...Unification 1. What factors discouraged an early unification of Italy and how were these overcome? Before the year of 1848, the Italian faced a lot of difficulties to urge the unification movement. Until, 1848, the situation had been changed and directly contributed to the unification movement. After 1815 Italy was once again a mere geographical expression. Austria was to control a large part of Italy directly, that is, Lombardy and Venetia, and indirectly through the restored Bourbon Kings in some minor Italian states. Italian unification was once again frustrated ever the Risorgimento was quickly in advance. The explosion of Austrian power in Italy was the main problem which discouraged an early unification of Italy. Moreover, the general political atmosphere in Europe did not allow new concessions to Italian balance when the powers were concerned with maintaining the balance of power and to prevent the setting of French hegemony in Europe again. So a united Italy in 1815 would only mean French domination of Italy, so the powers generally accepted the settlement even though the 1815 settlement ignored the moral principles which first French Revolution and the Romanticism had unleashed in Europe. Even liberal powers like Britain and the mother of Revolution, France did not dare to take the risk of a war which may be caused if Italy was united and this might invite foreign intervention in the young Italy. So foreign aid was generally unavailable in the first generation of...
Words: 15314 - Pages: 62
...CROSS-NATIONAL COOPERATION AND AGREEMENTS OBJECTIVES • To profile the World Trade Organization • To discuss the pros and cons of global, bilateral, and regional integration • To describe the static and dynamic effects and the trade creation and diversion effects of bilateral and regional economic integration • To define different forms of regional economic integration • To present different regional trading groups, such as the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) • To describe the rationale for and success of commodity agreements Chapter Overview Regional economic integration represents a relatively new phenomenon in the history of world trade and investment. Chapter Eight first examines the roles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization in determining the ground rules of the world trade environment. It then introduces the basic types of economic integration and explores the potential effects of the process. Next it examines in detail both the European Union (its structure and its operations) and the North American Free Trade Agreement and briefly describes a variety of other regional economic groups. The chapter concludes with a discussion of various commodity agreements and producer alliances, including the Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries. Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: TOYOTA IN EUROPE Known for its low-cost...
Words: 5888 - Pages: 24
...05341_02_ch02_p021-044.qxd 9/25/07 10:01 AM Page 21 CHAPTER 2 OPERATIONS, STRATEGY AND OPERATIONS STRATEGY INTRODUCTION An organization’s operations function is concerned with getting things done; producing goods and/or services for customers. Chapter 1 pointed out that operations management is important because it is responsible for managing most of the organization’s resources. However, many people think that operations management is only concerned with short-term, day-to-day, tactical issues. This chapter will seek to correct that view by considering the strategic importance of operations. All business organizations are concerned with how they will survive and prosper in the future. A business strategy is often thought of as a plan or set of intentions that will set the long-term direction of the actions that are needed to ensure future organizational success. However, no matter how grand the plan, or how noble the intention, an organization’s strategy can only become a meaningful reality, in practice, if it is operationally enacted. An organization’s operations are strategically important precisely because most organizational activity comprises the day-to-day activities within the operations function. It is the myriad of daily actions of operations, when considered in their totality that constitute the organization’s long-term strategic direction. The relationship between an organization’s strategy and its operations is a key determinant of its ability to...
Words: 11937 - Pages: 48
...05341_02_ch02_p021-044.qxd 9/25/07 10:01 AM Page 21 CHAPTER 2 OPERATIONS, STRATEGY AND OPERATIONS STRATEGY INTRODUCTION An organization’s operations function is concerned with getting things done; producing goods and/or services for customers. Chapter 1 pointed out that operations management is important because it is responsible for managing most of the organization’s resources. However, many people think that operations management is only concerned with short-term, day-to-day, tactical issues. This chapter will seek to correct that view by considering the strategic importance of operations. All business organizations are concerned with how they will survive and prosper in the future. A business strategy is often thought of as a plan or set of intentions that will set the long-term direction of the actions that are needed to ensure future organizational success. However, no matter how grand the plan, or how noble the intention, an organization’s strategy can only become a meaningful reality, in practice, if it is operationally enacted. An organization’s operations are strategically important precisely because most organizational activity comprises the day-to-day activities within the operations function. It is the myriad of daily actions of operations, when considered in their totality that constitute the organization’s long-term strategic direction. The relationship between an organization’s strategy and its operations is a key determinant of...
