...Agoo Technical & Vocational Education Training Center Sta. Barbara Agoo, La Union DISEASES (REPORT by GROUP 3) Submitted by: Michelle Manzano Alvin Viduya Jane Foronda Rhodora Gagaoin Arlene Heruela Jo-ann Eballar Marlon Catalan Submitted to: Mr. Jose Eric Rivera THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS What is Thromboangiitis Obliterans? * Also known as Buerger’s Disease * A rare disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. In buerger’s disease your blood vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked with blood clots. This eventually damages or destroy skin tissues and lead to infection usually first shows in the hands and feet and may eventually affect larger areas of your arms and legs SYMPTOMS * Pain in your lower legs or feet when walking * Pain in your hands or forearms * Blood clots * Ulcers on your toes and fingers * Raynaud’s syndrome, a narrowing of blood vessels in your hands and sometimes your toes TREATMENT * Stopping all smoking and other forms of tobacco use * Having surgery to bring blood to the affected tissues (people who have smoked for more than 20 years are more likely to need surgery COMPLICATIONS * Changes in the way you walk or move due to pain * Ulcers * Tissue damage or tissue death * Gangrene * Amputation ASTHMA What is Asthma? * Asthma existed in ancient egyptian times and there’s some evidence that asthma has been around even before that. The...
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...Integumentary Disorders Anatomy of the skin The skin consists of 3 layers: 1. Epidermis- non vascular outermost layer, continuously dividing cells 2. Dermis- takes the largest portion of the skin and provides strength and structure. It consists of glands (sebaceous, sweat), hair follicle, blood vessels, and nerve endings 3. Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)- the inner most layer. contains major vascular networks, fat, nerves, and lymphatics Function of the skin • Protection- protection of underlying structures from invasion by bacteria, noxious chemicals and foreign matter. • Sensory perception- transmits pain, touch, pressure, temperature, itching, etc • Fluid balance (excretion)- absorption of fluids and evaporation of excess. • Temperature regulation- produced heat released through skin by radiation, conduction, and convection 1|Page • Vitamin synthesis- skin exposed to ultra violet light can convert substances necessary for synthesizing vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). • Aesthetic- affects appearance Factors influencing skin integrity • Immoblity is the major factor leading to pressure sore development . • The pt who is confined to bed & unable to change position is at greatest risk . • Trauma most likely occur – over the prominent areas – weight bearing areas • • Prolonged pressure impairs blood flow to tissue & resulfs in ischemia & inferction The extent of pressure necessary to cause tisue damage...
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...airways resulting in an increased residual lung volume at the end of expiration. A high residual lung volume causes the muscles to work harder and therefore chest tightness can be felt. The high residual lung volume can also account for the hyperinflation of lungs which was seen on Josh’s radiograph, the peribronchial inflammation in asthma causes bronical marking around the airways, which occurs when excess mucus builds up in the small airway passages of the lungs. 2. Explain the failure of Josh’s asthma to improve despite frequent use of bronchodilators, and his response to steroid therapy. Bronchodilators simply cause the smooth tissue to relax, allow the airways in the lungs to open up, but in severe/ chronic cases of allergic asthma there are multiple symptoms other than constriction of the smooth muscles. Patients with chronic allergic asthma also experience production of excess mucus and...
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...Growing World of Camellia Sinensis Tea originated 5,000 years ago and now has more than 3,000 different variations. Ever since it was originated, it has made a historical and a cultural significance in the world. All classes of tea derived from the same plant, Camellia Sinensis. Isn’t it surprising that teas with different flavor and aroma are made from the same leaf? As time passed, tea began to be drunk as something that satisfies thirst and as a table luxury. Tea also has many medical applications as Bencao Shiyi, a Chinese classical pharmaceutical book, has states, “Drinking tea for a long time will make one live long to stay in good shape without becoming too fat and too heavy.” It is said that tea was first discovered by the second emperor of China, Shen Nung. Legend has it that while boiling some drinking water, tea leaves blew into his pot. He found the flavor pleasant. He then experimented with the leaves and discovered that it has some medicinal properties. He acknowledged it gave one "vigor of body, contentment of mind, and determination of purpose." He began cultivating the plant for the benefit of his nation. In the early days tea was primarily used as medicine and was very bitter. It took three centuries for the drink to become popular in China. Due to its popularity during the Tang Dynasty it became taxed commodity. Preceding Ming Dynasty, tea was manufactured for strictly for import in China. It was not until the early 1600s that the Dutch introduced...
