...that when people are confronted with negative stereotypes about their social identity they tend to perform poorly on a task. On the other hand people tend to do well on tasks when the threat to their social identity is not present. This paper examines Stone’s, Sjomeling’s, Lynch’s and Darley’s experiment focused on whether traditionally non-stigmatized groups such as white college students would also experience distress when their social identity is threatened. Stereotype Threat The anxiety or concern of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s social group in any situation is referred to as the stereotype threat by social psychologist. Ever since it was first introduce by psychologist Claude Steele, the stereotype threat has become one of the most researched topics in the field of psychology, academics, and recently in athletics. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the study: “Stereotype Threat Effects on Black and White Athletic Performance,” conducted by Jeff Stone, Mike Sjomeling, Christian Lynch, and John Darley. The second experiment in the study focused on whether traditionally non-stigmatized groups such as white college students would also experience distress when their social identity is threatened by racial negative stereotypes. The nature of generalized stereotypes among black and white athletic performance dates back to the 1800’s and continues to be a heated debate among social scientist,...
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...recruitment is the largest issue. Also, athletes in public schools start sports a lot later than private schools. Splitting schools and the way you split them has been talked about my tons of experts. Colleges could also be affected by decisions made. Funding is another large issue that comes about in the debate. Comparing enrollment is a very controversial argument as well. The last argument is private schools have to travel very far during tournament time. In all, private schools should not be in the same athletic division as public schools. Recruitment is the process of finding the best individuals academically and athletically to attend your school that may come from another district. This is such a hot topic because private schools can recruit top athletes and top students, and public schools cannot recruit. Public schools have to accept any athlete or student in their district-they have no control over their enrollment, as private schools do. Individuals are attending private schools for sports, not academics. “That’s why I keep telling members we can’t look at it as a public vs. private school issue,” he said. “We have to look at an open enrollment (recruitment) too.” (“Wisconsin Class War”). To solve the recruitment, experts...
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...Academic Performances of Pacians Student Athletes and Non-Athletes as Influenced by their Study Habits CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION “Learning by Doing” John Dewey “How do study habits affect academic performance?” It is a positive statement when one says that man of modern society is so advanced in education, but won’t mind nor think about what steps he could make or trace what good he could do for his fellowmen. Students are the most essential assets for any educational institute. The social and economic development of the country is directly linked with student academic performance. The student’s performances place an important role in producing the best quality graduates who will become great leader and manpower for the country, thus, responsible for the country’s economic and social development. So, the parent and guardians must do their responsibilities and roles to give what they need in education. Study Habit is the act of devoting time and attention to gaining knowledge usually done regularly. Student grades are one of the primary indicators of such learning. And the extent of student’s learning in academics may be determined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning has been done. If a student earns better or high grades it is concluded that they may also have learned a lot while poor or low grades indicate lesser learning. However, many experiences and studies found out that there are also several factors that affects the grades of students;...
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...College Athletics: Career vs. Experience The Debate Some college athletes and their supporters have debated over the years that students should be paid a salary. Those who are in disagreement argue that intercollegiate athletics should be viewed as one part of the college experience and not a career. They express that athletes are already receiving payment in the form of scholarships. But is it enough? Most scholarships cover approximately $20,000 to $35,000 worth of college expenses, including books, fees, tuition, and room and board (Brian, 2014). The Numbers Looking at the research provided by the National Athletic Trainer’s association, approximately 200,000 injuries are reported by college athletes caused by the strenuous nature of their sport (Thomas, 2014). Nearly 30% of these injuries have been chalked up to “over-use” injuries (injuries caused by long training sessions and repetitive motions), with women making up 62% of those injuries, and are more commonly found in low-contact sports. “Overuse injuries may present not only physical challenges but also psychological ones that could significantly affect an athlete’s recovery and performance” said Tracey Covassin, a co-author of a study for the Journal of Athletic Training publication that researches injuries and their impact on college athletes (Cody, 2012). Another aspect of this problem that needs attention is what happens to these student athletes that have career-ending or long-term disabilities due to injuries...
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...Chapter 2 The Effect of Athlete Endorsers on Consumer Purchase Decision of Teenagers for Non–Sporty Products Chua-Lao, Peterlao F. Cristobal, Michelle Ann Manlangit, Stephen John 3AMC Chapter 2 Introduction Nowadays, the utilization of celebrity-athletes on endorsements are very much common. Everyone is aware of the fact that numerous athletes are being contacted by various companies to co-present their products; whether it may be a sports or a non-sports brand product or services. But what we do not know is the concept of how much of an impact the celebrity-athlete impact gives to the audience. It is explained in this part the difference between an athlete’s endorsement on sports brand and an athlete’s endorsement on non-sports brand. It is also stated in this chapter the effects of the two, of what is being perceived by consumers and how they are going to respond based on attitude. Athlete endorsement One of the most common approaches to increase sales is the use of athlete endorsers as to continuously remind them of the product (Ruihley, 2010). According to a study, for an endorsement to be effective, the chosen athlete endorser must be amid the leading performers of his or her career and must seem to have a reliable attitude to the purchasers. (Ruihley, 2010). In a consumer’s point of view, in promotions, it is more engaging and consistent when a celebrity is being used as the endorser; as this forms brand image. (Sertoglu, 2014) But still, efficiency of...
