...ATTITUDE OF MALE EMPLOYEES TOWARD FEMALE MANAGERS IN SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS IN GHANA Alexander Preko PhD/CE, Business Studies Department Wisconsin International University College, Ghana, Legon Ghana ABSTRACT The study examines the views of male employees working under female heads in selected organizations in Ghana. The research is significant because it testifies how male negatively regard female heads despite series of both international and national conferences and platforms that advocate for women to assume managerial positions at the workplace. The study employed a case study and descriptive research design. The sample size was 122 respondents from 17 organizations. A purposive random technique was used to select only male employees who have worked or are still working under female heads. Questionnaires and secondary data were used to collect data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data which were presented into simple descriptive tables. The study revealed that majority of the male employees (69.5%) preferred to work under male managers and coded managerial positions as masculine position. It is recommended, therefore, that male employees should embrace and integrate female heads in decision making positions, as women now constitute majority of the working population in the world. Keywords: attitudes, influence, managerial position, negative, perceptions, positive. International Refereed Research Journal ■ www.researchersworld...
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...Reducing Sexism: Equality Between Men and Woman November 2015 Introduction Reducing Sexism –Equality Between Men And Woman * #YesAllWomen! Tweets with key words like “gender” and “violence” reveal that equality between men and women is on the minds of many Americans. An inspiring 1,936,516 tweets put this subject in eighth place within the 10 social issues Americans talk the most about on Twitter (Dwyer, 2014). * Average earnings of men almost always exceed the earnings of women in the exact same occupation (Buckley, 2001). According to Statistics Canada, based on data collected from men and women aged 16 and over, men make an average of $68 500, whereas women make an average of only $45,500. Men employment rates are also significantly higher than women (Statistics Canada, 2009). * Sexual violence is a problem for college communities. The National College Women Sexual Victimization study estimates that one in five college women experience completed or attempted rape during their college years. (Fisher, Cullen, & Turner, 2000). Women have always faced significant challenges throughout their lives due to inequality between men and women. Stereotyping, lack of opportunity, pay differences, sexual harassment, gender-based violence and discrimination represent some of these challenges, which ultimately is disempowering women. This disempowerment has numerous consequences for society today. Times have changed and although unlike in the past...
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...expected role of women in wuthering heights? To a certain extent ‘Wuthering Heights’ by Emily Bronte was successful in challenging the expected role of women. The novel was published in 1847, when the traditional expectation of women was to be a housewife, plain but pretty and never outspoken. Bronte challenged these expectations within herself because at the time, it could have been viewed as out of order for a woman to write a novel (which is why originally, Bronte called herself Ellis Bell), let alone a novel about an outspoken woman like Cathy. In this respect, characters like Cathy and Catherine both carry traits of a modern woman, which at the time would have been a shock to the reader. Whereas, characters like Isabella and Nelly were the expected roles within society. Firstly, Nelly is the only female role in wuthering heights that doesn’t challenge the expected role of women, because in fact, she could be viewed as the role model for women in society at the time wuthering heights were written. This is because Nelly doesn’t try to push the boundaries and because she partially narrates the story, Emily Bronte might have thought that making Nelly an unruly character would be too much and would over complicate the novel. In my opinion, Nelly doesn’t need to challenge like Cathy and Catherine because she acts as a neutral force because she demonstrates the difference between a traditional woman of the time which was seen as the ‘norm’ and the new modernised woman Bronte created...