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...Marks demonstrated a correlation between rhinitis/extrinsic asthma and geographic tongue. The studies “suggest that geographic tongue is a sign common to those patients who have a tendency to develop recurrent acute inflammatory disease on surfaces in contact with the external environment (for example, asthma or rhinitis), whether they are atopic or not” (Marks). As previously discussed, increased levels of HLA-DRW6 antigen found in those diagnosed with geographic tongue have also been linked to short-ragweed Ra6 allergy (Marsh) as well as pemphigus vulgaris, dermatitis, herpetiformis, and type I diabetes (“HLA DR Antigen”), which further demonstrates a possible predisposition and correlation between autoimmunity/genetics and migratory stomatitis. Marks also conducted a similar study comparing geographic tongue patients with a healthy control and found that “There was a significantly high frequency of personal and/or family history of asthma, eczema and hay fever amongst the patients when compared to a control population” and “A raised total serum of IgE (greater than or equal to 200u/ml) was significantly more frequent in patients compared to a control population” (Marks*). This study also showed “an increased incidence of tissue type HLA-B15 in atopic patients with geographic tongue” (Jainkittivong). The HLA-B15 antigen has been associated with erythema multiforme, “an acute, self-limited, and sometimes recurring...
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...syndrome (HIES), is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by elevated serum levels of IgE, pneumonia, recurrent eczema, eosinophilia, and staphyloccocal skin infections. It is estimated to affect 1:100,00 and it can inherited by be either an autosomal dominant (AD) mutation in STAT3 gene, or autosomal recessive mutation in DOCK8 gene (Grimbacher, Holland, & Puck, Hyper-IgE syndromes, 2005). History The autosomal dominant HIES was first described in 1966 by Davis, Schaller and Wedgwood. They investigated a rare case of two red-haired girls with recurrent eczema, pneumonia and staphylococcal skin infections and referred to it as Job’s syndrome (Davis, Schaller, & Wedgwood, 1966). Later on, in 1972, Buckley et al. worked on a case of two boys presenting the same symptoms as well as eosinophilia, severe dermatitis and elevated serum IgE levels and referred to it as Buckley’s syndrome (Buckley, Wray BB, & Belmaker, 1972). Further research in the first case of the two girls confirmed that they also had high serum IgE levels and abnormalities in neutrophil chemotaxis suggesting that both Davis and Buckley were describing the same syndrome (Hill, et al., 1974). For many years the condition was only associated with the immune system. In 1999, Grimbacher et al., proved that autosomal dominant HIES also affects the skeletal and connective tissue in a study involving 30 patients with hyper-IgE syndrome and 70 of their relatives. The majority of the patients were presented...
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...Abstract In 2003 the Government’s recommendations for the introduction of solid food to babies changed from four months to six months. Many parents continue to introduce solid food earlier than six months despite being aware of the recommendations. Delivering key messages about weaning has always been a part of the health visitors role. However, no formal, evidence based weaning intervention is currently being promoted to health visitors and advice continues to be communicated at the discretion of individual practitioners. Very little research exists on this topic, much emphasis has been placed on encouraging breast feeding as the main focus infant nutrition literature. Yet childhood obesity is on the rise and establishing healthy eating habits as a baby could pave the way for healthy eating habits later in life. This paper looks at the ways professionals communicate general messages about weaning and attempts to provide some clarity and guidance for health visitors about a humanistic intervention to educate parents about the benefits of waiting till six months, rather than using ‘scare tactics’ as to what could happen if they wean earlier. It is hoped that not only will this paper provide guidance about best practice, it will also highlight the importance of the subject and the pressing need for urgent research on the specific topic of delivering weaning advice. Table of Contents Page Abstract 1 ...
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...Food Allergens An allergy is used to describe a response, within the body, to a substance, which is not necessarily harmful in itself, but results in an immune response and a reaction that causes symptoms and disease in a predisposed person. All food allergies are caused by an immune system malfunction. The immune system identifies certain proteins as harmful, triggering the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to neutralize the proteins known as allergens. Allergens are organic compound that contain hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which form an important part of living organisms. Allergens contain protein, which is often regarded as a constituent of the food that we eat. For these to cause an allergic response they need to be bound to a protein once they are in the body. An allergic person’s immune system believes allergens to be damaging and so produces a special type of antibody (IgE) to attack the invading material. This leads to other blood cells to release further chemicals (including histamine), which together cause the symptoms of an allergic reaction. The most common symptoms are: sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes and ears, severe wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, sinus problems, a sore palate, swelling, sickness, vomiting, diarrhea and nettle-like rash.Almost anything can be an allergen for someone, but the most common are: wheat, soy, milk, eggs, nuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish and other, like sulfites, which are food intolerances and...
