...PERFECTIVE ASPECT We use the present perfect to show that something has continued up to the present They’ve been married for nearly fifty years. She has lived in Liverpool all her life. … or is important in the present: I’ve lost my keys. I can’t get into the house. Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping. We use the present perfect continuous to show that something has been continuing up to the present: It’s been raining for hours. We’ve been waiting here since six o’clock this morning. We use the past perfect to show that something continued up to a time in the past: When George died he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years. ... or was important at that time in the past: I couldn’t get into the house. I had lost my keys. Teresa wasn’t at home. She had gone shopping. We use the past perfect continuous to show that something had been continuing up to a time in the past or was important at that time in the past: Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours. He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager. We use will with the perfect to show that something will be complete at some time in the future: In a few years they will have discovered a cure for the common cold. I can come out tonight. I'll have finished my homework by then. We use would with the perfect to refer to something that did not happen in the past but would have happened if the conditions had been right: If you had asked me I would...
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...Aspect-oriented programming is a way of modularizing crosscutting concerns much like object-oriented programming is a way of modularizing common concerns. AspectJ is an implementation of aspect-oriented programming for Java A join point is a well-defined point in the program flow. A pointcut picks out certain join points and values at those points. A piece of advice is code that is executed when a join point is reached. These are the dynamic parts of AspectJ. AspectJ's aspect are the unit of modularity for crosscutting concerns. They behave somewhat like Java classes, but may also include pointcuts, advice and inter-type declarations. AspectJ provides for many kinds of join points, but this chapter discusses only one of them: method call join points. A method call join point encompasses the actions of an object receiving a method call. It includes all the actions that comprise a method call, starting after all arguments are evaluated up to and including return (either normally or by throwing an exception). when a particular method body executes execution(void Point.setX(int)) when a method is called call(void Point.setX(int)) when an exception handler executes handler(ArrayOutOfBoundsException) when the object currently executing (i.e. this) is of type SomeType this(SomeType) when the target object is of type SomeType target(SomeType) when the executing code belongs to class MyClass within(MyClass) when the join point is in the control flow of a...
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...does a very low aspect ratio affect characteristics of an aircraft? HIgher aspect ratio is associated with a better lift to drag ratio and greater efficieny. Low A/R can work well with high speed aircraft because higher airspeed allows for greater lift at lower aspect ratios. Low A/R, which by definition means shorter wings with wider cord, can be built stronger due to lower bending moments and allow a greater roll rate due to lower rotational wing tip speed, lower rotational inertia and less inherent rollwise stability. Shorter wings (Lower AR) also makes the aircraft easier to fit into hangars, ramp spaces, etc. Aspect ratio (wing span / chord length) affects lift and drag. Gliders have a very high aspect ratio (high lift, low drag). The wind loading is very low (about 10 lbs / sq ft). The lighter the wing loading, the better the performance. Lift a bowling ball vs a balloon - which is easier for you. Why doesn't a 747 use a high aspect ratio wing? Because the wing loading would be tremendous unless the wing span was several hundred feet. It becomes a structural issue. So they have to compromise and use other means (flaps and slats) to reduce wing loading within the confines of the wing area. aspect ratio Aspect ratio is the wing span divided by the mean wing chord. An aircraft with a rectangular wing of area 12 m² might have a wing span of 8 m and wing chord of 1.5 m. In this case the aspect ratio is 5.33. If the span was 12 m and the chord 1 m then the aspect ratio would...
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...2 aspects of the readings that I believed in were : The first was from “I know what I want to say but u can’t say it”, this particular reading really spoke to me. There were points that told us to create outlines and make notes ,two practices that I am very familiar with as I use them for my writings. The second is from ‘writing down the points’ , there is this instance where the author says “writing practice embraces your whole life and doesn’t demand any logical form”- this quote I found to be really relatable. I like writing , and I like writing for myself , there are times when I find my thoughts to be really all mixed up , in times like those I find just sitting down and putting those thoughts on paper to be really cathartic. It doesn’t matter what I write as long as I keep my conversation with my paper going. The two aspects that I didn’t believe in were : I am a pen and paper person , I really don’t like typing much , it’s the use of my hands , physical connect of the paper with my thoughts that matters , hence I think switching my writing tools , I believe it creates a kind of barrier to the flow of thoughts. Neither do I believe in skipping parts in a write up , I believe it ends up messing up the continuity in my writings. The two aspects that I found to be similar: Both articles talk about a continuous practice of writing. They talk about how this practice helps in the continuous flow of thoughts and imagination that really helps. Both articles also...
