Andrea Tone in Birth Control and Anxiety 1. A) What was the primary concern of American manufacturers in producing feminine "hygiene" products, and what was their overall impact on the health of American women?
Manufactures sold a wide array of items, including vaginal jellies, douche powders and liquid, suppositories, and foaming tablets as “feminine hygiene,” an innocuous sounding term coined by advertisers in the 1920s. Publicly, manufactures claimed that feminine hygiene products were sold solely to enhance vaginal cleanliness. Consumers, literally deconstructing advertising text, knew better. Obliquely encoded in feminine hygiene ads and product packaging were indicators of the product’s real purpose; references to “protection,” “security,” or “dependability” earmarked purported contraceptive properties.

B) What was Miltown, how was it marketed, and what was its impact on doctors and the practice of medicine?
It was a fashion and medicine pill that affects chemicals in your brain that may become unbalanced and cause anxiety. It is also used to relieve anxiety, nervousness, and tension associated with anxiety disorders. It was marketed by selling in term of the tranquilizers, which cost about ten cents each. For the first six month and June sales were unimpressive, but in August, unexpectedly sales of Miltown had climbed to $85,000, by September $218,000. The momentum continued. The impact on doctors and the practice of medicine found in after 1950, consumer spending on prescription drugs overtook proprietary sales between 1929 and 1969, the portion of the drug market cornered by prescription medicines grew from 32 to 83 percent. In this new and competitive commercial landscape, where doctors controlled patient access to prescription drugs and patents gave companies a limited time about twenty years to profit from their products, securing physicians brand loyalty was essential.

C) What was the "age of anxiety," how did it inspire Americans use tranquilizers, and what was the role of tranquilizers in transforming Hoffmann-La Roche?
It was the era that most people or celebrity in Hollywood used Miltown pill to prevent the anxiety, nervousness, and tension. It was inspire Americans use tranquilizers by starting the market of the Miltown. Since Miltown can relieve the anxiety, nervousness, and tension associated with disorders, the use of tranquilizers inspired Americans in all ways. The role of tranquilizers in transforming Hoffmann-La Roche was Librium was introduced in 1960. This new tranquilizer was revolutionary in its ability to relieve tension without simultaneously causing apathy. Before long, the company was barely able to keep up with demand; it now held the patent to the one of the best-selling prescription drugs in the world--the best-selling drug in the United States. In 1963, Roche introduced Valium to the market, and, by 1969, Valium exceeded Librium in popularity. Never before had a pharmaceutical company introduced two significant market successes in so short a time. By 1971, some 500 million patients had used one or the other of the drugs, generating an estimated US$2 billion in sales. With several years to go before patents expired, the two drugs continued to break sales records.
Wilkerson on Great Migration 2. A,B,C) What was life like in the South according to the experience of Ida Mae Brandon Gladney, and why did she decide to leave?
What binds these stories together was the back-against-the-wall, reluctant yet hopeful search for something better, any place but where they were. They did what human beings looking for freedom, throughout history, have often done. Blacks fled the South by the millions because they could not bear to live under the narrow confines of the Jim Crow laws that kept them in their place. In the end, it could be said that the common denominator for leaving was the desire to be free, like the Declaration of Independence said, free to try out for most any job they pleased, play checkers with whomever they chose, sit where they wished on the streetcar, watch their children walk across a stage for the degree most of them didn’t have the chance to get. They left to pursue some version of happiness, whether they achieved it or not. It was a seemingly simple thing that the majority of Americans could take for granted but that the migrants and their forebears never had a right to in the world they had fled.
Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters 3. A) Why was the Greensboro Sit-in "so different" and how did the Civil Rights' Movement "born"? (Quickening)
By contrast, Greensboro helped define the new decade. Almost certainly, the lack of planning helped create the initial euphoria. Because the four students at Woolworth’s had no plan, they began with no self-imposed limitations. They defined no tactical goals. They did not train or drill in preparation. They did not dwell on the many forces that might be used against them. The American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) was born based on religious faith strategically applied to solve America's obstinate racial problems. Black Christian leaders and their white allies joined together to challenge the immoral system of racial segregation. The movement sought to address and rectify the generations-old injustices of racism by employing the method of nonviolent resistance which they believed to be modeled after the life and sacrifice of Jesus Christ.

B) What happened in the "Summer of Freedom Rides" and what was its effect on the Movement?
Robert Kennedy was called back to his office when news of the Montgomery riot reached Washington. Kennedy called Seigenthaler in his hospital room and asked him to speak to King. Kennedy wanted the riders to stop before someone was killed. The governor of Alabama was fighting with the federal authorities to keep federal troops out of his state, despite his failure to follow through with his promise to protect the Freedom Riders. A mass meeting was called at Abernathy's church, and people began arriving hours before the meeting was scheduled. Word spread and a white mob began to appear around the church. King was there to speak and became as nervous as everyone else at the sight of the mob outside the church. There were marshals present at the church, holding back the mob due to the fact that the local police and firemen had gone on strike. By urging students under eighteen to break the segregation laws of Mississippi, They tried, convicted, and sentenced to up to three years, they also bailed out on appeal and visited Amzie Moore in Cleveland to regroup. These sentence is the effect on the movement.

C) What happened to Bob Moses in Mississippi, why?
Moses's dedication and personal strength is epitomized in an anecdote from his years in Mississippi. Late at night on August 17, 1962, several carloads of angry white segregationists armed with chains and shotguns invaded and ransacked the Greenwood, Mississippi, office of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Three SNCC workers inside had to climb atop the roof to escape harm. When he heard of the attack, Moses immediately drove 40 miles to the scene to survey the damage. Despite the danger involved, Moses then made up a bed in a corner of the destroyed room and went to sleep. Moses met Amzie Moore, a local activist and the head of the town's National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) chapter. Through long talks, Moore convinced Moses that the key to achieving black empowerment and addressing the intolerable inequities of Southern life was not by the more popular and direct action of sit-ins or picketing, but by the quiet and steady, behind-the-scenes work of voter registration and the consequent power of the ballot box. Moore also believed that in Mississippi such a course of action would be safer in the short run than direct public confrontation even though it was ultimately more radical in its effect.Working with Moore, Moses soon developed a plan to begin registering black Mississippians to vote. Both believed that outside help would be necessary to aid local blacks in overcoming the years of intimidation and enforced segregation.