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...102-E1A October 22, 2007 Essay #4, Draft Title In Henrik Ibsen play “A Doll’s House, Norma Helmer, one of the main characters is a woman who does immoral and unjust actions in order to save her husband’s life and then realizes her actions were done under false pretenses. She thought that she has committed a crime for love and find out the she really does not know what love is. The other characters attitude in the story toward Nora plays a major role in understanding Nora and significance of the play. One character, attitude toward Nora is that she is a simple woman. She walks talks and think as a child according to her husband Mr Torvald Helmer. In the beginning of the play Norma stuff her mouth with macaroons and when she hears her Torvald comes in she hides them. Like how a child would do if they would sneak and eat something after their parents not to. Torvald also had many pet names for his wife such as my little squirrel, or my little sky lark. Nora and Torvald never have and adult converstions. They talk about the children or Nora going shopping. Torval always say be a good little wife. However, toward the end of the play Mr Helmer attitude changes about Nora. He upset with her that she decides to leave him. He said that she is ungrateful Another character is Ms Kristine Linde who is a friend of Nora’s attitude toward her is the the same as Torvald simple minded. However, Kristine call relate to Nora because she was in a similar situation. She married a man...
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...Gender Roles and the Identities of Women During the late nineteenth century, there were many stereotypical attitudes regarding the roles of gender and the identity of women. Men were usually portrayed as the “breadwinners,” as well as the well-educated and the sole foundation of the family. Men had to show their masculinity by being the very upper-hand of the family. Women are portrayed as sensitive, sweet, caring, faithful, moody, naïve, etc. As a way to complete them as a whole, women needed men in their lives. However, women held the least power of the family and believed that they only had a purpose of being housewives. The ideal images of gender roles between men and women, and the identities of women can lead to stereotypes that are associated with Kate Chopin’s short story “Desiree’s Baby.” In “Desiree’s Baby” by Kate Chopin, gender played a big role in the life Desiree as well as Armand Aubigny. Desiree was described as “beautiful and gentle, affectionate and sincere— the idol of Valmonde” (1). Desiree was illustrated as if she was down to earth and had a very warm personality. At first she was nameless, like most women when they are first named by their primary families and renamed when they get married. Desiree nameless when she was first found by the Valmonde family, and then they took her in as their own and she adopted their family name. Desiree undergoes another name change when she later marries a wealthy man by the name of Armand and inherited the...
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...child-centred society by introducing safe guarding policies as Wells (2009) notes the government of childhood is organised around saving children from internal and external threats. However, not all societies in the world have a concept of childhood which does show that childhood is socially constructed. Suggest three ways in which the form of the typical family has been affected by demographic factors (6) Due to changes in fertility rate the average age of woman giving birth over 30 years old has increased – The use of reliable birth control has enabled woman to have power over reproduction, as well as this the educational opportunities has increased for females which woman are putting first before they settle down for a family. There has been a massive increase of dual-earners within the family, which couples are now combing paid work with family life and childcare. Children are being looked after by other relatives, especially grandparents instead of the mother. The Family Policy Studies Centred estimated that woman will choose to remain childless as noted...
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...redefinition of a woman's role in society and the image of the maternal figure through comparison of female characters in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House and Bertold Brecht’s Mother Courage and her Children. Henrik Ibsen’s Nora Helmer and Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage present two strongly defined female heroines whose actions not only adversely affect the other characters’ lives but also suggest a fundamental problem with their societies. Both playwrights establish the macroscopic view of society’s turmoil in the microscopic, individual characters of Nora and Mother Courage. Both characters have an indomitable magnetism that, on the one hand, allows them to control others but, on the other, cause them to make desperate choices that reflect a repressive society. In analyzing the figures of Nora in A Doll House and Anna Fierling in Mother Courage and Her Children, it is important to examine the ways in which they interact with their respective societies, specifically how well they play the roles defined for them. For each play, there exist social structures, as well as exigencies of a given period within those structures, which range from being burdensome to downright inimical to the process of being a good mother. In the case of Nora, the perspective is bleak: due to the oppressively, male-dominated society , not only is she in no position to be a provider or protector for her children, but due to the condescending, patronizing attitudes of her father and husband...