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...Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) The Agreement on TRIPS is an international agreement administered by the WTO that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to nationals of WTO Members. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994. The TRIPS agreement introduced intellectual property law into the international trading system for the first time and remains the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property to date. In 2001, developing countries, concerned that developed countries were insisting on an overly narrow reading of TRIPS, initiated a round of talks that resulted in the Doha Declaration. Specifically, TRIPS contains requirements that nations' laws must meet for copyright rights, geographical indications, industrial designs; patents; trademarks. TRIPS also specifies enforcement procedures, remedies, and dispute resolution procedures. Ratification of TRIPS is a compulsory requirement of World Trade Organization membership. TRIPS requires member states to provide strong protection for intellectual property rights. For example, under TRIPS: Copyright - Copyright terms must extend to 50 years after the death of the author. Computer programs must be regarded as "literary works" under copyright law and receive the same terms of protection. Patents - The agreement says patent protection must be...
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...depend on aspect ratio ~ depth/width ! rather than the absolute feature size. 1 Several mechanisms have been invoked to explain the ‘‘rule’’ of aspect-ratio-dependent etching ~ ARDE ! , but no general theory has emerged that captures the variety of seemingly conflicting experimental observations reported in the literature. 1,2 For example, while an ion-neutral synergy model with pure neutral flux shadowing appears to be con- sistent with a wealth of ARDE measurements in semiconductors, 2 it does not hold for the etching of insula- tors. Indeed, Doemling et al. 3 have reported inverse ARDE of trenches and holes in SiO 2 in a high-density CHF 3 plasma at 20 mTorr. Remarkably, they also reported aspect ratio independent etching ~ ARIE ! when the pressure was lowered to 6.7 mTorr; for fixed etching time, the etch depth was the same for a variety of trench widths and hole diameters ~ as low as 0.25 m m, corresponding to an aspect ratio of 8.5:1 ! . These authors convincingly argued that the strong influence of feature geometry on neutral flux of an etch inhibitor, pro- duced in the CHF 3 plasma, is responsible for the inverse ARDE at the higher pressure. The low pressure results were explained by hypothesizing that the neutral density at the bottom of the trench or hole, while ‘‘too low to cause inverse ARDE, it was still sufficient to suppress regular ARDE.’’ This hypothesis must be valid for all trenches and holes etched at the low pressure, which spanned the regime of aspect ratios...
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...of three-dimensional turbulent flow and heat transfer was performed in four types of rotating channels. The first type is a rotating rectangular channel with V-shaped ribs. The channel aspect ratio (AR) is 4:1, the rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (e/Dh) is 0.078 and the rib pitch-to-height ratio (P/e) is 10. The rotation number and inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio were varied from 0.0 to 0.28 and from 0.122 to 0.40, respectively, while the Reynolds number was varied from 10,000 to 500,000. Three channel orientations (90 degrees, −135 degrees, and 135 degrees from the rotation direction) were also investigated. The second type is a rotating rectangular channel with staggered arrays of pinfins. The channel aspect ratio (AR) is 4:1, the pin length-to-diameter ratio is 2.0, and the pin spacing-to-diameter ratio is 2.0 in both the stream-wise and span-wise directions. The rotation number and inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio varied from 0.0 to 0.28 and from 0.122 to 0.20, respectively, while the Reynolds number varied from 10,000 to iv 100,000. For the rotating cases, the rectangular channel was oriented at 150 degrees with respect to the plane of rotation. In the rotating two-pass rectangular channel with 45-degree rib turbulators, three channels with different aspect ratios (AR=1:1; AR=1:2; AR=1:4) were investigated. Detailed predictions of mean velocity, mean temperature, and Nusselt number for two Reynolds numbers (Re=10,000 and Re=100,000) were carried...
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...WELCOME HELIODISPLAY DILIP LAZAR EC-7A R.NO-17 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION REAR PROJECTION WORKING HELIOCAST INTERACTIVITY MODELS FEATURES SPECIFICATIONS PRICING FOG SCREEN PERSPECTA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION INTERACTIVE PLANAR DISPLAY DEVELOPED BY CHAD DYNER PRODUCED & MARKETED BY IO2 TECHNOLOGIES REAR PROJECTION In-camera special effects technique in film production Widely used for many years in driving scenes TECHNIQUE Actors stand in front of a screen A projector positioned behind the screen casts a reversed image of the background A major advance over rear projection is FRONT PROJECTION Examples James Cameron - Aliens Austin Powers film series WORKING Projects images onto a screen of microscopic particles. Microdroplets 1-10 microns in diameter. Optical tracking system for monitoring hand movements. WORKING contnd System creates a dynamic, non-solid particle cloud by ejecting atomized condensate A heliodisplay runs on particles present in the air Particles in the air are converted into nearly atom-sized particles, and are re-emitted upward Held together by surface tension and form a cloud Changing the molecular properties-qualities of the image, like brightness and sharpness, can also be changed HELIOCAST INTERACTIVITY When the Heliodisplay is connected to a PC using a standard USB cable, and with the supplied IO2 Heliocast software installed, you can use your...
