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Attracting and Retaining Stem Employees

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HUMAN&RESOURCES&MANAGEMENT&
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FINAL&PAPER&

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Attracting,&retaining&and&engaging&star&performers&
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What&HR&practices,&policies&and&programs&can&be&implemented&to&attract&and&retain&a& diverse&pool&of&qualified&STEM&employees?&Consider&also&addressing&potential&obstacles& and&barriers&to&effective&implementation&of&such&programs&and&how&these&might&be& managed.& &
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Bolanos,!Eugenia!
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& th March&30 ,&2016&

Human!Resources!Management!–!Final!Paper!

Introduction&
Science,! technology,! engineering! and! mathematics! (STEM)! workers! drive! innovation! and! competitiveness! by! generating! new! ideas,! new! companies! and! new! industries.! However,! businesses!frequently!voice!concerns!over!the!supply!and!availability!of!STEM!workers.!In!the! past!15!years,!the!demand!for!STEMJqualified!talented!employees!has!increased!while!the!offer! has! been! stable,! this! is! creating! a! serious! shortfall! of! talent! that! has! implications! for! an! increasingly!global!economy!of!innovation.!This!labor!market!behavior!brought!a!sever!challenge! to! human! resources! departments! of! all! STEMJrelated! companies.! The! challenge! starts! in! the! recruiting!process!where!there!are!a!number!of!factors!that!are!inhibiting!new!entrants!to!STEM! fields!and!attracting!existing!participants!away!to!other!areas.!Then,!the!candidates!go!through! the!application!process!and!are!often!driven!away!if!the!career!growth!prospects!do!not!match! their!expectations.!Finally,!retaining!successful!STEM!employees!requires!an!extra!effort!from!the!
HR! department! because! often! STEM! workers! are! attracted! to! other! positions,! companies! or! sectors.!Other!factors!affecting!include!significant!cultural,!gender!and!attitudinal!shifts!and!longJ held! notions! that! shape! who! enters! (and! who! stays! in)! STEMJrelated! educational! tracks! and! careers.! Companies! must! understand! these! forces,! and! be! aware! of! how! they! may! be! contributing!to!them.! This! paper! discusses! the! essential! human! resources! practices,! policies! and! programs! that! companies!can!use!to!attract!and!retain!a!diverse!pool!of!qualified!STEM!employees.!This!paper! suggests!actions!to!improve!the!recruiting!process:!aligning!offers!with!STEM!workers!interest,! online! recruiting,! targeting! women! and! minorities,! connecting! with! schools,! and! providing! internship!programs.!Then,!the!paper!provides!recommendations!to!help!companies!retain!STEM! workers:! run! training,! promote! career! navigation! programs,! hire! the! right! managers,! create! a! culture!of!trust,!recognize!good!performance,!and!hire!employees!with!the!right!skills!and!culture! fit.! Finally,! it! takes! into! account! the! potential! obstacles! and! barriers,! and! suggests! options! to! manage!them.!! Demand&and&supply&for&STEM&talent&&
From!2000!to!2010,!STEM!jobs!grew!7.9%!while!nonJSTEM!jobs!grew!2.6%!(i.e.!three!times!higher!
growth!rate!of!STEM!employment),!according!to!the!US!Bureau!of!Labor!Statistics!(BLS).!!And,!the! demand!for!STEM!professionals!is!only!projected!to!increase;!the!BLS!report!estimates!that!STEM! employment!will!grow!19%!from!2010!to!2020.!Demand!will!be!greatest!for!computerJrelated! occupations,!with!numbers!in!this!category!expected!to!jump!21.8%!from!2010!to!2020.! !

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Human!Resources!Management!–!Final!Paper!