Words: 11937 - Pages: 48
...law enforcement authorities have insisted that it is hard to spot lone terrorists before they strike and this is of great threat to the security of a nation. From FBI information it is evident that lone terrorism trends indicate that it is an ongoing risk both in side the United States and outside the country (Risen & Johnston, 2003) In 2003 the director of the FBI stated that there was an increased threat from persons who are affiliated or sympathetic with the Al Qaeda and they act without having any conspiracies surrounding them or external support. Scholars in the field of terrorism have in the past concentrated on the how terrorist groups work so as to explain how individuals work. The general view of terrorism is that it is a group activity which is mainly influenced by leaders training, recruitment, obedience and conformity, solidarity and moral disengagement. Due to the imbalance that exists between the focus by scholars on terrorism that is group based on one hand and apparent threat posed by lone wolf terrorist on the other hand, necessitates the empirical and conceptual analysis of lone wolf terrorism so as to establish a good understanding of this phenomenon. The extent to which existing explanations of triggers and motivations of terrorism are associated to deeds of lone terrorist is still not clear. This paper therefore seeks to explain the history of lone wolf terrorism, the triggers and motivations of lone wolf terrorisms, the existing counterterrorism measures...
Words: 8796 - Pages: 36
...and production techniques to enable them to compete. Partly as a consequence, many manufacturing companies have taken the strategic decision to move to higher quality or specification products, which command a price premium in the market, with a hopeful corresponding impact on margins. The UK Textiles Industry is no exception to this trend and many companies that were unable to diversify, or had niche markets that proved unsustainable, have been taken over or ceased trading with the loss of many job opportunities. The Textiles Industry is important to the Scottish economy. It employs 22,000 people and with an output of £1.2 billion contributes £500 million to the country’s manufactured exports. The Scottish Borders is heavily dependent on this industry and in particular knitwear, which employs around 4,000 people. Recognising the sensitivity of the knitting and weaving sectors to the economy in the Scottish Borders, and following the successful action against the punitive import duties proposed by the USA government arising from the ‘Banana War’ incident, Scottish Enterprise Borders secured public sector funding from Scottish Enterprise and ultimately the EU, to establish a support mechanism for the industry. The Cashmere Made in Scotland Promotion began operation in 1997 and was aimed at encouraging manufacturers to move more heavily into the high value cashmere market. The promotion was geared to...
Words: 14884 - Pages: 60
...forward: Global Trends 11 The Next Step: Beyond Coffee 12 Sabra Salads in the United States 12 Background 12 Market opportunity 13 Sabra 13 Entering the U.S market 13 Max Brenner 13 Background 14 The dilemma 14 Developing the concept 14 2005 and beyond 15 Appendixes 16 Background 19 Supply 19 Processing 19 Marketing 20 Distribution 20 Nestle 20 ICraft 21 Sara Lee 21 P&G 22 Tchibo 22 Lavazza 22 Segafredo 22 Global Expansion in the 21 Century In a conference room at the offices of Strauss-Elite in Ramiat Gan, we were introduced to the heart of the organisation by the CEO of the company, Erez Vigoodman. What we were given was a bird's eye view of the entire company as it stood at the end of 2005. It quickly became apparent that the organisation stood poised at a pivotal moment in its long history. In the eight years since the acquisition of Elite in 1997, the company has gone through nothing short of a revolution. Yet despite being transformed from end to end, Strauss-Elite still remains a family-run company with an acute sense of its past and a clear sense of its future, Now, after a long and challenging process of change that has lasted many years, Strauss-Elite looks ready to once again make another bold leap forward. Introduction There are few Israelis, no matter what age or background, who are not familiar with the products of Strauss and...
Words: 11814 - Pages: 48
...in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe, like other countries, has been affected by globalization. The first thing is that the welfare of the people in the country improved. There is good medication that is coming from other countries. During drought periods we get food from as far as America. China has been contributing also to the country. A lot of funds have been donated to the country. This fund was used to assist in education. So many children are now learning in the country. The life expectancy of the people has also improved due to medication and good food that is coming from other countries. There has been an improvement in the development of the country. We have received new technology from other countries that have led to economic growth. For example, in Zimbabwe about fifty percent of our fuel now comes from bio-sources. Fuel is now being made from plants. This has led to the creation of employment. The rate of employment has increased of late. New technology has flowed in the country. We are now able to use solar energy, wind energy and hydropower due to globalization. Due to globalization the political system has changed in my country. We have now adopted democratic type of governance. This is as a result of the influence of organizations such as United Nations. Regional blocks also emphasize on the need to be democratic in governance. One negative impact has been that of environmental degradation. Due to demand of products by other countries, a lot of resources have been used up...