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...RATIO ANALYSIS Ratios are a very important part in our day to day lives. We need ratios while we cook food, we need ratios while deciding priorities in our life, we basically need ratios in every aspect of our lives. And for every business or financial decision, ratios and their analysis play a very vital role. RATIO ANALYSIS is a widely used tool for financial analysis. It is defined as the systematic use of ratio to interpret the financial statements so that the strength and weaknesses of a firm as well as its historical performance and current financial condition can be determined. The term ratio refers to the numerical or quantitative relationship between 2 variables. This relationship can be expressed as (i) percentages say net profits are 25% of sales (ii) fractions say net profit is one fourth of sales and (iii) proportion of numbers, say the relationship between net profit and sales 1:4. What the ratios do is that they reveal the relationship in a more meaningful way so as to enable the equity investors, management and lenders make better investments and credit decisions. The significance and importance of ratio analysis may be explained as follows: • It helps in evaluating the corporations performance: • It helps in inhume firm comparison: • It simplifies money statements http://www.nippur.nl/Services/BusinessPlanning/tabid/95/Default.aspx Basis of comparison: The use of ratios as a tool of financial analysis, involves their comparison , for a single...
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...CHI506 Grammar (Lesson 5.2) Grammar points: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Copyright © 2012 Wen-Hua Teng The use of particle 了 as the perfective aspect particle The use of 了 as a modal particle Grammar structures involving the use of 了 Perfective aspect particle 了 in a complex sentence in lieu of the word ‘after’ The use of 才 ⚑ 1. The use of particle 了 as the perfective aspect particle a. When to use 了 (or when not to use it) is considered by many learners to be the most confusing grammar point in Chinese. b. Although the presence of 了 in a sentence often indicates that the action has occurred, it is NOT equivalent to the past tense in English. c. The Chinese language does not have tenses; instead, it has aspects (a linguistic/grammar term), which indicate the stages of an action. d. 了 can appear immediately after a verb (must be an action verb, not a static or non-action verb) to indicate the action has taken place or has been completed. Therefore, it is usually referred to as the perfective aspect particle. e. A completed action can occur in the future, meaning the action will have taken place at a certain point in the future. f. When to use the perfective aspect particle 了： Use 了 immediately after the verb when the action already occurred (in a past time frame) AND when i ii iii there is a modifier or a number before the noun, or the noun refers to a person . (In this sense, and only in this sense, the function of 了 is similar to that of a past tense.) Yesterday I drank three bottles...
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...Lesson Plan: Grammar: Reported speech The level of the students: Upper Intermediate The age: Adult students Aims: to present the function of talking about the past using three types of reported speech: statements, questions and commands/requests/suggestions. To clarify the use of reported questions introduced with the verbs ask, inquire, wonder or the expression want to know. To highlight the difference between up-to-date reporting and out-of-date reporting. To consolidate students` knowledge on the use of certain words and time expressions related to reported speech, for example now-then, immediately, today-that day, yesterday – the day before, the previous day. To provide controlled and semi-controlled practice through drilling of the function and the structure. Function: Expressing the past tense with the help of reported statements and reported questions. Time: 90 minutes Assumptions: Students know the use of tenses in direct Speech. They know Present Simple and Present Continuous, Past Simple and Past Continuous, Present Perfect and Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Future tenses. Anticipated problems and solutions: Students may confuse the use of tenses in direct speech and reported speech. Make sure that you demonstrate the difference using concept questions, good examples and diagrams. Students may have misunderstanding of the functions of the verb tell, say, ask. Make sure that you provide students with good situations to show the difference between...
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... | |[pic] |This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. The | | |talk page may contain suggestions. (May 2010) | In linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary, abbreviated aux) is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. In English, the extra meaning provided by an auxiliary verb alters the basic meaning of the main verb to make it have one or more of the following functions: passive voice, progressive aspect, perfect aspect, modality, dummy, or emphasis. In English, every clause has a finite verb which consists of a main verb (a non-auxiliary verb) and optionally one or more auxiliary verbs, each of which is a separate word. Examples of finite verbs include write (no auxiliary verb), have written (one auxiliary verb), and have been written (two auxiliary verbs). Many languages, including English, feature some verbs that can act...
