...Urban Waste Management Solid wastes are those organic and inorganic waste materials produced by various activities of the society, which have lost their value to the first user. Improper disposal of solid wastes pollutes all the vital components of the living environment (i.e., air, land and water) at local and global levels. There has been a significant increase in MSW (municipal solid waste) generation in India in the last few decades. This is largely because of rapid population growth and economic development in the country. Due to rapid growth of urban population, as well as constraint in resources, the management of solid waste poses a difficult and complex problem for the society and its improper management gravely affects the public health and degrades environment. The population of Mumbai grew from around 8.2 million in 1981 to 12.3 million in 1991, registering a growth of around 49%. On the other hand, MSW generated in the city increased from 3200 ton per day to 5355 ton per day in the same period registering a growth of around 67% (CPCB 2000). This clearly indicates that the growth in MSW in our urban centers has outpaced the population growth in recent years. This trend can be ascribed to our changing lifestyles, food habits, and change in living standards. Waste referred as rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or unusable material. According to European councils’ directive “Waste is any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required...
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...Final Project Report Topic: - Feasibility of waste-to-energy projects in Industries Submitted by: - Sanchita Tiku Roll No. 13020243022 Submitted to :- Dr. Prakash Rao Contents Topics Page No. 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………1-9 2. Literature Review………………………………………………………………..10-13 3. Methodology……………………………………………………………………………14 4. Analysis & Interpretation…………………………………………………….15-17 5. Main Findings………………………………………………………………………17-21 6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..22 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Waste as described in Basel Convention: - Wastes are those materials which are supposed to be disposed or are intended to be disposed under the national law. Waste is any substance that is off no more use or that should be disposed off e.g. waste of leftover construction material, food waste, e-waste, hazardous waste, sludge from industries, packaging items, garden waste etc. There are numbers of ways available through which waste can be prevented, reduced, re-used and recycled. So, the leftover substance which cannot be treated should be land filled. Wastes are of following types:- 1. Municipal Solid waste: - Municipal solid waste is generated by households, commercial activities...
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...is by far the greatest threat and challenge in the new millennium. In order to stop global warming and to promote sustainable development, renewable energy is a perfect solution to achieve both targets. Presently million hectares of land in Malaysia is occupied with oil palm plantation generating huge quantities of biomass. In this context, biomass from oil palm industries appears to be a very promising alternative as a source of raw materials including renewable energy in Malaysia. Thus, this paper aims to present current scenario of biomass in Malaysia covering issues on availability and sustainability of feedstock as well as current and possible utilization of oil palm biomass. This paper will also discuss feasibility of some biomass conversion technologies and some ongoing projects in Malaysia related to utilization of oil palm biomass as a source of renewable energy. Based on the findings presented, it is definitely clear that Malaysia has position herself in the right path to utilize biomass as a source of renewable energy and this can act as an example to other countries in the world that has huge biomass feedstock. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Biomass conversion technology Cellulose feedstock...
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...A PROJECT REPORT ON PROJECT FINANCIANG OF THE PROPOSED 1 x 10 MW CAPTIVE POWER PLANT OF J U D CEMENTS LIMITED AT Vill. Wahiajer, Near Lumshnong Dist. Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya PREPARED BY xxxxxxxxxxxx MBA – xx SEMESTER REGD NO. xxxxxxx Note: This Report is submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Business Administration of xxxxxxxx University. I, hereby declare that the project entitled as Project Report on Project Financing of the proposed 1 x 10 MW Captive Power Plant of J U D Cements Ltd at Vill. Wahiajer, Near Lumshnong, Dist. Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Business Administration to the xxxxxxxxxx University, India, is my original work and the same is not submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma or any other prizes. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Reg No. xxxxxxxxxx Place: Guwahati Dated: Dear Sir / Madam This is to certify that Mr. xxxxxxxxxxx has worked under our supervision and guidance for the project report termed as the project report for project financing of our 1X10 MW Captive Power Plant and that this Report has been allowed to be prepared for his partial fulfillment of the requirement for obtaining the Degree of MBA (Finance) from xxxxxxxxxx University and that no part of this report has been submitted for the award of any other degree, Diploma, Fellowship or other similar titles or prizes and that the...
