...Introduction to Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method for solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics. Useful for problems with complicated geometries, loadings, and material properties where analytical solutions can not be obtained. The Purpose of FEA Analytical Solution • • Stress analysis for trusses, beams, and other simple structures are carried out based on dramatic simplification and idealization: – mass concentrated at the center of gravity – beam simplified as a line segment (same cross-section) Design is based on the calculation results of the idealized structure & a large safety factor (1.5-3) given by experience. FEA • Design geometry is a lot more complex; and the accuracy requirement is a lot higher. We need – To understand the physical behaviors of a complex object (strength, heat transfer capability, fluid flow, etc.) – To predict the performance and behavior of the design; to calculate the safety margin; and to identify the weakness of the design accurately; and – To identify the optimal design with confidence Brief History Grew out of aerospace industry Post-WW II jets, missiles, space flight Need for light weight structures Required accurate stress analysis Paralleled growth of computers Common FEA Applications Mechanical/Aerospace/Civil/Automotive ...
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...1. INTRODUCTION In the Systemic Functional Grammar: “Language seems to have evolved for three major purposes. These are: 1. to talk about what is happening, what will happen and what has happened, 2. to interact and/or to express a point of view, 3) to turn the output of the previous two functions into coherent whole.” (Butt et al, 2003: 5) According to this statement, there are three broad and principal functions of language that are central to the way the grammar works in the language system. These three functions express experiential (ideational), interpersonal and textual meanings. In order to understand the full functionality of any utterance it is necessary to consider all of these three meanings simultaneously. The paper compares two...
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...Processing: Concepts & Applications” DSP 1 Session 1: Introduction to DSP COURSE OUTLINE date session 1 26 Sep 2011 lecture tutorial questions Introduction to DSP session 2 3 Oct 2011 Signals and Spectral Representation X session 3 10 Oct 2011 Linear Systems X session 4 17 Oct 2011 Time-Domain Description and Convolution X session 5 24 Oct 2011 Sampled Data and Discrete-Time Systems X session 6 7 Oct 2011 The Discrete Fourier Transform X session 7 14 Nov 2011 The Fast Fourier Transform X session 8 21 Nov 2011 Fast Convolution X session 9 28 Nov 2011 Multi-Rate Processing X coursework assignment* 5 Dec 2012 feedback session 23 Jan 2012 session 10 13 Feb 2012 Continuous Filter Theory X session 11 20 Feb 2012 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters X session 12 27 Feb 2012 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters X session 13 5 Mar 2012 Random Signal Analysis X session 14 12 Mar 2012 Optimum Filters X session 15 19 Mar 2012 Adaptive Filters X *The coursework assignment counts for 20% of the mark. DSP Session 1: Introduction to DSP INTRODUCTION TO DSP: CONTENT • • • • • • What is Signal Processing? Real-life signals Analogue processing Digital Processing Typical Applications Examples DSP 3 Session 1: Introduction to DSP WHAT IS SIGNAL PROCESSING...
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... FUNdaMENTALS of Design Pappalardo Series in Mechanical Engineering This book was made possible by a generous gift from Neil and Jane Pappalardo Support for this book was also provided by the Cambridge-MIT Institute, and iCampus the Microsoft-MIT Alliance ©2007 Alexander H. Slocum ABOUT This Book A college student challenged a senior citizen, saying it was impossible for their generation to understand his. "You grew up in a different world," the student said. "Today we have television, jet planes, space travel, nuclear energy, computers..." Taking advantage of a pause in the student's litany, the geezer said, "You're right. We didn't have those things when we were young; so we invented them! What are you doing for the next generation?"1 This book is about helping people to learn how to create their own future! It does this by taking advantage of the fact that the reader’s LEFT brain sees the LEFT side (FUN) of the book. The RIGHT brain sees the (MENTAL) side of the book. Its simply FUNdaMENTAL! This in itself is a key feature of this book: It seeks to train the brain to think by many a link. Creating things is NOT done by following a monotonous recipe... The ability to create can be learned by anyone who has a yearn to learn! But the eye must be quick to sort and pick! Embedded inside, many a hidden creative message may reside! In fact, design is a like a big box of LEGOSTM from which you want to pick pieces to build a toy spaceship: if you just pick from the top layer, you...