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...The Role of Marriage in "The Wife of Bath" Canterbury Tales In most modern marriages today, both men and women contribute to the same relationship roles such as being the provider, communicator, negotiator and so on. In the 14th century, most marriages were arranged and the woman had to obey her husband’s commands. During this time, Geoffrey Chaucer's wrote The Canterbury Tales. His stories demonstrate a variety of attitudes toward the perceptions of marriage, with some of these ideas being extremely conservative while others are wildly liberal. While several of these tales are rather comical, Chaucer gives us a representation of his attitudes toward marriage at that time in history. When addressing the question of who has correctly identified the proper roles in marriage, it is The Wife of Bath, a tale that satirically demonstrates the wife's overall desire for mastery within the marriage by her manipulation of the husband's weaknesses of both the flesh and the mind. It is these peculiarities of the Wife of Bath's tale that uniquely answer the question of who deserves the mastery in marriage. The Wife of Bath's prologue introduces the pilgrim who narrates this tale, Alison, a gap toothed, partially deaf seamstress and widower of five husbands, claiming to have great experience in the ways of the heart by remedying whatever might ail it. Alison, unlike the other tales in comparison, describes marriage as a miserable experience. The Wife of Bath's tale sets itself apart by...
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...Throughout Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Jane is portrayed with a self-sufficient attitude to demonstrate her ability to surpass normative Victorian spheres. As described in the excerpt from John Ruskin’s “Of Queen’s Gardens,” a Victorian woman was expected to embody passivity and refrain from conflict, remain protected by both her husband and home, and to not surpass her husband intellectually in order to serve him. Jane transgresses the expectation of being passive and avoiding conflict by defending herself against the judgement of others, yet she often submits to Mr. Rochester’s criticism. Although she leaves Thornfield and endures the tribulations of the external world to gain independence, she eventually returns to Thornfield to marry...
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...Name two ways in which a woman’s household roles impact her work outside the home. I love this topic, because it’s something that I complain about daily and I feel is a total disregard or women and how hard we work in society. When a woman works outside the home she has double the job. She has to come home nightly, after being exhausted and is expected to maintain the domestic duties such as; cleaning, cooking, laundry, scrubbing bathrooms, making sure the children are doing well in school, making sure the family is happy and healthy and still maintaining all of that with a smile? Ridiculous! Name two ways in which a woman’s household roles impact her work outside the home. One of the problems with women’s household roles for example would be pregnancy. Attitude is typically that all halts and the woman goes home to rear her child; thus a setback most of the time. This is due to the traditional beliefs. Even the younger generation go towards the woman staying home to take care of the children. Although the younger generation doesn’t come right out and classify women to be in the role indefinitely, more often than not the female leaves her job either temporarily or permanently to attend to the children. (Gimenez; “Marx revisited”, p.21; Michael Bittman and Jocelyn Pixley, The Double Life of the Family. Myth, Hope and Experience, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1997, p.179) Another way in which a woman’s household roles impact her work outside of the home is the process of hiring...
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...women had extremely small waists, presumably from wearing constricting belts or girdles from childhood. Even the corset may be a more ancient invention that we imagine. Although the bra as we know it was not invented until the 20th century, women in ancient Greece strapped or bound their breasts with lengths of cloth or leather and young female dancers and athletes are shown wearing what can best be described as a bikini.Of all the various forms of female underwear, the corset in its various guises has probably played the largest role in keeping women immobilised over the centuries. Corsets restrict movement and make breathing shallow and difficult (reducing lung capacity by almost 60 per cent) thus giving women the reputation of being ‘delicate flowers’ who could not exert themselves without fainting. Corsets were also used as a metaphor for virtue, despite the fact that courtesans were as tightly laced as any other woman. It was thought that an ungirdled woman might be wanton or ‘loose’.Corsets have been worn for several hundred...
