...Chapter 17 Atlantic Revolutions and Their Echoes 1750–1914 MARGIN REVIEW QUESTIONS Q. In what ways did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the Atlantic revolutions? • The Enlightenment promoted the idea that human political and social arrangements could be engineered, and improved, by human action. • New ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance, republicanism, human rationality, popular sovereignty, natural rights, the consent of the governed, and social contracts developed during the Enlightenment, providing the intellectual underpinnings of the Atlantic revolutions. Q. What was revolutionary about the American Revolution, and what was not? • The American Revolution was revolutionary in that it marked a decisive political change. • It was not revolutionary in that it sought to preserve the existing liberties of the colonies rather than to create new ones. Q. How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution? • While the American Revolution expressed the tensions of a colonial relationship with a distant imperial power, the French insurrection was driven by sharp conflicts within French society. • The French Revolution, especially during its first five years, was a much more violent, far-reaching, and radical movement than its American counterpart. • The French revolutionaries perceived themselves as starting from scratch in recreating the social order, while the Americans sought...
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...In the late 1700’s, the main conflict throughout the Atlantic was freedom to all. This period showed many views from different people in ways in which they tried to express the word. People in the America’s and eastern nations such as France were trying to rebuild their nations with an idea that all men are created equal, that they are given the right not from authority, but by birth. From the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” in France which was their laws to give men freedom, to a wealthy man in Venezuela named Simon Bolivar who helped free his country from Spanish rule only to struggle with making his country a federation after the destruction, you see that freedom is hard to concur. Independence cannot only be observed individually. When trying to build a successful nation there are rights of groups of people that need to be examined as well. Freedom comes as a nation, not as a man. The idea of human rights began with the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” in France. This declaration mapped out the individual rights of men, very similar to the Declaration of Independence in the United States. Most importantly, this document expressed that all men are born free and equal, and that their rights are not dependent on their social status. This controversial idea was the start of a revolution, not only in France, but reaching out to colonial empires all over the Atlantic. Many questioned the legitimacy of these rights and whether they truly...
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...Atlantic Revolutions, 1600-1825 The revolutions of the eighteenth century have their origins in political and cultural developments of the seventeenth century. Of course, they were also products of all of major developments the European conquest of the Americas, the rise of kingdom states and empires, the tremendous wealth that resulted from the expansion of global trade, and the development of colonial cultures and societies in the Americas. Scholars call these cultures and societies creole societies, because they blended elements of European, native American, and African culture and society. Developments in England, 1641-1688 But revolutions are also inspired by ideas, and ideas that we may take for granted today had much of their start in England. Political conflict in Great Britain was a common theme of the seventeenth century. In 1641, a civil war led to the execution of the king (Charles I), and the establishment of a republic, what was known as the Commonwealth. Politics and religion both played a part in the Civil War, with the English nobility and wealthy commoners (whose interests were represented in Parliament, England’s legislature) wanting a greater say in how royal revenues were raised and spent. This republic quickly became a military dictatorship, and the old king’s son (Charles II) was invited back. But when Charles II died, the next king soon ran into trouble with Parliament, who feared that this king, James II, wanted too much power for himself. So in...
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...I am addressing the issue of the revolutionary voices during the Atlantic Revolutions to show how they contributed to the political and social transformations in Europe and in the Americas and what their limitations were. The 18th and 19th centuries marked the beginning of dramatic social and political change. There were 3 main ideals have made the largest impact today. The first principle is the ideal of equality. It stemmed from Enlightenment thinking, but quickly grew to become believed by more than just the educated elite. One famous example of this is in the Declaration of Independence where it says “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.” Another example is from The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The first point it makes is that, “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights; social distinctions may be based only upon general usefulness.” The first part of the sentence says that men are considered equal in their rights as people but not necessarily equal in...
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...3. Did the Atlantic Revolutions fulfill or betray the goals of those who made them? Consider this question in both short and long-term perspectives. Although the Atlantic Revolutions helped gain some semblance of independence, it strayed away from the initial goals the regions had wanted. Although North America managed to gain freedom from British rule, its colonies were still constructed the same. Social transformation did not occur, even though many citizens thought that they were creating a “new order for the ages” within the society. This conservative movement achieved the existing liberties of the colonies instead of making new ones. The French Revolution focused their efforts to create a new society of social equality and remove the presence of monarchy. And although the country became a republic and passed universal male suffrage, it was never implemented any further. The gender roles of during the French Revolution were not fully supported by the male population, even though women sought to become more active in the major events of the revolution....