Employment!growth!rate

Figure!1.!Recent!and!Projected!Growth!in!STEM! and!NonJSTEM!Employment! 20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
2000J2010

2010J2020
STEM

nonJSTEM

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Professionals!in!STEM!fields!stand!at!the!forefront!of!innovation!in!the!economy.!Therefore,!the!
increasing!demand!for!efficiencies!and!new!products!generates!an!increasing!demand!for!STEM! talent.!The!drivers!of!the!exponential!growth!in!STEM!talent!demand!can!be!attributed!to!several! areas.!!
The!evolution!and!global!expansion!of!the!Internet!and!new!technologies!are!the!first!reason!for!
the!growing!demand.!The!internet!brought!along!web!applications,!social!networks,!and!mobile! applications!which!require!IT!technicians,!program!architects!and!other!STEM!professionals.!In! addition!to!the!Internet,!the!adoption!of!nanotechnologies!and!the!development!of!clean!energy! systems!also!contribute!to!the!rise!in!demand.!Another!reason!is!the!increasing!importance!on! innovation! as! a! differentiation! among! firms! in! most,! if! not! all,! the! industries.! Nowadays,! companies! need! operational! efficiency! and! require! to! reinvent! their! products! and! services! periodically.!Finally,!worldwide!population!is!aging!and!growing!boosting!the!demand!for!new! products!and!medical!and!scientific!advancements.!
Job!positions!in!STEMJrelated!areas!seem!attractive,!but!the!supply!of!STEMJqualified!workers!is!
not!meeting!the!demand.!As!stated!by!Tim!Mcaward!and!Megan!M.!Raftery,!from!Kelly!Services,!
“The!jobs!are!there,!the!wages!are!attractive!and!high!growth!indicates!strong!future!prospects!
for!STEMJqualified!workers.!So!why!isn’t!the!supply!of!talent!keeping!up?”.!!
Tim!Mcaward!and!Megan!M.!Raftery!answer!their!question!with!five!main!reasons:!!
1.! Deflection! and! attrition:! STEM! graduates! often! divert! to! other! occupations! looking! to! satisfy! better! their! professional! and! personal! needs.! Interesting! statistics! support! this! theory:!only!oneJthird!of!workers!with!a!STEM!undergraduate!degree!work!in!a!STEM!job! (specifically!40%!of!men!and!26%!of!women).!!
2.! Women!and!minorities!are!underrepresented:!in!the!USA,!nonJHispanic!Whites!hold!72%! of!STEM!jobs,!and!women!hold!only!25%.!! !

