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Analice los desafíos sociales y/o demográficos de Asia vinculándolos con las estructuras y políticas económicas existentes y con la configuración espacial. ¿Cuáles serían elementos de políticas públicas para enfrentarlas desde una perspectiva de desarrollo sustentable? Valentina Álvarez

La región asiática ha tenido un gran crecimiento en las últimas décadas, el cual además ha sido muy rápido. Esto último ha generado grandes desafíos en la actualidad tanto para las estructuras que ya existen en la región, cómo a las políticas que se deban implementar en la actualidad y en el futuro. Esto se debe en gran parte a que la rapidez del crecimiento no fue acompañado por una rapidez en las políticas de los estados, lo que llevó a grandes retrasos en temas como el medioambiente, la migración y la salud. Estos desafíos son de gran importancia para Asia, ya que si la región logra avanzar en ellos y hacer reformas adecuadas, se puede lograr disminuir estas diferencias y lograr un desarrollo sustentable1. A continuación analizaré los principales desafíos y las políticas públicas que podrían enfrentarlos. Uno de los principales desafíos sociales en Asia hace referencia a la distribución de la riqueza y a la desigualdad que existe en gran parte de la región. A pesar del importante crecimiento que ha experimentado la región, la mayor parte del continente sigue viviendo bajo la pobreza. Uno de los países donde más se remarca esta diferencia es en China, donde la zona costera (donde se ha instalado el progreso y el desarrollo de la mano de numerosas empresas nacionales y extranjeras), es la que concentra los mayores ingresos del país, aunque como porcentaje de la superficie total del país es mucho menor a la zona interior de China. Además como China tiene una de las mayores poblaciones del mundo, la mano de obra se ha hecho muy barata, lo que ha generado un exceso de oferta y por ende salarios muy bajos. Esto ha llevado a que gran parte de la población esté bajo la línea de la pobreza
1

El desarrollo sustentable se refiere al desarrollo económico y social que permite hacer frente a las

necesidades del presente sin poner en peligro la capacidad de las futuras generaciones para satisfacer sus propias necesidades.

y que sólo unos pocos concentren la riqueza. Desde la apertura de China con Deng Xiaoping, las políticas del país se han orientado principalmente al comercio exterior, en especial a las exportaciones y a capturar inversión extranjera directa. Esto por un lado ha generado gran parte del crecimiento del país pero al mismo tiempo ha sido el causante de los principales problemas que enfrenta el país hoy en día como por ejemplo la contaminación, la pobreza, la salud, las pensiones, etc. Esto no sólo ocurre en China, sino que en gran parte de la región, con excepción de unos pocos países como Japón y Corea del Sur. En general la región ha tendido a tener una política económica orientada a las exportaciones, lo que ha generado una fuerte dependencia a la demanda internacional, así como un cambio del sector primario al terciario. Las políticas públicas en este ámbito, debiesen orientarse a una mejor distribución de los ingresos, para mejorar los índices de pobreza y de desigualdad. Un ejemplo sería mejorar el elemento distributivo que tienen las políticas públicas como en el caso de los impuestos. Se podría mejorar la recaudación de diferentes maneras (por ejemplo cobrándole más impuestos a la inversión extranjera), para luego poder distribuirlo en forma de salud, educación, etc., entre la población. Esto ya está ocurriendo en el caso de China, donde se anunció un plan de 35 medidas que buscan aumentar los impuestos a las empresas estatales y las tasas de impuestos a los más ricos, a las transacciones inmobiliarias y a los productos de lujo con el fin de subir el salario mínimo, el gasto en educación, salud o vivienda pública2. Otro desafío importante hace referencia a las migraciones dentro de la región, la cual afecta a 35.49 millones de personas en Asia3. Las principales razones que causan las migraciones son las económicas (mejores trabajos y condiciones de vida) y las migraciones forzadas a causa de guerras, violencia, etc. En Asia en general se da el primer tipo de migración, ya que en la mayoría de los países la gente se traslada a las zonas donde hay mejores salarios y condiciones de vida. Por ejemplo en China, debido al gran crecimiento que ha experimentado la zona oriental, la gente que vive al interior del país se ha trasladado a la costa, dejando prácticamente despoblada la zona occidental del país. Este desafío es muy importante pues la migración genera una presión muy fuerte sobre las zonas donde se
2 3

Fuente: El Mercurio, 11 de Noviembre de 2013. Sección internacional, Pág. A5. Fuente: Clases profesor Johannes Rehner. Diapositiva “Migración en Asia – Tendencias y políticas

asociadas”, Pág. 2. Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile.