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...Awakening, Kate Chopin bravely exposes an unfamiliar attitude of feminism to an unprepared society in the form of Edna Pontellier. At the time, her work of fiction was not yet recognized as being respectable or even credible—due to the fact that the idea of feminism had not yet become popular. Since then, Edna Pontellier’s “awakening” has been viewed in a positive light by many modern feminist critics and described as an “intellectual and social” maturation or liberation of the self. However, while some of the symbols in which Edna’s “awakening”, overall progression, and personality may seem to exemplify and commendatory of classic feministic ideals and qualities—of freedom, independence, and equality, —a great many of them portray Edna and her egocentric doings as little more than selfish delusions causing her to lose a valuable, if conventional, life. Ultimately, the perverse behavior and deviant disposition exhibited by Edna—especially considering the standards of the time period she lived in—belie the very femininity attributed to her and, in my opinion, is the very antithesis of feminism. The term ‘feminism’ has many different uses and its meanings are often contested and changed throughout history. In the mid-to-late 1800’s, the time period in which the novel is set, feminism was used to refer to the “qualities of a woman”. Thus, with this definition and the context of the novel in mind, the analysis of Edna’s “qualities of a woman” becomes easier. Conventional women in this time...
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...Gender has had a large effect on consumption of products and services in the Irish society. Gender roles have changed over time in the Irish society; women have gone from the traditional roles of housewives to having professional occupations. Changing gender roles in the Irish society has lead to many difficulties for marketers. To be male or female can be defined biologically, but masculinity and femininity are socially constructed. The image of masculinity and femininity differ due to cultural aspects and change over time. Early advertising and brand building were aimed at women in the Irish society as the consumer was seen as a female role. Products and services of less significance such as domestic brands were aimed at women. Adverts for domestic brands often represented women to be naive and foolish. The washing detergent adverts for Ajax Laundry Detergent in the 1960’s portrays the foolish housewife. “The housewife was a uniformed and classless persona precisely because marketers could for the first time unite women from different backgrounds under the same banner” (Giles, 2004) Due to marketers the perceived image of a woman’s role was a housewife. This image of a woman who cooks, cleans and takes care of the children was a learned image in the Irish society. From a young age we were exposed to housewife role through children’s programs, television soap operas films and television adverts. This image of the traditional housewife was broke in the late 1980’s and early...
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...perceives oneself through the means of sexual attitude or desires. Human sexuality is socially constructed and sexual desires are imbedded in particular sociological and biological contexts (Tolman & Diamond, 2001) which are in turn influenced by an individual's upbringing and exposure to familial or religious interactions. Whereas religion plays a role of a person attitude and desire towards sex and what is deviant behavior. The article I have chosen “Sexuality& Religion” touch basis on how different religions play a role on human sexuality in sociological concepts. Although this article is primarily based on existing research cause it also has history of sexual beliefs in different religions. This article is informational and I learned a few things about how some religions had different views on human sexuality. Based on Christian beliefs we are taught that sex is immoral and its temptation of the flesh. According to the article early Christians believed the same thing. Through the means of marriage is to encourage monogamy, and place parameters around sexuality. Through the years I have learned sex is a sin and one should wait till they are married. “Sexual abstinence was seen as a central and indispensable means of salvation and was achieved through contemplative withdrawal from the world.” (Sprague Sexuality & Religion). From reading this article I learned that compared to Christianity and Islamic religions that woman has more strict consequences when it comes to...
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...Beck and Beck-Gernsheim’s research demonstrate the view of there being a crisis in masculinity due to women reaching out to alternative lifestyles involving serial monogamy, economic independence, and pre-marital sex. The qualities of women stated in their research are recognised to be associated with men traditionally, which links back to the point made earlier regarding the mixing of gender roles being the reason of domestic violence. Sociologists Dobash and Dobash take a more diverse approach to the issue, stating that marriage legitimises domestic violence and is triggered by trivial challenges to the husband’s authority as husbands don’t allow their wives to instruct them on what to do. However, statistics reveal that in 2011, 54% of divorces granted to women were due to unreasonable behaviour (Relate, 2014). This conveys that more than half women simply do not put up with unreasonable behaviour any longer, which supports the view of feminists that women’s attitudes are...
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