Words: 13896 - Pages: 56
...BUSINESS STRATEGY OTHER ECONOMIST BOOKS Guide to Analysing Companies Guide to Business Modelling Guide to Business Planning Guide to Economic Indicators Guide to the European Union Guide to Management Ideas Numbers Guide Style Guide Dictionary of Business Dictionary of Economics International Dictionary of Finance Brands and Branding Business Consulting Business Ethics Business Miscellany China’s Stockmarket Dealing with Financial Risk Future of Technology Globalisation Guide to Financial Markets Headhunters and How to Use Them Successful Mergers The City Wall Street Essential Director Essential Economics Essential Finance Essential Internet Essential Investment Essential Negotiation Pocket World in Figures BUSINESS STRATEGY A Guide to Effective Decision-Making Jeremy Kourdi THE ECONOMIST IN ASSOCIATION WITH PROFILE BOOKS LTD Published by Profile Books Ltd 3a Exmouth House, Pine Street, London ec1r 0jh www.profilebooks.com Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Ltd 2003 Text copyright © Jeremy Kourdi 2003 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. The greatest care has been taken in compiling this book. However, no responsibility can...
Words: 78700 - Pages: 315
...Would free trade agreements improve international trade by encouraging foreign direct investments and opening new markets (Name) (University) Table of contents 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………...3 2 Literature review………………………………………………………………………………..3 2.1 The Changing Landscape of Regional Trade Agreements ……………………………...……3 2.1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….3 2.1.2 Evolution of the RTAs Landscape………………………………………………….……….4 2.1.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...6 2.1 Integrating Free Trade Agreements and the politics of Free trade Agreements…………….7 2.2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………7 2.2.2 MENA Region………………………………………………………………………………8 2.2.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...9 2.3 Arab Free Trade Area: Potentialities and Effects and the Impact of regional Trade Agreement and Trade Facilitation in the Middle East North Africa region…………………….10 2.3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..10 2.3.2 The Past……………………………………………………………………………………11 2.3.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………13 2.4 The North American Free Trade Agreement:Economic impacts of the agreement on United States of America and Mexico in comparison…………………………………………………14 2.4.1Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..14 2.4.2 About NAFTA……………………………………………………………………………15 2.4.3 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….16 2.5 Effects of changes to USA-Korea Free Trade Agreements[FTA] On The Passenger Vehicle sector……………………………………………………………………………………………17...
Words: 13200 - Pages: 53
...Introduction Emerging markets by definition are developing economies that exhibit sustained economic reform and growth, no doubt China has experienced both. In fact China, with more than 1.3 billion people, is the world’s most populous country and has a rapidly growing economy (Doh & Luthans, 2012). One would think that their dual status as it pertains to both communism and capitalism would be a deterrent to doing business in the People’s Republic of China, and in many cases cease long term global integration into China’s market, this has not occurred and probably won’t because the results of expanding in the Chinese market out weighs the challenges that are met. Continued forecast and optimistic projections still make doing business in China favorable and the most viable option to remain competitive in today’s global economy. The key to success or failure when entering a foreign market consist of careful examination, and identification of all potential problems regarding an organization’s culture, economic environment, political risks and social climate. Additionally, a comprehensive strategy has to be in place to overcome objections and make adjustments. Understanding the differences from a political, economical, social and cultural aspect as well as the ability to respond to different national standards and regulations are key factors. The Chinese Culture Culture is defined as the sum total of beliefs, rules, techniques, institutions, and artifices that characterize...
Words: 5824 - Pages: 24
...BACKGROUND Just twenty years ago, the dismantling of Cold War division in Europe began with parliamentary changes in Poland (Bochniarz and Cohen 2006). These changes initiated a domino effect in transformation of other Central and Eastern European countries (CEE); the transformation of Romania, East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria was soon followed by sweeping changes in Russia and Central Asia, affecting more than 400 million people (Chandler 2000). Needless to say, however, the transformation of Central and Eastern Europe near the climax of the 80s took the European Community (EC) by surprise. In the pre1989 era, the EC exercised only a limited relationship with CEE countries and showed no serious interest for a European project of political and economic integration that would include any of the CEE states. According to Gower (1999), this inability to foresee the potential of the CEE region strongly reflects the ineffectiveness in the EC policies. Shortly after transition to democracy, ten CEE states (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) declared their utmost desire to join the “family of Europe” (Andonova 2004). As the idea of EU membership for these newly independent democracies in Central and Eastern Europe started to gain some serious ground in the early 90s, the debate over enlargement and its economic, social and The first chapter is like a long foreword of the dissertation. It introduces...