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...THE NATIONAL ECONOMIES OF THE WORLD. 1. To improve our understanding of international business and trade, we must first look at the global picture, that is the national economies, or countries. 2. There are approximately 200 countries, or economies in the world, of varying sizes and positions. 3. Students are encouraged to study the world map to understand these economies better. 4. We look at national economies on two aspects first, population size, and economic size (GDP). 5. The world population is about 7 billion people, and the largest countries in terms of population are China and India (billion club), followed by the hundred millions club, like the USA, Japan et cetera, then the rest of the countries. 6. Students need to look at the list of the countries by population and memorize some of these figures (approximation). For example, the USA has a population of 320 million, Japan 127 million, Indonesia about 200 million, Singapore about 5 to 6 million people. These figures are important for us to understand IBM. 7. Another aspect to look at is economic size. The world economy is worth about USD 72 trillion, and students may look at the top 10 largest economies in the world since they play a big role in IBT (International Business and Trade). 8. The largest economy is the USA with USD17 trillion, followed by China (USD 9 trillion), Japan etc. 9. We may also look at regions, and the three most significant regions, called the Triad, is North America, Western Europe...
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...1. The British had many advantages in the American Revolution. For one thing, their navy was by far the largest in the world. This allowed them to patrol the American shores and ensure that they were not receiving supplies from an outside source. Also, they had large factories which produced great cannons, muskets, and other weapons. The army also had trained engineers and experienced professionals. 2. The Americans had an advantage over the British in terms of army size. The British only had 35000 troops, 7500 of which were in Ireland. They had to hire 30000 Hessian mercenaries, five thousand of which deserted after arrival in America. England also had to cross the 3000 miles of the Atlantic ocean, and only to fight in unfamiliar, badly mapped territory. Also, British soldiers were not used to terrain. Finally, American guns were more accurate that British guns. 3. Washington would often show himself to his soldiers, which was possible because he had such a small army. Therefore, the men were more confident and trusting towards Washington, and thus the army’s loyalty was established. 4. American women made many contributions during the American Revolution. They helped make munitions, supply soldiers with food and clothing, and even took over their husbands’ trades when they went to fight. In some cases, like that of Molly Pitcher, they even fought on the battlefield against the British. 5. Congress, in order to solve the problem of financing the war effort, borrowed money...
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...Panama Canal was one of the United States of America’s biggest projects ever built and is known by some people as one of the 7 great wonders of the world. This structure was built in 1901 and spreads over 50 miles of land. The Panama Canal was said to be impossible to build, as so many countries helped to create it. The French were the first to begin the project, but due to financial obstacles, they stopped the process. Not just this but the French did not have the technology to go any further. Further down the timeline, an American company began to build the canal, and the project was on again. One by one, 50 countries helped build this canal, going through Panama connecting the two greatest oceans together, the Pacific ocean and the Atlantic ocean....
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...Books by Saul Alinsky John L. Lewis, An Unauthorized Biography Reveille for Radicals The Professional Radical (with Marian Sanders) Rules for Radicals RULES FOR RADICALS A Practical Primer for Realistic Radicals SAUL D. ALINSKY RANDOM HOUSE New York Acknowledgments This chapter "Of Means and Ends" was presented in the Auburn Lecture Series at Union Theological Seminary. Some of the other sections of this book were delivered in part in lectures before the Leaders of America series at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California; Yale Political Union, New Haven, Connecticut, April, 1970; The Willis D. Wood Fellowship Lecture, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, May, 1969; American Society of Newspaper Editors, Washington, D.C., 1968; U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D.C.; March, 1968; A.F. of L.-C.I.O. Labor Press Association, Miami, Florida, December, 1967; American Whig-Cliosophic Society, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1967; Centennial Address, Episcopal Theological Seminary, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968; Harvard Medical Conference, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Copyright © 1971 by Saul D. Alinsky All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. ISBN: 0-394-44341-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 70-117651 ...
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...loyalty, integrity and longevity. Understanding Starbucks’ development into an international giant and the strategic approach they took to get there begins with the origins of coffee itself. Ever since it first spread through the Moslem world in the sixteenth century, coffee has played a pivotal role in society by providing meeting places for intellectuals from all sides of life to converge. As coffee was slowly introduced to the European world it was recognized for both its sociability and its taste. Soon Coffee houses were prevalent throughout Europe and were the natural locations for political, literary and societal debate. It crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the mid-seventeenth century and replaced beer as New York City’s favorite morning drink. It can be said that the Boston Tea Party was the beginning of not one but two major revolutions in America. The first was the revolt of the colonists against England, and the second was coffee’s dominance as the beverage of choice for patriotic...