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...renewable energy in a competitive package to meet deficiency. But solar energy, mainly for its inefficiency and high cost, is not having much success in a broader aspect. SHSs are capable to maintain only household demand for 4-6 hours. But for the emergence of small enterprises and to boost the rural economy, energy security at countryside has indispensible role. This paper explores rice husk based biomass plant as an alternate energy source to meet the electricity demand of local enterprises, irrigation and rural households. Since the availability of rice husk is at stake, a mixture of biomass (rice husk & saw dust or rice husk & bamboo dust) instead of using only rice husk as fuel is also proposed for electricity generation. Ash generated from the husk is processed to produce silica and calcium carbonate through silica precipitation method. Demand and market analysis is also done to examine sales potential of products (electricity, silica and calcium carbonate). Index Terms—Biomass gasification, Electricity generation by rice husk, Silica By-product generation, Product utilization residues and process residues where field residues are residues that are left in the field after harvesting and generally used as fertilizer. On the other hand, process residues are generated during crop processing, e.g. milling [1]. Between these two types, process residues are usually available at a central location...
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...taking place in Manufacturing, Marketing, Logistics, location of units, industry structure, Process and Practices. The Historical perspective shows that given the right economic environment and the support, the cement Industry can attract good investment and capacity additions. The industry has learnt to deal with many environmental and sustainable issues and emerged as a responsible and mature Industry. The cement Industry has a great potential as the Indian per capita consumption (130 Kg) which is low and is set to increase over the many years and thereby the demand for this product will always be strong. The government and the private sector supported by the economic liberalization have rolled out enormous investments in infrastructure development and commercial/ industrial development. The increasing purchasing power of the vast middle class / double incomes of the nuclear families supported by liberal housing Loans have helped the growth of Housing sector. All this bodes well for the Demand for cement and growth of the Industry. . Importance of cement as a Building Material: Cement plays a key role in development of infrastructure like roads, runways, flyovers, bridges, railways, airports, housing complexes etc. Per capita consumption of cement is accepted as...
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...DETAILED PROJECT REPORT OF 2500 TCD SUGAR WITH 14 MW COGENERATION PLANT For OM SUGARS PVT LTD., BC – 132 LODGE ROAD, BOGARVES CAMP, BELGAUM By Ugar Consultancy Ltd., Ugar Khurd, Tq Athani Dist Belgaum MAY 2011 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROJECT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. INTRODUCTION NEED FOR THE PROJECT SUGAR CANE AVAILABILITY PRODUCT SALE POLICY TECHNO COMMERCIAL ASPECTS LOCATION AND SITE ASSOCIATED DETAILS TECHNICAL FEATURES (SPECIFICATIONS) OF MAJOR EQUIPMENTS 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR PROCESS RISK ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT PROJECT COST ESTIMATION PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE MANPOWER REQUIREMENT LIST OF ANNEXURES 13. ANNEXURE – I KERC / KPTCL POLICY LIST OF APPENDICES 14. 15. APPENDIX – I BAGASSE ANALYSIS APPENDIX – II CANE TRASH ANALYSIS 124 125 118 – 123 85 – 97 98 – 104 105 – 109 110 – 114 115 – 117 1–8 9 – 11 12 – 16 17 – 19 20 – 36 37 – 39 40 – 47 48 – 59 60 – 84 16. 17. APPENDIX – III RICE HUSK ANALYSIS APPENDIX – IV COAL ANALYSIS LIST OF DRAWINGS 126 127 18. DRAWING – I BAGASSE BALANCE – SEASON OPERATION 128 19. 20. 21. DRAWING – II STEAM BALANCE – SEASON OPERATION DRAWING – III POWER BALANCE – SEASON OPERATION DRAWING – IV STEAM BALANCE – NON CRUSHING OPERATION 129 130 131 22. DRAWING – V POWER BALANCE – NON CRUSHING OPERATION 132 23. DRAWING – VI HEAT & MASS BALANCE - SEASON OPERATION 133 24. DRAWING – VII HEAT & MASS BALANCE – NON CRUSHING SEASON 134 25. 26. 27...
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...distribution network of over 9,000 dealers. It has a workforce of more than 10,000 persons. A subsidiary company, ACC Concrete Limited, is a leading manufacturer of ready mix concrete that has 30 plants across the country. Established in 1936 as a merger of ten cement companies, ACC is today closely associated with the Holcim Group of Switzerland. Since inception, the company has been a pioneer and trendsetter in cement and concrete, with a unique track record of innovative research and product development. It is an important benchmark for the cement industry in respect of its production, marketing human resource management and other processes. ACC has achieved spectacular results in the utilization of two industrial wastes – namely slag from steel plants and fly ash from thermal power stations – to make blended cements that offer unique advantages to concrete. Today ACC offers total solutions for waste management including testing, suggestions for reuse, recycling and co-processing. ACC – A Good Corporate Citizen ACC‘s earliest initiatives in community development date back to the 1940’s while its first formal Village Welfare Scheme was launched in 1952. The company undertakes a range of activities to improve living conditions of the under-privileged classes living near its plants. This includes education, healthcare, vocational guidance and...