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...1 NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA COURSE CODE : DAM 205 COURSE TITLE: DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY 2 COURSE GUIDE COURSE CODE DAM 205 COURSE TITLE DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY COURSE WRITER: MRS. AISHETU UMAR DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA DR. OLUSEGUN FOLORUNSHO DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA, NIGERAI. COURSE EDITOR PROGRAMME LEADER COURSE COORDINATOR 3 CONTENTS CONTENTS Page Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii iii iv iv v vi vii viii viii ix x xi xi xii What you will learn in this course Course aims Course objectives . . . . . . . . . . . Working through this course The course materials Study units . . . . . Presentation schedule Assessment . Tutor marked Assignment Final examination and Grading Course marking scheme Facilitators/Tutors and Tutorials Summary . . . . INTRODUCTION Data collection methodology is a two credit unit first semester course available to first semester course available to students of Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) Library and Information science. 4 Research involves data collection, any discipline of the social sciences, education and even the sciences needs a sound knowledge of research; how to conduct research, ethics of research and generally to write a report or design a study. The use and importance...
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...Sensitivity analysis. Transportation Problem Formulation optimal solution. Unbalanced transportation problems, Degeneracy. Assignment problem, Formulation optimal solution, Variation i.e., Non-square (m x n) matrix restrictions. Sequencing Introduction, Terminology, notations and assumptions, problems with n-jobs and two machines, optimal sequence algorithm, problems with n-jobs and three machines, problems with n-jobs and m-machines, graphic solutions. Travelling salesman problem. Replacement Introduction, Replacement of items that deteriorate with time – value of money unchanging and changing, Replacement of items that fail completely. Queuing Models M.M.1 & M.M.S. system cost considerations. Theory of games introduction, Two-person zero-sum games, The Maximum –Minimax principle, Games without saddle points – Mixed Strategies, 2 x n and m x 2 Games – Graphical solutions, Dominance property, Use of L.P. to games, Algebraic solutions to rectangular games. Inventory Introduction, inventory costs, Independent demand systems: Deterministic models – Fixed order size systems – Economic order quantity (EOQ) – Single items, back ordering, Quantity discounts (all units quantity discounts), Batch – type production systems: Economic production quantity – Single items, Economic production quantity multiple items. Fixed order interval systems: Economic order interval (EOI) –Single items, Economic order interval (EOI) – Multiple items. Network Analysis Elements of project...
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...Probability 2.1. (a) Probability distribution function for Y Outcome (number of heads) | Y 0 | Y 1 | Y 2 | Probability | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.25 | (b) Cumulative probability distribution function for Y Outcome (number of heads) | Y 0 | 0 Y 1 | 1 Y 2 | Y 2 | Probability | 0 | 0.25 | 0.75 | 1.0 | (c) . Using Key Concept 2.3: and so that 2.3. For the two new random variables and we have: (a) (b) (c) 2.5. Let X denote temperature in F and Y denote temperature in C. Recall that Y 0 when X 32 and Y 100 when X 212; this implies Using Key Concept 2.3, X 70oF implies that and X 7oF implies 2.7. Using obvious notation, thus and This implies (a) per year. (b) , so that Thus where the units are squared thousands of dollars per year. (c) so that and thousand dollars per year. (d) First you need to look up the current Euro/dollar exchange rate in the Wall Street Journal, the Federal Reserve web page, or other financial data outlet. Suppose that this exchange rate is e (say e 0.80 Euros per dollar); each 1 dollar is therefore with e Euros. The mean is therefore e C (in units of thousands of Euros per year), and the standard deviation is e C (in units of thousands of Euros per year). The correlation is unit-free, and is unchanged. 2.9. | | Value of Y | Probability Distribution of X | | | 14 | 22 | 30 | 40 | 65 | | | Value of X | 1 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.21 | | | 5 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.40 | |...
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...the next update of C-Atlas, Ensoft intends to update the capabilities of C-Atlas. These improvements are intended to provide a customizable approach to evaluating a program’s design, structure, and security. Such an update seeks to address any number of problems. Analyzing a C program’s memory management is one such problem. This project would seek to use C-Atlas to better analyze C memory management. In memory leak (memory management) analysis, the user must show that for every path forward from an variable’s allocation, there exists at least one deallocation site for that variable. This task is trivial, unless the variable’s allocation and deallocation(s) are separated by a vast field of possible control flow. C-Atlas offers a flexible interface for data flow graph generation as a solution to this problem. Through this interface, one may then produce connected data flow graphs, allowing a single variable’s path to be traced through multiple functions. This visual aide can greatly increase the time efficiency of performing memory leak analysis. The idea of this project was to write a script to produce meaningful data flow graphs for analyzing memory leaks. This script will seek to help confirm (or dispute) if some allocation site is dominated by some deallocation-site along every feasible data flow path. Finally, the script will be tested on a release of the XINU kernel. RESEARCH The research portion of this...