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Human!Resources!Management!–!Final!Paper!
3.! Student! interest! is! low:! the! proportion! of! STEM! bachelor’s degrees! awarded! has! remained!relatively!flat!for!the!past!20!years,!consistently!accounting!for!approximately! 33%!of!all!degrees!earned.!Furthermore,!compared!to!2000,!there!has!been!a!negative! growth!rate!of!14% in!Computer!and!Information!Sciences!degrees!earned.!
4.! An! aging! workforce:! this! factor! is! severely! affecting! many! industries! and! STEM! is! no! exception.!In!fact,!STEMJrelated!industries!are!affected!more!because!the!averaged!age! of!the!workforce!is!higher!than!other!sectors.!!
5.! Return! migration:! 12%! of! the! STEM! workers! in! the! USA! are! from! Asia! and! significant! economic!growth!throughout!Asia!is!beginning!to!offer!attractive!opportunities!for!this! population.!This!issue!is!not!only!limited!to!the!USA;!but!also!many!developed!nations! have!relied!upon!skilled!migration!to!fill!talent!gaps!in!STEM!industries!and,!therefore,! face!the!same!issue.!!
To!address!the!shortage!of!STEMJqualified!workers!is!for!employers!to!seriously!analyze!how!they!
can!avoid!the!issues!aboveJmentioned!in!their!workplaces.!Some!of!the!matters!are!out!of!the! companies’! reach,! at! least! in! the! short! and! midJterm;! for! example,! the! aging! workforce.!!
However,! there! are! many! actions! employers! can! take! address! the! other! issues! to! increase! recruiting!and!decrease!employee!turnover!for!the!STEM!workforce.! Attracting&and&retaining&STEM&talent&&
This! section! contains! a! complete! compilation! and! description! of! HR! policies,! practices! and! programs! to! help! companies! deal! with! the! STEM! talent! shortage.! The! recommendations! are! grouped!in!two,!each!related!to!a!different!step!of!the!process:!recruiting!and!retaining.!!In!other! words,! there! is! a! set! of! recommendations! specifically! for! the! recruitment! process;! these! recommendations! will! aim! to! attract! the! STEM! talent! to! the! company.! The! second! group! of! recommendations! should! be! applied! continuously,! and! it! should! become! part! of! everyday! activities!and,!therefore,!become!part!of!the!company!culture.!The!aim!of!the!second!set!is!to! retain!the!talent!and!reduce!STEM!employee!turnover.!!
Attracting&STEM&talent&
Raymond!Xie,!a!consultant!at!CEB,!states!that!the!difficulty!in!attracting!STEM!talent!is!increasing,! he!explains!the!following!“when!we!measured!the!median!time!to!fill!for!STEM!roles!in!2010,!it! was!43!business!days.!!This!year,!it’s!76!business!days—a!huge!77%!jump!in!just!4!years.”!It!is! clear!that!improvement!in!the!conventional!recruiting!approach,!where!employers!use!cash!to! attract! the! talent,! is! required.! Research! in! the! USA! shows! that! the! average! starting! salary! for!
STEM!employees,!compared!to!the!average,!is!23%!greater.!According!to!CEB’s!quarterly!global!
labor! market! survey,! STEM! and! nonJSTEM! employees! value! remuneration! equally;! however,!
STEM! employees! value! more! development! opportunity! (5.7%)! and! future! career! opportunity!
(2.8%).!Therefore,!recruitment!practices!and!policies!should!use!developmentJbased!drivers!to!
attract!STEM!talent.!!
Today,!companies!have!access!to!online!tools!that!can!be!used!to!widen!the!talent!net.!Platforms,!
forums,!software,!and!application!hold!a!vast!database!of!information,!and!can!be!used!to!contact!