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...Bioenergy Technology Development in Nigeria – Pathway to Sustainable Development TERM PAPER SUBMITTED BY ATTABO, AMEH M.Engr Mechnical Engineering Covenant university ota Nigeria ABSTRACT A major factor affecting Nigeria’s economical progress is power. And this has been a major discuss in the country for a long time. A reliable and sustainable energy source is greatly desired to power the nation’s economy and this need cannot be overemphasized, due to the epileptic power supply to the national grid, it has become absolutely important to explore other cheap sources of power to meet our urban and rural energy need. This will in no small measure support our national grid and reduce rural-urban drift. The heavy dependence on gas generated by the Nigeria National Petroleum Co-operation (NNPC) to power our turbines at our gas plants often exposes the country to power outage due to high cost of maintenance and vandalism. Applying biomass technology to generate power can help the country develop its energy sector more rapidly as the raw material needed to feed the Bioenergy plants are almost everywhere in the country some are mere waste such as agricultural and domestic waste. The focus of this paper is on the use of bioenergy to alleviate the poverty rate in Nigeria especially in the rural areas where there is large amount of Lands and biomass material. Developing the bioenergy strength of the country also creates wealth and employment...
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...| | |NAME : RAUNAK ZATAKIA | | | |COURSE : ( BBA / TP / ) | | | |SUPERVISOR : Prof. Tapobrata Ray | | | |TITLE : Telecom Industry Marketing | |DATE : 06.12.2013 | Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment Of the requirements of the Graduate Degree BACHELOR IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION J.D.BIRLA INSTITUE At the JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY KOLKATA The Controller of Examination, Jadavpur University, Kolkata Respected sir, This research work has been conducted by me and is an...
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...Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement For the award of the degree Of Masters of Business Administration Session (2011-2013) Submitted to: Submitted by: Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Ankit Johri Mumbai MBA Capital Markets Roll No. A34 NARSEE MONJEE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, MUMBAI * Contents Acknowledgement 4 1. Introduction 4 History 4 GAS Utilization Policy: 5 NELP 6 Production sharing Contracts 6 2. Demand and supply 7 Supply Scenario: 7 Status of NELP discoveries 9 Supply from various regions: 9 Demand 10 Need for Imports 11 TAPI Pipeline Agreement : 12 3. PRICING 13 History 13 Prices Of Different fuels: 14 Pricing Regimes in the Indian Gas Sector 15 Pricing under the APM and Discovered Fields Regime 16 Pricing under the NELP regime 17 Pricing of LNG 18 4. Fuels and their shares : 20 Sector Demands and supply: 21 5. Gas v/s Coal and other liquid fuels: 22 Cost of Gas to different industries: 24 Power 24 Fertilizers: 26 CGD, Refineries and Petrochemicals 27 Other Advantages of Natural Gas: 28 6. Cost of Different fuels for Ceramic industries: 30 Asian Granito: 30 Nitco 32 7. Pooling mechanism: 35 Need for Pool Pricing 35 Proposed Roadmap of Pool Pricing Mechanism 36 8. Conclusions and Suggestions: 40 Looking Ahead 40 9. Bibliography 42 Acknowledgement It is indeed a matter of great pleasure and privilege...
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...Ferro Manganese, Silico Manganese SHARANYA NATURAL RESOURCES & INFRA PROJECTS PRIVATE LIMITED H NO 1-2-110 Shanthi Nagar, Adilabad Andhra Pradesh 1. Sri Sanjay Kumar Makhariya 2. Sri P Shankar 3. Smt P Uma Adilabad, Andhra Pradesh Ferro Alloys - Silico Manganese (SiMn.) / Ferro Manganese (FeMn.) Used in Steel Industry 6*1 MVA Furnace Sub merged Arc Furnace for Ferro Manganese, Silico Manganese (4800 TPA SiMn and 7000 TPA FeMn based on equal utilization for both the products) Rs. 1792.33 Lakhs (Say 1792 lakhs) 60% 85% 90% Rs.868.00 lakhs Existing Proposed Term Loan – NIL Rs. 925.00 Lacs CC Limit – NIL Rs. 403.00 Lacs LC/FLC -NIL Rs. 50.00 Lacs One (1) Year Moratorium from Commercial production + 6 Years – Total Seven (7) years from Commercial production Name of the Company Registered Office Names of the Board of Directors Plant location Product Application Installed capacity Project Cost Capacity utilization of Year 2013-14 Year 2014-15 Year 2015-16 & onwards Promoter’s Contribution Banking limit - Term loan - Cash credit - LC/FLC Repayment Period Debt-Equity Ratio Project total (overall) TERM Loan (only) 1.53 : 1 1.07 : 1 3.49 times 5.05 times 40.51% Average DSCR - Gross - Net IRR SHARANYA NATURAL RESOURCES & INFRA PROJECTS PRIVATE LIMITED H NO 1-2-110 Shanthi Nagar, Adilabad Andhra Pradesh Page 1 of 76 1.2. ABOUT THE COMPANY Sharanya Natural Resources & Infra Projects Private Limited (SNRIPL) was incorporated on June 17, 2010. The registered office...