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...(a) Probability distribution function for Y Outcome (number of heads) | Y 0 | Y 1 | Y 2 | Probability | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.25 | (b) Cumulative probability distribution function for Y Outcome (number of heads) | Y 0 | 0 Y 1 | 1 Y 2 | Y 2 | Probability | 0 | 0.25 | 0.75 | 1.0 | (c) . Using Key Concept 2.3: and so that 2.3. For the two new random variables and we have: (a) (b) (c) 2.5. Let X denote temperature in F and Y denote temperature in C. Recall that Y 0 when X 32 and Y 100 when X 212; this implies Using Key Concept 2.3, X 70oF implies that and X 7oF implies 2.7. Using obvious notation, thus and This implies (a) per year. (b) , so that Thus where the units are squared thousands of dollars per year. (c) so that and thousand dollars per year. (d) First you need to look up the current Euro/dollar exchange rate in the Wall Street Journal, the Federal Reserve web page, or other financial data outlet. Suppose that this exchange rate is e (say e 0.80 Euros per dollar); each 1 dollar is therefore with e Euros. The mean is therefore e C (in units of thousands of Euros per year), and the standard deviation is e C (in units of thousands of Euros per year). The correlation is unit-free, and is unchanged. 2.9. | | Value of Y | Probability Distribution of X | | | 14 | 22 | 30 | 40 | 65 | | | Value of X | 1 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.21 | | | 5 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0...
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...CPS 230 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS Fall 2008 Instructor: Herbert Edelsbrunner Teaching Assistant: Zhiqiang Gu CPS 230 Fall Semester of 2008 Table of Contents 1 I 2 3 4 5 Introduction D ESIGN T ECHNIQUES Divide-and-Conquer Prune-and-Search Dynamic Programming Greedy Algorithms First Homework Assignment S EARCHING 3 4 5 8 11 14 17 18 19 22 26 29 33 34 35 38 41 44 IV 13 14 15 16 G RAPH A LGORITHMS Graph Search Shortest Paths Minimum Spanning Trees Union-Find Fourth Homework Assignment T OPOLOGICAL A LGORITHMS 17 18 19 Geometric Graphs Surfaces Homology Fifth Homework Assignment G EOMETRIC A LGORITHMS 20 21 22 Plane-Sweep Delaunay Triangulations Alpha Shapes Sixth Homework Assignment NP-C OMPLETENESS 23 24 25 Easy and Hard Problems NP-Complete Problems Approximation Algorithms Seventh Homework Assignment 45 46 50 53 56 60 61 62 65 68 72 73 74 77 81 84 85 86 89 92 95 V II 6 7 8 9 Binary Search Trees Red-Black Trees Amortized Analysis Splay Trees Second Homework Assignment P RIORITIZING VI III 10 11 12 Heaps and Heapsort Fibonacci Heaps Solving Recurrence Relations Third Homework Assignment VII 2 1 Introduction Meetings. We meet twice a week, on Tuesdays and Thursdays, from 1:15 to 2:30pm, in room D106 LSRC. Communication. The course material will be delivered in the two weekly lectures. A written record of the lectures will be available on the web, usually a day after the lecture. The web also contains other information...
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...* Industrial countries and manufacturing sectors emphasize in human resource management that organizations can adapt any changes in technology, in labour markets, price competition, in capital markets internationally and nationally. * A great deal of attention has been paid in recent years to human resources management practices that are designed to provide employees with skills, information, decision-making responsibility and incentives to improve business performance. These new practises are replacing unions and collective groups of people. * Flexibility adapts the size, composition, responsiveness, and the cost of labour in order to achieve organization’s goals. * Explanation of this: 1) Organizations often hire people for shorter period with specific assignments and this is cheaper than employing permanent staff that maybe sometimes are not fully utilised 2)The size of organization and that of labour force varies from organization to organization 3)High supply of workers willing to work casually- High unemployment and more and more people are educated and the working system cannot absorb them into jobs (Bennett, 1994) * David Guest (1987) in advocating de-centralisation emphasised the role it plays in increasing flexibility within an organisation. He cited flexibility as one of the keys to responding effectively to changes in the environment, and that it is essential for organisational success. * The main forms of flexibility in modern organisation...