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Human!Resources!Management!–!Final!Paper! and!engage!potential!workers.!Examples!of!useful!online!tools!are!Linkedin,!Vault!and,!specifically! design!for!STEMJqualified!works,!stemjobs.com.!Indeed,!STEM!workers!tend!to!have!presence!in! social! networks! and! are! not! strangers! to! online! software! and! applications.! Therefore,! the! HR! departments!must!have!a!strong!online!presence!and!should!use!digital!and!online!tools!to!attract! candidates.!Furthermore,!the!company!as!a!whole!must!have!a!strong!online!presence!to!avoid!
STEM! graduates! from! diverting! to! nonJSTEM! occupations.! Increasing! awareness! about! the! company!among!students!and!recent!graduates!will!boost!the!company’s!attractiveness!when! recruiting.!!
Creating! an! internship! program! will! help! for! both! recruit! and! retain! STEM! talent.! Amber!
Borgstrom,! Director! of! Business! Development! at! CFS! Minneapolis,! argues! that! internship! programs! help! increase! “positive! employeeJretention! figures:! According! to! NACE's! 2009!
Experiential!Education!Survey,!almost!40%!of!employers!reported!a!higher!fiveJyear!retention!
rate!among!employees!they'd!hired!via!their!internship!programs”.!!Internships!don’t!have!to!be! limited!to!the!summer,!and!an!intern!role!doesn’t!have!to!apply!only!to!collegeJage!workers.! Companies’!internship!programs!must!fit!the!profiles!they!are!looking!for!and!attract!the!STEM! talent.!In!general,!STEMJqualified!works!look!for!career!progression,!for!this!reason!the!internship! program! should! clearly! and! openly! promote! it.! For! example,! Boing,! the! largest! aircraft! manufactures,! offers! a! 12Jweek! internship! program! directed! to! engineers.! The! internship! includes! mentoring! and! emphasizes! in! career! impact,! points! that! are! generally! important! for! talented!STEM!workers.!!As!I!mentioned,!the!internship!also!has!a!positive!effect!in!retaining!the! talent!because!it!is!a!reason!to!believe!that!the!company!driven!by!STEM!effort!and!commitment,! and!promotes!contribution!through!mentoring.!! Many! HR! experts! and! consultants! strongly! recommend! to! purposefully! target! women! and! minorities! in! the! recruiting! campaigns.! As! mentioned! in! the! previous! section,! the! underrepresentation! of! women! and! minorities! is! one! of! the! mayor! issues! faced! by! STEM! companies.! Employers! need! to! increase! their! efforts! to! engage! directly! with! these! worker! populations.! Current! female! and! minority STEM! workers! can! recommend! other! women! and! minorities!to!your!company.!In!addition,!companies!can!look!for!recruiting!firms!specialized!in! minorities!in!order!to!attract!this!talent.!!Many!research!papers!give!specific!examples!of!practices! that!can!be!implemented!to!attract!and!retain!STEMJqualified!women.!Anna!Beninger,!coJauthor! of!Catalyst's!global!longitudinal!study!of!highJpotential!employees,!explains!that!“there!are!many! things!these!maleJdominated!organizations!can!do!to!successfully!attract!and!retain!women”!and! suggests!five!practices!STEM!companies!can!do!to!attract!and!retain!woman:!equal!payment!for! men!and!woman,!create!an!equality!culture,!recruit!senior!male!executives!to!sponsor!upJandJ coming! female! talent,! make! performance! evaluation! standards! crystal! clear,! and! provide! a! flexible!work!environment.! Mcaward! and! Raftery! sustain! that! the! most! important! thing! an! organization! can! do! to! drive! change! is! to! connect! with! local! universities! and! high! schools.! They! state! the! following!
“educational!institutions!need!to!understand!the!demands!of!your!industry!and!what!skills!and!
experience!you need!to!grow!your!business!so!they!can!design!curricula!and!job!training!around! your!needs”.!The!connection!with!educational!organizations!can!start!with!a!dialog!with!local! !