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...aims to promote energy efficiency as an integral part of urban planning and urban renewal through three initiatives: (i) The Energy Conservation Building Code, which addresses optimization of building energy demand; (ii) Recycling of material and Urban Waste Management with a special focus on producing power from waste, biochemical conversion, waste water use, sewage utilization and recycling options wherever possible and others; (iii) Better urban planning and modal shift to public transport to ensure efficient and convenient public transport. In addition, the Mission will address the need to adapt to future climate change by improving the resilience of infrastructure, community based disaster management, and measures for improving the warning system for extreme weather events. Capacity building would be an important component of this Mission. As part of the Mission for Sustainable Habitat and Green Code for Chandigarh, detailed action plan and guidelines have been prepared by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) which could be City’s vision for sustainability. Chandigarh is a part of the Mission for solar energy to harness solar energy to meet the requirements of power. In addition to address the issue of mitigation of GHG emission from municipal waste, appropriate actions are required through adoption of scientific waste management systems with options for recovery of wealth from waste, i.e., compost and energy recovery from solid waste. Improved waste...
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...EMERGING TECHNOLOGY: AGRICULTURAL AND ANIMAL WASTE TO ENERGY Kathleen Cimino, Kimberly Andros, Teresa Bartley NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT University of Maryland University College Spring 2009 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Waste to energy definition/history/uses 1.2 Agricultural / Animal waste production 1.3 Graph, chart, quantities produced in United States, etc.. 2.0 Conversion of w2e 2.1 Conversion Pathways 2.1.1 Thermochemical 2.1.2 Biochemical 2.1.3 Physico-chemical 2.2 Factors affecting energy recovery 3.0 Agricultural Residue 3.1 Introduction to residue 3.2 What is it 3.3 Where is it produced 3.4 What is role in environment 3.4.1 Environmental risks 3.4.2 Health risks 3.5 Conversion of agricultural residue to energy 3.5.1 Process 3.5.2 Risks 3.5.3 Benefits 3.5.4 Future as energy source 4.0 Animal Wastes 4.1 Introduction to animal waste 4.2 What is animal waste comprised of 4.3 Where is it produced 4.4 What is its role in environment 4.4.1 Environmental risks 4.4.2 Health risks Table of Contents (Cont’d) 4.5 Conversion of animal waste to energy 4.5.1 Process 4.5.2 Risks 4.5.3 Benefits 4.5.4 Future as Energy source 5.0 Processes/Regulations/Technology 5.1 Availability of w2e facilities, costs 5.2 Technological benefits/risks 5.2.1 Other information on technology of w2e, production, transportation, environmental implications 5.3 Regulation governing...
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...EMERGING TECHNOLOGY: AGRICULTURAL AND ANIMAL WASTE TO ENERGY NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT University of Maryland University College Spring 2009 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Waste to energy definition/history/uses 1.2 Agricultural / Animal waste production 1.3 Graph, chart, quantities produced in United States, etc.. 2.0 Conversion of w2e 2.1 Conversion Pathways 2.1.1 Thermochemical 2.1.2 Biochemical 2.1.3 Physico-chemical 2.2 Factors affecting energy recovery 3.0 Agricultural Residue 3.1 Introduction to residue 3.2 What is it 3.3 Where is it produced 3.4 What is role in environment 3.4.1 Environmental risks 3.4.2 Health risks 3.5 Conversion of agricultural residue to energy 3.5.1 Process 3.5.2 Risks 3.5.3 Benefits 3.5.4 Future as energy source 4.0 Animal Wastes 4.1 Introduction to animal waste 4.2 What is animal waste comprised of 4.3 Where is it produced 4.4 What is its role in environment 4.4.1 Environmental risks 4.4.2 Health risks Table of Contents (Cont’d) 4.5 Conversion of animal waste to energy 4.5.1 Process 4.5.2 Risks 4.5.3 Benefits 4.5.4 Future as Energy source 5.0 Processes/Regulations/Technology 5.1 Availability of w2e facilities, costs 5.2 Technological benefits/risks 5.2.1 Other information on technology of w2e, production, transportation, environmental implications 5.3 Regulation governing w2e 6.0 Recommendations 6.1 Policy recommendations/guidelines...
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