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...Research shows that the public's opinion varies on the use of performance enhancing drugs, depending how they are used. Media has highlighted scandal after scandal in professional sports, and rest assured there are more headlines to come. Olympians have been stripped of their medals, athletes have been suspended, and Hall of Fame status has been denied due to use of these substances. Professional athletes are held in high esteem, being seen as role models and put on pedestals until a scandal comes out about them. No doubt there is much scrutiny and criticism surrounding these individuals, but there is another use of performance enhancing drugs that goes widely unnoticed. Students on college campuses around the nation are using prescription...
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...From what I can understand, pretty much all water is vapor distilled, meaning it originally came from clouds.According to their website, most SmartWater is procured from municipal water systems. Read, “tap water.”Then the Smart Water goes through Glaceau’s proprietary filtration process, that removes just about everything from the water except two H’s and an O. SmartWater then adds back in the electrolytes calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and potassium bicarbonate for taste. I think the for taste part is important because the nutrition label still reads 0 mg of sodium, and the amounts of electrolytes added have essentially zero gatorade-effect. In fact, the amount of electrolytes found in SmartWater is less than in other brands of non-electrolyte-added” bottled waters. The reason why it is called Smartwater is because it’s business of course! Globally, bottled water is a $100 billion dollar industry. Glaceau has found a smart way to buy tap water for a national average price of $0.002/gallon, clean it up, and sell it for more than $5/gallon. A 250,000% markup makes for an insanely profitable business. By calling it Smart Water, Glaceau is basically calling every other bottled water brand Stupid...
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...Pay to Play: Economic Impact of Paying College Athletes 1. Purpose of Research & Analysis On April 25, 2014, the National Labor Relations Board in Washington, D.C., granted Northwestern University's request to review the decision made by the regional office recognizing the school's football players as employees. In mid-April, Northwestern football players voted as a team on whether or not to unionize, but the votes will only be opened if the board ends up siding with the players, which may take at least a couple of months. Ultimately, the Northwestern football players are determining their fate through this secret ballot and their decision to form the first union amongst college athletes—a decision that has the ability to change the landscape of American college sports. If granted the right to unionize, the Northwestern football team will actually have the ability to bargain over their conditions and it is expected that this could ultimately lead to requesting salary compensation for their efforts. In light of these recent historic discussions, it is critical to analyze not only the ethical, but also the economic impact of such potential situations. My research paper has been structured to shed some light into the challenging and complicated discussions that continue to occur around this topic. Specifically, I have broken my research and analysis into three key topics. First, I explore whether or not there is an underlying issue with the current state, from an economic perspective...
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...History Generosity is a quality, the desire to give to others without being asked. Before even the enactment of any legislation, philanthropists helped to shape the way we organize to support the less fortunate. The history of charitable organizations in the United States originated almost at the same time as the formation of our new nation. Benjamin Franklin, was one the founders of our nations and the earliest American philanthropists. He founded the University of Pennsylvania to educate youth. The early setters formed charitable and voluntary associations to help with issues of the era like education, orphanages, and illness (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley & Stanton, 2008 p. 1). Young Americans were able to form charitable organizations to fill gaps in the social welfare programs. Back then, charities were mainly hospitals and orphanages support by religious groups and wealthy individuals. During the 19th century, these organizations were controlled and founded by private corporations or a person (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley & Stanton, 2008 p. 2). The bloom of the American industry gave birth to bigger corporations; at the same time, the increase of more formal charitable organizations. It wasn’t until the late 19th century that government began paying more attention to this new sector. The first legislation the government imposed was in1894, the Tariff Act that established a flat two percent tax to corporate income, but excluded charities. However, the Tariff Act was...
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...academic journal performed research on work-life balance and its effects on productivity. An organizational point of view is offered. Since most college teams are considered organizations, the source is applicable to the business side of the conflicts student athletes’ experience. The data that is collected and analyzed is from international firms. This perspective provides insight into how work-life balance affects more than the athletes, but the organizations they represent. 2. Bowen, G. William; Shulman, James L. 2001. The game of life: college sports and educational values. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. The source argues that society has developed college athletics into a marketable organization. This argument translates suggests that student athletes can be viewed as employees who have work-life balance conflicts. Their work is associated with their athletic development, and their life is the activities engaged in as students. It argues, agreeing with the Sperber source, that student athletes are more entertainers than students. They are used to earn the college revenue from fan attendance and increased admission applications due to the college’s athletic glory. The source also defends athletes’ significantly lower academic standings and resulting academic gap by claiming they are compared to the other students who are typically demographically representative of the best students from the country. The work-life balance conflict is also defined. ...