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Human!Resources!Management!–!Final!Paper! schools!to!promote!STEM!careers!and!education.!Some!activities!that!companies!can!offer!are! career!events,!mentorships,!guest!speakers,!conduct!inJschool!science!labs,!and!company!visits.!
The!internship!programs!mentioned!earlier!will!also!help!in!the!relationship!between!companies!
and!education!institutions.!Tata!Europe!is!a!good!example!of!a!company!actively!participating!in! educational! programs.! The! company! supports! a! wide! range! of! internal! and! community! skills! development! programs,! including! more! than! 2,300! students! taking! part! in! Tata! programs! to! encourage! engineering;! and! more! than! 50! community,! social! and! educational! programs! that! reaches!hundreds!of!thousands!of!young!people.! The!effective!implementation!of!practices!in!the!recruiting!and!hiring!process!can!be!measured! by!the!lead!time,!meaning!the!number!of!business!day!from!the!moment!the!company!opens!the! new!position!to!the!moment!the!new!employee!is!hired.!Other!key!indicators!of!the!efficiency! and!effectiveness!of!the!hiring!process!is!the!turnover!of!the!employees!hired,!the!amount!of! applications!received,!and!performance!indicators!of!this!employees.!!
Certain!limitations,!barriers!and!obstacles!may!exist!to!achieve!the!desired!effect!on!the!above!
mentioned! practices.! Online! tool! for! recruiting! STEM! employees! could! encourage! unqualified! applicants!to!enter!the!process!causing!a!massive!response!and!flooding!HR!dependents!with!CVs! and! cover! letter.! In! this! case,! HR! departments! should! be! prepared! to! filter! the! applications! efficiently!to!separate!those!unqualified!workers.!Digital!tools!are!also!available!to!help!with!this! task.!Similarly,!internships!can!cause!the!same!kind!on!issues.!Internship!applications!can!create! an!overload!to!the!requiting!process,!and!developing!the!programs!and!mentoring!the!internships! will!require!time!from!managers.!The!companies!must!take!the!time!and!money!expenses!into! considerations! when! planning! the! internship! programs.! Purposely! targeting! women! and! minorities! has! to! be! done! in! a! transparent! and! wellJthought! manner.! Aggressive! policies! like! quotas!could!have!the!opposite!effect!and!push!way!the!talented!individuals,!specially!in!higher! positions.!!
Retaining&STEM&talent&&
The!first!step!towards!achieving!a!low!STEM!employee!turnover!is!hiring!the!right!managers.!As! we!have!heard!many!times:!“People!don't!quit!jobs,!they!quit!managers”.!Retention!programs! must!focus!on!the!relationship!between!the!managers!and!their!workers.!!Managers!should!be! flexible! and,! at! the! same! time,! set! challenging! goals! for! the! STEM! workers.! Also! is! highly! important! that! managers! promote! assertive! communication! and! regular! feedback! in! their! working! teams.! ! Moreover,! the! managers! are! usually! involved! in! the! hiring! process! for! new! employees.!Through!the!interviews,!they!are!one!of!the!first!interactions!points!with!potential! the!candidates.!Steve!Miranda,!Managing!Director!for!Cornell!University’s!Center!for!Advanced!
Human! Resource! Studies,! states! that! “80! percent! of! employee! turnover! resulted! from! the! environment!created!by!a!manager!as!opposed!to!the!company!at!large”.!Therefore,!it!is!essential! to!ensure!that!the!interactions!between!potential!hires!and!those!who!would!be!their!managers! is!consistent,!positive!and!engaging!for!the!potential!hire.!! !