Words: 14067 - Pages: 57
...Lehrer Ph.D. University of Rhode Island Module #1: Introduction by Mark Lehrer 3 Module #2: Industry Analysis by Mark Lehrer 6 Rivalry 8 Entrants 9 Bargaining Power of Suppliers / Buyers 9 Two Cases: Breakfast Cereal and Personal Computers 9 Module #3: Value Chain Analysis by Mark Lehrer 12 Module #4: Industry Value Chains by Mark Lehrer 16 Module #5a: Generic Strategies (by Mary Hamilton) 16 Module #5b: Resource-Based View (by Mary Hamilton 16 Module #6: Industry Life Cycle (by Mark Lehrer) 16 Module #7: Competitive Strategy by Mary A. Hamilton 16 Theory 16 Types of Competitive Strategy 18 Offensive strategies 18 Defensive strategies 19 Collusive Strategies 19 Strategic alliances 20 Application 21 Module #8: Business Models by Mark Lehrer 23 Beyond Strategizing 23 Business Models: A Typology 23 Business Models Beyond the Internet 25 Module #9: Corporate Level Strategy by Mark Lehrer 28 Module #10: International Strategy by Mary A. Hamilton 28 Global Opportunities 28 International Strategic Orientation 29 National Advantages 31 Mode of Entry 32 Competitive Performance 33 Module #1: Introduction by Mark Lehrer How can one introduce such a multifaceted subject as strategy? What is strategy? Why does it matter? The concept of strategy comes from military parlance. In the military it is not always enough to be superior in arms or artillery. While superior resources often do provide an...
Words: 11026 - Pages: 45
...innovate and how they change. As a manager of today or of tomorrow, you will be involved in influencing, implementing or communicating these strategies. Our aim in writing Fundamentals of Strategy is to give you a clear understanding of the fundamental issues and techniques of strategy, and to help you get a great final result in your course. Here’s how you might make the most of the text: ● Focus your time and attention on the fundamental areas of strategy in just 10 carefully selected chapters. Read the illustrations and the case examples to clarify your understanding of how the concepts of strategy translate into an easily recognisable, real-world context. Follow up on the recommended readings at the end of each chapter. They’re specially selected as accessible and valuable sources that will enhance your learning and give you an extra edge in your course work. KEY CONCEPT AUDIO SUMMARY ● ● Also, look out for the Key Concepts and Audio Summary icons in the text, which direct you to the website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/fos* where you can ● Check and reinforce your understanding of key concepts using self-assessment questions, audio summaries and interactive exercises, and Revise key terms using electronic flashcards and a glossary in 6 languages. ● We want Fundamentals of Strategy to give you what you need: a clear and concise...
Words: 129967 - Pages: 520
...An Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission (Intro to the UN 070329) A Course Produced by The United Nations Institute for Training and Research, Programme of Correspondence Instruction (Revised 2003) Course Author Lt.Col. (Retd.) Christian Hårleman Senior Special Fellow, UNITAR Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz Copyright 2003, UNITAR POCI UNITAR Training Programme of Correspondence Instruction in Peacekeeping Operations Dag Hammarskjöld Centre Box 20475 New York, NY 10017 Programme UNITAR de Formation Par Correspondance Aux Opérations de Maintien de la Paix Palais des Nations 1211 Geneve 10 Suisse An Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission (Intro to the UN 070329) A Course Produced by The United Nations Institute for Training and Research, Programme of Correspondence Instruction (Revised 2003) Course Author Lt.Col. (Retd.) Christian Hårleman Senior Special Fellow, UNITAR Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz Copyright 2003, UNITAR POCI Address all correspondence to: UNITAR Training Programme of Correspondence Instruction in Peacekeeping Operations Dag Hammarskjöld Centre Box 20475 New York, NY 10017-0009 USA An Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents................................................................................. i Foreword.....................................................
Words: 62089 - Pages: 249