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...Obstacle vs. Opportunity During the course of her interview on The Wendy Williams Show, with Wendy Williams, Lolo Jones explains how she uses her past failures as motivation to achieve her dreams. Through everything she has been through, Lolo never quit. She never took the easy way out and always kept her eye on her dream. Her story is “not complete.” (qtd. in Rashaad Jorden) and in this interview it is clear that she is continuing to focus on the opportunities in front of her. Lolo Jones is not just an inspiration to track athletes; she is a role model to different types of athlete and non-athletes. Many people with various backgrounds, can relate to her and use her as an example in their own lives. As a professional athlete, Lolo also uses her sponsors as way to give back to many communities and charities that she is involved with. Despite encountering obstacles many times in her career and experiencing failures, Lolo Jones has never given up the pursuit of her dreams. She continues to be an inspiration to many athletes and people around the world as she has for the last decade. Lolo Jones faced a great deal of adversity to get to where she is now. According to Lolo, she grew up in Iowa and had very little money or material possessions. Her father was in and out of jail; her mother raised Lolo along with her four siblings as a single parent. Eventually Lolo was discovered in high school and worked herself to a full-ride scholarship at LSU where she won a national...
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...to vote, to Roe vs. Wade, women have been fighting for centuries for equal rights. While there is still a long way to go, many significant strides have been made in this ongoing battle. One of the great achievements of the women’s movement was the enactment of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. It states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance" (Storm 320). Before Title IX, few opportunities existed for female athletes. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which was created in 1906 to format and enforce rules in men’s football but had become the ruling body of college athletics, offered no athletic scholarships for women and held no championships for women’s teams. Furthermore, facilities, supplies and funding were lacking. As a result, in 1972 there were just 30,000 women participating in NCAA sports, as opposed to 170,000 men (Simon 92). Title IX applies to educational institutions that receive any federal funds and prohibits discrimination in all educational programs and activities. Athletic programs are considered educational programs and activities. Title IX gives women athletes the right to equal...
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...ratios………………………………………………………….19 Management effectiveness…………………………………………….......19 Efficiency………………………………………………………………….19 Valuation Tables Pro Forma Income Statement……………………………………………..21 Pro Forma Balance Sheet…………………………………………………23 Free Cash Flow……………………………………………….…………...25 Free cash flow valuation summary……………………………..……...….26 WACC calculation………………………………………………………...27 Sensitivity analysis………………………………………………………...27 Graphs/ Plots Net income (loss) by year……………………………………………….…28 Free cash flow by year……………………………………………………..28 Written Report Executive Summary Executive Summary Introduction of the Firm Under Armour (UA) was incorporated on July 1, 1996; producing and distributing performance apparel and footwear for athletes of all ages. The brand engineered a fabric that enhances performance and comfort through its “moisture wicking” fabrications that helps athlete’s performance no matter the weather at hand. UA operates in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia and Latin America. UA generates most of their revenues through wholesalers, planning to grow business operations by expanding their network of wholesalers and direct customers in more than 13 countries outside of the US. Stock price valuation In order to value Under Armour, our group collected financial...
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...Guess Whose Coming to Dinner, Glory Road, Guess Who, Remember the Titans, The Great Debaters, etc. After finding all these movies I decided I wanted to do something that deals with something I can closely relate to, after some great thought I went with the Disney movie, Glory Road. Glory Road is a movie that is based on a true story that happened at the University of Texas El Paso in 1966. It addresses the events that the players and coaches faced during this time period due to racism. Once a girl’s high school basketball coach, Don Haskins was recruited by UTEP to be the head coach of the men’s basketball program. At the time of taking the job, Coach Haskins had no idea what he got himself in to. He walked himself into a program with a non-existent recruiting budget. With no money to recruit Coach Haskins was not able to attract the more popular and well-known white player to UTEP. Not willing to give up on his winning tendencies he decides to change it up by recruiting African American players from New York. In America during the 1960s race was an overriding issue in sports. Black players were openly admitted to be superior to whites in basketball, and black players clearly changed the character of the game during the decade, bringing speed, jumping ability, and showmanship. This is something that Coach Haskins seen and this is ultimately why he decided to bring...
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...Ethical issues regarding the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports In the history of 20th century sports, specifically in the post World War 2 era, there has been an ever increasing use of performance enhancing drugs in all avenues of sport. Sports have become money making machine for both athletes and big business and the “win at all costs” attitude which has permeated itself into all aspects of professional and college level athletics. Winners make money, losers don’t. The temptation of fame, notoriety and million dollar contracts in all venues of sport is a lure for many athletes. Elite professional athletes are worshiped in today’s society. This paper will elaborate on the use of performance enhancing drugs in the sporting world and the associated sports ethical issues. It is a majority belief in all sporting circles that the “true” spirit of sportsmanship does not allow any aspect of performance enhancing drugs. There are several arguments both in favor and against the use of performance enhancing drugs which will be presented and discussed in this paper. While addressing this ethical issue, we need to define the term ethics. Ethics can be defined as the socially accepted norms and values. These norms and values are varied from society to society and are based on culture and tradition. Ethics also could be defined as the unsaid, un-written and understood laws that prevail in a society. Ethics also cover what is right and what is wrong in society and teaches...
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