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...Roosevelt had solved many international problems. He had a firm hand on domestic affairs and became known for his walk softly and carries a big stick attitude of running the country. /While in office Roosevelt became a trust buster by forcing railroads combination in the Northwest to break apart. Roosevelt saw himself a representative of all people, including farmers, laborers, white collar workers and businessmen Roosevelt therefore was focused on bringing big business under stronger regulation so that he could effectively serve all the people he represented. During his time as President, Roosevelt steered the United States more actively into world politics. He was aware of the need for a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as a means of connecting the world. As a result, in 1903, construction of the Panama Canal began. // ////////// / /Theodore Roosevelt IN 1904, THEODORE ROOSEVELT WON THE PRESIDENCY. HE STRONGLY LED CONGRESS AND THE AMERICAN PUBLIC TOWARDS NEW REFORMS AND A STRONG FOREIGN POLICY. By the end of his first term, Roosevelt had solved many international problems. He had a firm hand on domestic affairs and became known for his walk softly and carries a big stick attitude of running the country. While in office Roosevelt became a trust buster by forcing railroads combination in the Northwest to break apart. Roosevelt saw himself a representative of all people, including farmers...
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...America Transformed In the 19th century Americas Social structure and Economy underwent many drastic changes. Many of these changes were a direct result of industrialization. As technology developed and the people moved farther and farther west, new and lucrative opportunities presented themselves. Most of the technology was created for the purpose of better productivity in agriculture and manufacturing. These technological advancements had major effects on the nation’s economies. As the populations grew the need for expansion grew as well. With the rise of nationalism, so came the growth of democracy. Following the American Revolution, the concept of nationalism was beginning to take hold on the people. At the beginning of the 19th century Americans had much to be proud of. They had just won their independence from Britain and created the Constitution. With many of the new technological advancements of the 19th century the people began finding more efficient ways of manufacturing and distributing goods. The assembly line contributed to the development of a new working class (Brinkly, 2007). The Cotton Gin revolutionized the cotton economy in the south and contributed to the industrialization of the north by means of the textile industry. Steamboats stimulated the agriculture economy by making shipping more efficient and in turn lowering the cost of goods. Between 1800 and 1820 the plantation system was booming in the south with the growing demand of cotton...
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...International Negotiations MGT445 International Negotiations One of the greatest engineering feats to take place in modern history is the Panama Canal. The canal connects the Pacific and Atlantic oceans through the country of Panama. The canal is 50 miles in length and provides easy and reliable crossings for more than 750 thousands vessels. Ship makers around the world build ships specifically to fit the double locks that make up the water way (Panama Facts, 2010). The ships that use this water way reduce their travel time by weeks because they do not have to travel around the tip of South America. However, without decades of negotiations, this canal would not exist (The Panama Canal Negotiations, 2012). The negotiations began in 1847 when the United States entered a treaty with the country of Colombia. This treaty allowed America to use the Isthmus of Panama for shipping. The treaty also guaranteed Panama’s neutrality and gave Colombia sovereignty over the entire region (The Panama Canal Negotiations, 2012). Nothing else significant happened until the French attempted to build a canal across Panama in 1881. However, the French did not realize the problems ahead and stopped the project in just eight years. Despite the noted problems, America considered a canal there as vital to its future and therefore, took up the contract to build the canal (The Panama Canal Negotiations, 2012). Finally, in 1889 the French entered into negations to turn over the project to America...
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...Jozy Martinez Mr. R Art History October 21,2014 Christopher Columbus Throughout history both men and women have brought changes all over this world, whether it was through revolution, discoveries, or simple changes in the way of life. One of these important people is Christopher Columbus. About five hundred years ago, the world was known to be flat, this was until Columbus came along. His main goal was to find a new way to get to Asia, instead he had discovered something even bigger than a new trade route, he discovered a whole new world. Although this might seem as though he was viewed as someone who helped benefit the world (a hero), Christopher Columbus can also be classified as a terrorist due to the way he treated the natives he found on his journey and how he took control of their natural resources. Christopher Columbus, the son of a poor wool merchant, was born in 1451 in Genoa (Italy). Columbus had worked for his father in his early years until he was a teenager. He had gotten a job on a merchant ship that traded their goods at various ports in the Mediterranean Sea. Between his voyages he studied both cartography (mapmaking) and geography. In the 1470’s, Columbus had travelled and live in Portugal. This was the greatest European seafaring center of the age, which meant that it was the center for explorers. During his stay in Portugal he studied mathematics, astronomy and navigation. Together with all his mastered skills he began to...
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...The Panama Canal is approximately eighty kilometers long between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This waterway was cut through one of the narrowest parts of the isthmus that joins North and South America. The Canal uses a system of locks to raise and lower ships to the desired elevation. The locks function as water lifts: they raise ships from sea level(Atlantic or Pacific Ocean) to the level of Gatun Lake, which is twenty-six meters above sea level. Ships then sail the channel through the Continental Divide. Each set of locks bears the name of the town where it was built, Gatun ( on the Atlantic side), and Pedro Miguel and Miraflores ( on the Pacific side). The lock chambers, which are steps, are 33.5 meters wide by 304.8 meters long. The...
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