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... December 2014 . Table of Contents Title Page i CERTIFICATE ii COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE iii THESIS APPROVAL CERTIFICATE iv DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY v Acknowledgment vi Table of Contents vii List of Figures x Abstract xiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Edge Detection: Analysis 3 1.1.1 Fuzzy Logic in Image Processing 4 1.1.2 Fuzzy Logic for Edge Detection 5 1.1.3 Cellular Learning Automata 6 Chapter 2 Literature Review 7 2.1 Edge Detection: Methodology 7 2.1.1 First Order Derivative Edge Detection 7 2.1.1.1 Prewitts Operator 7 2.1.1.2 [pic] Sobel Operator 8 2.1.1.3 Roberts Cross Operator 11 2.1.1.4 Threshold Selection 11 2.1.2 Second Order Derivative Edge Detection 11 2.1.2.1 Marr-Hildreth Edge Detector 11 2.1.2.2 Canny Edge Detector 12 2.1.3 Soft Computing Approaches to Edge Detection 13 2.1.3.1 Fuzzy Based Approach 14 2.1.3.2 Genetic Algorithm Approach 14 2.1.4 Cellular Learning Automata 15 Chapter 3 Fuzzy Image Processing 18 3.1 Need for Fuzzy Image Processing 19 3.2 Introduction to Fuzzy sets and Crisp sets 20 3.2.1 Classical sets (Crisp sets) 20 3.2.2 Fuzzy sets 21 3.3 Fuzzification 22 3.4 Membership Value Assignment 22 3.5 Defuzzification 23 3.6 Enhancing Edges Using Cellular Learning Automata 26 3.6.1 Divide the Edgy Image Into Overlapping 3 × 3 Windows 26 3.6.2 Penalty and Rewards. 27 Chapter 4 Implementation 30 4.1 Simple algorithm for edge detection using Fuzzy Logic 30 Chapter 5 Conclusion...
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...SI Problems......................................................................................................................................... 3 14.2.1. Typical SI Problems.................................................................................................................... 3 14.2.2. Where SI Problems Happen ........................................................................................................ 3 14.2.3. SI In Electronic Packaging.......................................................................................................... 4 14.3. SI Analysis.......................................................................................................................................... 5 14.3.1. SI Analysis in the Design Flow................................................................................................... 5 14.3.2. Principles of SI Analysis............................................................................................................. 7 14.4. SI Issues in Design.............................................................................................................................. 9 14.4.1. Rise Time and SI......................................................................................................................... 9 14.4.2. Transmission Lines, Reflection, Crosstalk.................................................................................. 9 14.4.3. Power/Ground Noise..................
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...applicable from 2012 entry batch onwards) Course No CH-1101 /PH-1101 EE-1101 MA-1101 CE-1101 HS-1101 CH-1111 /PH-1111 ME-1111 Course Name Semester-1 Chemistry/Physics Basic Electrical Engineering Mathematics-I Engineering Graphics Communication Skills Chemistry/Physics Laboratory Workshop Physical Training-I NCC/NSO/NSS L 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 13 T 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 3 0 2 3 2 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 6 0 0 8 2 C 8 6 8 5 6 2 3 0 0 38 8 8 8 8 6 2 0 0 40 8 8 6 6 6 2 2 2 40 6 6 8 2 Course No EC-1101 CS-1101 MA-1102 ME-1101 PH-1101/ CH-1101 CS-1111 EE-1111 PH-1111/ CH-1111 Course Name Semester-2 Basic Electronics Introduction to Computing Mathematics-II Engineering Mechanics Physics/Chemistry Computing Laboratory Electrical Science Laboratory Physics/Chemistry Laboratory Physical Training –II NCC/NSO/NSS Semester-4 Structural Analysis-I Hydraulics Environmental Engg-I Structural Design-I Managerial Economics Engg. Geology Laboratory Hydraulics Laboratory Physical Training-IV NCC/NSO/NSS Semester-6 Structural Design-II Structural Analysis-III Foundation Engineering Transportation Engineering-II Hydrology &Flood Control Concrete Lab Structural Engineering Lab L 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 15 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 T 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 C 6 6 8 8 8 2 2 2 0 0 42 8 8 6 8 6 2 2 0 0 40 8 8 8 6 6 2 2 MA-1201 CE- 1201 CE...
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...an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.[1] Movable type is the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation). The world's first known movable-type system for printing was created in China around 1040 A.D. by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Song Dynasty;[1] following that, the first metal movable-type system for printing was made in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty (around 1230). This led to the printing of the Jikji in 1377—today the oldest extant movable metal print book. The diffusion of both movable-type systems was, however, limited:[2] They were expensive, and required an enormous amount of labour...
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