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...ASTHMA PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS ASTHMA CASE STUDY RICK, 44 YO MALE COMES TO CLINIC COMPLAINING OF ALLERGIES AND ASTHMA. HE HAS HAD MILD INTERMITTENT ASTHMA FOR YEARS THAT IS TRIGGERED BY ALLERGIES AND RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS. THE PAST FEW WEEKS HIS SEASONAL ALLERGIES HAVE BEEN BOTHERING HIM, HE HAS BEEN USING HIS ALBUTEROL A COUPLE TIMES A DAY FOR A WHEEZY COUGH. HAS BEEN TAKING BENADRYL FOR HIS ALLERGIES, BUT IT MAKES HIM SLEEPY AND HE CAN’T TAKE IT AT WORK. HE IS ABLE TO WORK, BUT HE CANNOT FINISH HIS ROUTINE 5-MILE RUN EACH DAY DUE TO COUGHING. PHYSICAL EXAM: AFEBRILE, 02 SAT 95% ROOM AIR, SPIROMETRY FEV1 75% MEDICATIONS: ALBUTEROL INHALER & BENADRYL ETIOLOGY OF ASTHMA • The complete causes of asthma are unknown. Heredity does seem to play a role as do allergens and environmental factors. Atopy – genetic predisposition for developing IgE-mediated response to common aeroallergens, is strongest predisposing factor for development of asthma. • Allergic/extrinsic asthma – result of antigen/antibody reaction on mast cells in respiratory tract. Causes release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells which elicit clinical response associated with an asthma attack. Usual onset 5 15 yrs. • Idiosyncratic asthma- neurological imbalance in ANS in which alpha and beta adrenergic as well as cholinergic sites of the ANS are not properly coordinated. Usual onset later in life. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ASTHMA • Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways...
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...Historical Perspectives of the Diagnosis of Asthma in Children 1. Introduction: The causes of Asthma: Looking at some recent reports of asthma disease, most of the acute exacerbation because cold and phlegm caused by dysfunction of the lungs which occurred in sputum of asthma. Chronic repeatedly patients mostly offset organs function. Its complex etiology occurs due to some reasons of genetic, physical fitness, diet, environment, age, and other factors related to work and rest, and emphasize internal and external consistency due to infestation. Asthma patients in the onset of the disease is often accompanied by an abnormal increase in serum IgE, IgE is the primary antibody of Ι type hypersensitivity, when its binding to the antigen, mast cells and basophils release of large amounts of biologically active substances, causing a series Asthma disease symptoms, but also by the synthesis of IgE Ts cell regulation (Huang Zhiying 2011). The physiological basis of Asthma: There are many different causes of bronchial obstruction, which is the synonymous of asthma, such as bronchospasm, abnormalities, new growths, swelling of the bronchial mucosa and so on. Some causes may result in mechanical obstruction by new growth, foreign bodies and congenital abnormalities. There are also some secondary obstructions such as mucous secretions, bronchial mucosa swelling and bronchospasm. The reaction of bronchi to irritation with a kind of inside defense mechanism by human body. To antagonize...
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...Why Breast is best! To breast feed or to formula fed? That question crosses every new mother’s mind. The choice you make to that question is one of the first and probably the most significant decisions you will make as a new parent. Breastfeeding takes some time to learn for both you and your infant but is definitely worth the effort and time. Your choice to breast feed your newborn infant will affect his or her whole life, from birth throughout his or her adult life. There is no question that a mother truly wants the best for her children from the time they learn they are expecting their new bundle of joy. Breast milk has the perfect combination of proteins, fats, vitamins, and carbohydrates your infant needs. Breast milk is far more than good food. It is a living fluid that protects your infant from disease and actively contributes to the development of your infant. As mentioned by Arsenault (2011) breast milk not only provides the nutrition your infant needs but it also provides protection by supplying your infant his or her first antibodies and immunities. Breast milk aids in protecting infants against infection and disease. According to the La Leche League International (LLL) (2004) Infant mortality rates are higher among artificially fed infants, even in places where everyone has access to safe water and good medical care. Morbidity rates- how often babies get sick- are also higher among artificially fed infants in both the developed and the developing world. Breastfeeding...