concentra la población, las cuales en su mayoría obedecen a las zonas con mayor crecimiento económico4. En este sentido, por ejemplo para una ciudad que tiene cierta cantidad de camas de hospital por habitante, tener sobrepoblación puede generar una situación crítica en el sistema de salud y en otras instituciones estatales. En este sentido, en Asia existe poco desarrollo de las instituciones estatales y en general de los servicios públicos, con excepción de algunos países como Japón y Corea del Sur. Esto se debe a lo que explicamos al principio, acerca de que el desarrollo económico no estuvo acompañado en un principio de las reformas sociales adecuadas que debiesen haber generado un desarrollo social a la par. Por otro lado la migración asiática ha tenido la tendencia de disminuir la cantidad de personas poco calificada que migra y a aumentar la migración de las personas altamente calificadas, lo que por una parte perjudica al país de origen pues lo deja sin fuerza laboral calificada, pero lo beneficia pues en general reciben grandes remesas por parte de los migrantes. Un caso especial de la migración en Asia es nuevamente China. Este tema es uno de los principales desafíos del país, debido a que el desarrollo económico, especialmente durante la revolución cultural, ha generado una migración sin precedentes desde el interior de China hacia las zonas costeras. Además en este país existe un sistema ancestral llamado Hukou, que es un registro nacional de las personas que residen en cada área y para las cuales resulta muy difícil cambiarse de lugar, debido a este sistema. Esto sumado a otras restricciones a la migración impuestas por el régimen, provoca que las personas que quieran mejorar sus condiciones de vida buscando trabajo en otro lugar no puedan hacerlo debido a este sistema o lo hagan de manera ilegal, empobreciendo sus condiciones de vida al no poder optar a los beneficios gubernamentales como el sistema de salud o pensiones y aceptando trabajos con condiciones laborales deficientes. Debido a los argumentos que hemos expuesto, es posible notar que la migración es un problema importante en la región asiática y para poder enfrentarlo es importante desarrollar políticas públicas que tiendan a favorecer las condiciones de vida de las personas y no a restringir de manera ciega la movilidad. En este sentido la flexibilización de ciertas
4

Por ejemplo los destinos de la migración asiática son China y Japón, las dos economías más grandes de la

región.

políticas que tienden a restringir la migración se hace imperante para poder eliminar este “mercado secundario” donde la población migrante se ve enfrentada a peores condiciones ya sea salariales o de trabajo en sí y donde se generan los principales problemas de desigualdad. A pesar de que nos gustaría eliminar esto por completo para que todos pudiesen tener las mismas condiciones, las restricciones no se pueden eliminar en su totalidad, pues también ayudan a evitar la sobrepoblación en algunas áreas y la falta de población en otras, hecho que genera graves deficiencias en los sistemas públicos de los países. Para el caso de China, los cambios podrían empezar luego, pues en el tercer pleno del comité central del PCCh se evaluó la flexibilización de los permisos de migración, cuyo objetivo sería principalmente reducir las desigualdades en la población. Esto “mejorará las tasas de empleo y garantizará la estabilidad social en el futuro, proporcionando seguridad social al gran número de migrantes rurales que se desplaza a las urbes”5. Con respecto a los temas demográficos el mayor desafío que enfrenta la región es el crecimiento de la población en especial en países como China y la India. En ambos países ya se han llevado a cabo políticas para el control de la natalidad, como por ejemplo en China con la política del hijo único. Sin embargo, estas políticas generan nuevos desafíos para el futuro cercano, ya que cada vez se va a tener menos niños y jóvenes adultos y más personas de tercera edad. En este sentido, la población económicamente activa va a disminuir, disminuyendo la oferta de mano de obra y además va a aumentar la demanda por los sistemas públicos como la salud y las pensiones. Esto va a exigir un mayor gasto por parte del estado en protección social como porcentaje del PIB, ya que actualmente en países como China y la India, las personas aportan más que el estado como fuente de financiamiento de la salud6. Este va a ser un importante desafío ya que habrá que analizar de dónde conseguir los fondos para aumentar esta cobertura de los servicios públicos para mejorar las condiciones de vida de una población asiática cada vez más envejecida. En este sentido algunos países podrían aprender mucho de la experiencia japonesa, que actualmente tiene una población envejecida y cuyos sistemas públicos entregan un gran a poyo a ese sector de la población.
5 6

Fuente: El Mercurio, 11 de Noviembre de 2013. Sección internacional, Pág. A5. Fuente: Clases profesor Johannes Rehner. Diapositiva “Desafíos demográficos para la política social”, Pág.

17. Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile.

Otro desafío importante hace referencia a la degradación del medioambiente producto del desarrollo económico. En este sentido los países asiáticos tienen, en general, mucha contaminación en sus ciudades y han causado graves daños al ecosistema y por otro lado no tienen políticas públicas desarrolladas en esta materia. Esto claramente, no se alinea con la definición de desarrollo sustentable, pues no se les está dejando a las futuras generaciones el mismo medioambiente que disfrutamos nosotros hoy en día. En otras palabras, no es un sistema de producción que respete las bases ecológicas del desarrollo. Por ejemplo China y la India, dos de los grandes países más industrializados de la región están a su vez entre los más contaminantes del planeta. Esto genera un gran desafío para las autoridades y para la población en general y las políticas públicas debiesen orientarse a adoptar un compromiso para proteger el medioambiente, ya sea firmando tratados internacionales como el protocolo de Kyoto o creando fuentes alternativas de energía como la energía solar o la energía eólica. Como es posible observar, la región asiática tiene muchos desafíos por delante en temas sociales y demográficos, lo cual va a tener que enfrentar con políticas públicas que tiendan hacia el logro de los objetivos y hacia un desarrollo sustentable. El milagro económico ya llegó para muchas de las sociedades del continente, pero el desarrollo en los otros ámbitos de la sociedad no ha sido igualmente importante. Es por esto que se hace imperante para las sociedades dar ese paso y lograr un equilibrio entre la mejora económica y la mejora de la sociedad, ya que sólo así va a ser posible que se logre la igualdad y una población con mejores condiciones de vida hoy y en el futuro.

Bibliografía: Artículo: “Reforma para crecimiento urbano, entre principales temas de cónclave chino”. El Mercurio, 11 de Noviembre de 2013. Sección internacional, Pág. A5. Rhener, J. Diapositivas de las clases en la Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, curso: Desarrollo político y socioeconómico en la región asiática.

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