of independent existence (MediLexicon, 2004-2011). Grasshopper: Grasshoppers sexually reproduce when the male grasshopper introduces his spermatozoa through his aedeagus (reproductive organ) into the females ovipositor. The sperm sack contains a large packet of proteins known as spermatophylax that helps keep the eggs properly nourished (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). Once fertilized the female lays the eggs with her ovipositor and stomach one to two inches underground to keep them protected during the winter months until they hatch in warmer weather (New World Encyclopedia). Fish: Fish reproduce is, based on the location, time of year, and the presence of a proper mate (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). Depending on the type of fish they gather in huge schools, and females expel eggs and the males follow behind discharging Milt (sperm) into the water. Some of the eggs float some sink to the bottom, and others are, laid in nests. Once the eggs are laid, they are commonly...
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...chromosome. Each cell after cell division has half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. “What wasps can tell us about Sex” by Christoph Vorburger Researchers found out that wasp that can reproduce asexually and sexually in the course of evolution. They came up with various theories that explain the problem of comparison. The modes of Reproduction in wasp are different both in genetic difference and individual difference. “Females develop from fertilized eggs and makes from unfertilized eggs. I n sexual populations, females only produce daughter without fertilization” according to the Science Daily article by C. Vorburger. Using cross experiments, the traits that are inherited are recessively and traits that act like a single genetic factor. Asexually reproduction genetically happens over a short period of time because there is o genetic mixing and adaption conditions are difficult to adjust to. I thought this article was interesting because not only do they reproduce in one way but also they reproduce both way, Asexual and Sexual. Wasp of all insects has different techniques of adapting to nature’s reproduction cycle. “No Sex Please, We’re females” by John Stublar Henry Doorly Zoo in Nebraska found evidence that female hammerhead sharks reproduce sexually but recently found that they could be mated asexually by an...
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...BIOL/ BMSC 114: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Asexual and sexual reproduction • Two modes of animal reproduction: asexual and sexual reproduction. – In most cases asexual reproduction relies on mitotic cell division. – Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring by fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote. • Gametes are formed by meiosis. • Sexual reproduction directly reduces your contribution to the next generation! Phil Lester, KK413 3 Asexual reproduction • Asexual reproduction has many advantages: – All your wonderful genes are contributed to the next generation (no dilution!). – It enables animals living in isolation to reproduce. – It can create numerous offspring in a short amount of time. • Theoretically it is most advantageous in stable, favourable environments because it perpetuates successful genotypes precisely. Types of asexual reproduction: Fission. • Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission. – The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of roughly equal size. Phylum Cnidaria– sacs with central digestive system. 4 5 Types of asexual reproduction: Budding. • A new individual splitting off from an existing one. – For example certain species in the Phylum Cnidaria: new individuals grow out from the body of a parent. – May detach or remain joined to the parent. Phylum Cnidaria– hydras can reproduce sexually when conditions are unfavourable. 6 Types of asexual reproduction: Fragmentation. • The breaking of the...
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...important in their own individual ways. As stated in our reading material these are the differences between the two processes: Mitosis is a form of cellular reproduction in which the parent cell divides, giving rise to two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell. Mitosis does not involve combining genetic information from two different parents; hence, it is a form of asexual cellular reproduction. It occurs when an organism grows, or when damaged or worn cells are replaced. Many unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis, as well. Meiosis and mitosis have some similarities, but they differ in important ways that reflect the special role that gametes play in the life history of organisms. Whereas mitosis is asexual cellular reproduction, meiosis is a prelude to sexual reproduction. Meiosis results not only in multiplying the number of cells by cell division, but also in reducing the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to exactly one-half of the number before meiosis. An organism would have to undergo Mitosis when the organism needs to repair itself, when the organism grows, or unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis, as well. Meiosis is what happens to cells when forming a person or animal. This cell division is in the bases of sexual reproduction. If cellular Meiosis did not occur it would mean the end of most living things because without this type of cellular division we would not be able to multiply...
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...Animal Reproduction Reproduction is a process by which offspring is produced to continue onto the next generation. There are two types of reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and its genes, which the offspring inherits. It doesn’t need fertilization or meiosis to occur. Fission, budding, and fragmentation are the three types of asexual reproduction. Fission is when the parent separates into at least two or more individuals of the same size. The development of different independent organisms are results from current individuals is budding. The dismantling of the body into various pieces, some or all of which evolve into entirely new organisms through the redevelopment of absent body parts is fragmentation. Sexual Reproduction involves two parents of different sexes that combine their genetic information to produce an offspring. Some animals are hermaphrodites while others use parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is asexual reproduction that doesn’t require fertilization from males. Hermaphrodites have both male and female reproductive systems. Some hermaphrodites can inseminate themselves, while others may still need the help of the opposite sex. Animals reproduce using internal or external fertilization. Internal fertilization, used by terrestrial animals as well as whales and dolphins, occurs insides the body. The internally fertilized eggs are protected and fed while they develop inside the body. External fertilization, used by fish and amphibians, occurs outside...
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...BSC 1020- Reflection Unit E Making Babies and Splitting Up Chapter 8 focuses on cellular reproduction. Cellular reproduction is the process of producing cells into new ones. In cell division chromosomes are duplicated, new cells grow, and this allows for reproduction. There are two types of reproduction which are sexual and asexual. Asexual does not require the fertilization of an egg by a sperm and uses meiosis for reproduction. In asexual reproduction there is one parent and the offspring have identical genes from the single donor. Sexual reproduction uses both meiosis and mitosis because it requires the fertilization of eggs by the sperm. In sexual reproduction the genetic material of the offspring is varied because the two donors...
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...What Is a Living Thing? Living things are systems or organisms that tend to respond to changes in their environment and inside themselves, in such a way as to promote their own continuation and longevity. These are the ones that have the ability to breathe or respire, can move or navigate and consequently have the ability to multiply. These living things include human beings, plants, insects, animals among others. A living thing is defined as using all of these qualities: movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition. Only living things, and all living things, have these functions. A living thing is any organism that displays all the characteristics of life. These include being able to grow and use energy. They must also consist of at least one cell. You can find more information here: Theme #1 - Cells All living things are composed of one or more cells. Different types of cells have different "jobs" within the organism. Each life form begins from one cell, which then will split. These cells split, and so on. After this has happened several times, differentiation is undergone, when the cells change so that they are not the same thing anymore. Then they are used to begin to put together the final organism, some cells, for example, as the eyes, some as the heart, etc. The only arguable exception to this is viruses. They are not composed of cells, but are said to be "living." Theme#2 - Organization Complex organization patterns...
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...Joyce Seo November 7, 2012 The Regeneration of Differently Cut Fragments of D. dorotocephala in a Solely Spring Water Medium Introduction: Planaria are free-living flatworms in the phylum Platyhelminthes that mainly live in fresh water, but can be found in the ocean as well as the soil. They all have a similar morphology that consists of a small, flat, bilateral body with a single orifice which functions as both the mouth and anus (Steinbach, 1962). They are usually hermaphroditic species that are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction occurs by exchanging the gametes between two separate organisms. The planaria usually divides into half during asexual reproduction, and regenerates the missing body parts. This...
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