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...a child in the ward's develops measles, the following action are appropriate a) Close the wards to all admissions for one week F b) Actively immunized all the other patients against measles T c) Give gamma globulin to all patients who have not been immunized or had measles T d) Forbid visiting by the parents until the rash has gone F e) Give prophylactic antibiotics to all contacts at home T 6. Convulsion in the first week of life is characteristic of a) Hypocalcaemia T b) Post maturity F c) Craniopharyngioma T d) Hypomagnesaemia T e) Birth asphyxia T 7. Bronchial asthma: a) is associated with recurrent rather than chronic persistent cough T b) Is inherited in a Mendelian fashion F c) May be associated with flexural eczema T d) Rarely occurs in infancy T e) Requires laboratory investigation for diagnosis T 8. Both human breast milk and cow's milk can be used...
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...Food Sensitivities 9 1.5.5 Heavy Metal Toxicity 9 1.5.6 Nutrient deficiencies 9 1.5.7 Pregnancy/birth trauma 10 1.5.8 Hypoglycaemia 10 1.5.9 Digestive 10 1.5.10 Thyroid 11 1.6 Clinical Management 11 1.7 Understanding the Role of Essential Fatty Acids 12 1.7.1 What are Essential Fatty Acids? 12 Figure 2. Major Food Sources of Essential Fatty Acids 12 Figure 3. Omega-3 and Omega-6 metabolic pathways 13 1.7.2 Essential Fatty Acids and Brain Function 13 1.7.3 Physical Signs of Fatty Acid Deficiency 14 2.0 Literature Review 15 2.1 DHA Supplementation 15 2.2 Combined DHA, EPA, GLA Supplementation 18 2.3 Combined EPA, DHA, ALA Supplementation 19 2.4 ALA Supplementation 22 2.5 Summary of studies reviewed 23 Figure 4. Summary of Studies Reviewed 23 3.0 Discussion 24 3.1 Future Research 27 4.0 Conclusion 28 5.0 Nutritional Strategy 29 5.1 Benchmarking 29 5.2 Dietary Strategy 29 5.3 Lifestyle Strategy 29 5.4 General Supplement programme 30 6.0 Acknowledgements 31 7.0 References and Bibliography 32 7.1 Primary References 32 7.2 Secondary References 34 7.3 Bibliography 35 8.0 Appendix 36 8.1 Glossary 36 Abstract Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a diagnostic label used to describe individuals, who display a wide range of behavioural symptoms broadly defined as inattention, hyperactivity...
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...ASTHMA BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Asthma is a chronic disease of the respiratory system in which the airway occasionally constricts, becomes inflamed, and is lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more triggers. These episodes may be triggered by such things as exposure to an environmental stimulant (or allergen), cold air, warm air, moist air, exercise or exertion, or emotional stress. In children, the most common triggers are viral illnesses such as those that cause the common cold. This airway narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The airway constriction responds to bronchodilators. Between episodes, most patients feel well but can have mild symptoms and they may remain short of breath after exercise for longer periods of time than the unaffected individual. Signs and symptoms In some individuals asthma is characterized by chronic respiratory impairment. In others it is an intermittent illness marked by episodic symptoms that may result from a number of triggering events, including upper respiratory infection, stress, airborne allergens, air pollutants (such as smoke or traffic fumes), or exercise. An acute exacerbation of asthma is referred to as an asthma attack. The clinical hallmarks of an attack are shortness of breath (dyspnea) and either wheezing or stridor. Although the former is "often regarded as the sine qua non of asthma," some patients present primarily with coughing...
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...NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Nat Rev Microbiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 January 03. Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 April ; 9(4): 244–253. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2537. The skin microbiome $watermark-text Elizabeth A. Grice and Julia A. Segre Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892–4442, USA. Abstract $watermark-text The skin is the human body’s largest organ, colonized by a diverse milieu of microorganisms, most of which are harmless or even beneficial to their host. Colonization is driven by the ecology of the skin surface, which is highly variable depending on topographical location, endogenous host factors and exogenous environmental factors. The cutaneous innate and adaptive immune responses can modulate the skin microbiota, but the microbiota also functions in educating the immune system. The development of molecular methods to identify microorganisms has led to an emerging view of the resident skin bacteria as highly diverse and variable. An enhanced understanding of the skin microbiome is necessary to gain insight into microbial involvement in human skin disorders and to enable novel promicrobial and antimicrobial therapeutic approaches for their treatment. $watermark-text The skin is an ecosystem composed of 1.8 m2 of diverse habitats with an abundance of folds, invaginations and specialized...
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