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...Ads and Sponsored Stories Guide Effective September 10, 2013 Updates to the guide as of September 10, 2013 • Recommended creative for each ad unit Highlighted the recommended image size and text length for each ad unit that will work best across placements (top right corner of each slide) • The detailed specs for each placement are included under each screenshot • • More precise truncation rules • For each placement, the number of characters that will safely show before truncation are listed • Premium ads consolidated in one section • We consolidated all details for premium ad placements and formats in a separate section at the end of the guide Products: Ads and sponsored stories Ads Voice of business Sponsored stories Voice of friends Ads are paid messages from businesses, written in their voice. They can include social information about friends. Ads overview 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Page post text ad Page post photo ad Page post video ad Page post link ad Offer ad 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Event ad Page like ad Mobile app install ad App ad Domain ad Sponsored stories are messages from friends about ways they’ve engaged with a business. Businesses can pay to promote these stories so there’s a better chance people see them. Sponsored stories overview 1. 2. Page like sponsored story Page post like sponsored story Page post comment sponsored story Page post share sponsored story 5. 8. 9. Event sponsored story Check-in sponsored story Game played sponsored...
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...Grammar Review The Present Simple (현재형) 1. To talk about things and situations that are generally true (일반적인 사실과 관련된 사물 또는 상황을 말하고자 할 때) e.g) • Digital cameras cost a lot of money. They have very complex parts and they use a lot of battery power. • She is 27 years old and she has a small flat. 2. The general truth can be: (일반적인 사실을 표현할 때) • A repeated action(반복되는 행동표현): She takes the train to work, but I usually drive. • A permanent situation(영속적인 상황표현): She lives in a small flat in London. 3. The present simple can be used in informal stories: describing a film scene, telling a joke (일상적인 내용을 말할 때 – 영화장면을 묘사하거나 농담을 할 경우 등) e.g) • She walks into the room, and sees the bottle and two glasses on the table. • This man goes into a bar, and orders an orange juice and a packet of crisps. The Present Continuous (현재진행형) It is used to talk about 1. Actions that are going on around or at the time of speaking (행동을 하고 있는 상황 또는 현재의 당시 상황을 말할 때) e.g) Jane is having a bath at the moment. 2. Temporary situations. (일시적인 상태) e.g) compare (현재시제와 현재진행형의 비교) • He is working in Oxford just now. (but next year he will do something else) – 현재에는 옥스포드에서 일하고 있는 중이지만 내년이나 가까운 미래에는 다른곳에서 일할 예정임을 표현, 즉 현재의 당시 상황을 표현하였음. • He works for a company in Oxford. ( He works there all the time) – 언제나 옥스포드 회사에서 일하고 있다. 즉, 사실을 표현함. 3. Changing situations (상황이 변하는 경우) – get, become...
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...Table of Contents Noun 4 Number 4 Proper noun 5 Common Noun 5 Collective noun 6 Abstract noun 6 VERB AND AUXILIARY 6 Preposition 7 Conjunction 7 Articles 8 SENTENCE STRUCTURE 9 Structure of a simple sentence 9 PRESENT TENSE 10 S – A – V rules 11 Possessive case 11 Universal Auxiliaries 11 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 12 When to use 12 Rules 12 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 13 Rules 13 Subject Auxiliary Verb 13 Universal Auxiliaries 13 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 14 Rules 14 Subject Auxiliary verb form 14 Universal Auxiliaries 14 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 15 Rules 15 Subject Auxiliary verb form 15 Universal Auxiliaries 15 PAST TENSE 16 Subject Auxiliary Verb form 16 Universal Auxiliaries 16 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE 17 Rules 17 Subject Auxiliary verb form 17 Universal Auxiliaries 17 SIMPLE PAST TENSE 18 Rule 18 Universal Auxiliaries 18 PAST PERFECT TENSE 19 Rule 19 Subject Auxiliary Verb form 19 Universal Auxiliary 19 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 20 Rule 20 Subject Auxiliary verb form 20 Universal Auxiliaries 20 FUTURE TENSE 21 Rules 21 Subject Auxiliary Verb form 21 Universal Auxiliaries 21 FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE 22 Rules 22 Subject Auxiliary verb form 22 Universal Auxiliaries 22 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 23 Rules 23 Subject Auxiliary Verb form 23 Universal Auxiliary 23 FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 24 Rules 24 Subject Auxiliary Verb form 24 Universal Auxiliaries 24 EXERCISES...
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