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Human!Resources!Management!–!Final!Paper!
Retaining!STEM!talent!can!be!extended!to!developing,!engaging!and!unlocking!the!talent.!This!
means!that,!in!addition!to!make!efforts!to!retain!the!existing!STEM!talent,!companies!have!the! capacity! to! develop! the! STEM! skills! of! their! existing! employees.! Also,! just! because! STEM! employees! are! skilled! technically! doesn’t! mean! they’re! skilled! in! all! competencies.! The! best! companies!focus!STEM!development!investments!on!building!key!performanceJenhancing!skills,! including:!leading,!deciding,!enterprising,!performing,!interacting,!and!presenting.!!As!mentioned! earlier,!STEMJqualified!workers!are!interested!in!career!and!developing!opportunities.!Therefore,! providing!training!and!learning!opportunities!is!a!way!to,!not!only!develop!the!talent,!but!in!the! process!keep!STEM!workers!engaged.!Tata!Europe!leverages!on!their!existing!relationship!with! colleges,!universities,!communities,!and!other!types!of!superior!educations!centers.!Currently,! the! company! has! more! than! 100! university! degrees! funded! for! employees,! 125,000! training! courses!and!qualifications!provided!to!employees,!400!university!scholarships!granted,!and!150! apprenticeships.!!
Another!effective!practice!to!engage!STEM!workers!is!to!provide!career!navigation!and!rotation.!
In!one!hand,!STEM!employees!desire!need!to!fill!valued!and!useful!in!the!organization.!In!the! other!hand,!they!seek!for!constant!career!progression!and!development.!Managers!can!achieve! this!by!involving!employees!in!the!recruitment!process!and!in!talent!management.!In!addition,! they! must! take! into! consideration! the! employees’! motivation,! the! reason! they! entered! the! company,! what! keeps! them! engaged.! As! mentioned! earlier,! coaching,! training! and! other! educational!opportunities!tend!to!keep!STEM!workers!involved.!Finally,!the!organization!must! communicate!and!help!plan!their!desired!path,!concrete!goal,!and!provide!support!to!achieve! this.!! A! company! culture! of! trust! will! tend! to! improve! performance! reviews! and! good!performance! reviews!are!an!important!factor!of!motivation!for!STEM!workers.!Moreover,!this!will!work!toward! increasing!employee!referrals!and!reducing!talent!acquisition!costs.!Was!HR!manager!commonly! say,!“talent!attracts!talent”.!!High!levels!of!trust!and!transparency!in!organizations!often!result!in! higher!levels!of!performance!and!retention!while!reducing!turnover!and!talent!acquisition!costs.!
In!the!words!of!Victor!Lipman,!author!of!The!Type!B!Manager:!Leading!Successfully!in!a!Type!A!
World,!“an!organization!with!a!culture!of!distrust!is!an!organization!destined!to!be!doomed”.!!
STEM! professional! are! attracted! to! career! progression;! for! this! reason,! good! performance! recognition!can!be!used!to!keep!these!employees!engaged!in!their!work.!This!recognition!can!be! a!bonus,!a!salary!increase!or,!even,!a!nonJmonetary!benefit.!To!be!able!to!identify!good,!or!even! outstanding!performances,!the!company!must!have!a!transparent!performance!evaluation!and! set!clear!goals!for!employees.!However,!with!workforce!demographics!changing,!a!one!size!fits! all!system!is!obsolete.!Paying!attention!to!what!each!employees!specific!motivation!is!key!and,! once! again,! oneJonJone! communication! between! employees! and! managers! will! play! an! important!role!to!develop!this!retention!strategy.!! Last!but!not!least,!companies!must!ensure!that!new!hires!have!the!desired!skills!and!culture!fit.!!
At!the!moment!of!hiring!and!maintaining!an!employee!both!aspects!are!important!to!succeed.!
For!example,!a!new!employee!can!be!well!qualified!for!the!job,!have!good!references!for!past!
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Human!Resources!Management!–!Final!Paper! employers,! and! exceed! the! required! experience;! but,! if! he! is! not! a! good! fit! for! the! company! culture,!the!organization!will!not!likely!see!maximum!performance!of!retention!from!this!new! hire.!Companies!that!understand!their!own!culture!and!choose!the!right!hires,!are!in!the!right! path!towards!setting!up!un!lasting!relationship.!!! These!practices!are!not!new!nor!revolutionary,!thousands!of!companies!have!implemented!them! successfully.!However,!companies!should!be!aware!of!the!barriers!and!obstacles!involved.!Hiring! and! promoting! the! right! managers! can! be! extremely! difficult! because! soft! skills,! like! communication!and!flexibility,!are!hard!to!detect!and!measure.!Training!programs!are!costly!and,! although!they!promote!it,!they!do!not!ensure!the!employees!retention.!Companies!can!reduce! costs!by!partnering!with!local!education!institution.!For!example,!a!company!can!offer!schools! collaboration! for! research! programs! and! company! visits,! in! exchange! to! discounted! training! programs! for! employees.! Career! navigation! and! rotation! programs! will! move! workers! from! positions!they!have!learned!to!do.!In!other!words,!workers!will!leave!their!position!after!passing! the!learning!curve!and!are!more!productive.!However,!managers!have!to!understand!that!this!is! done!for!a!bigger!purpose,!employee!retentions.!! Conclusion&&
From!my!personal!experience!as!an!engineer,!I!have!seen!first!hand!the!importance!of!companies’!
presence! in! the! educational! institutions.! Companies! can! create! an! attractive! brand! and! encourage! STEM! students! to! apply! for! positions.! In! addition,! prospect! hires! will! know! the! company’s!culture!and!know!if!they!are!right!fit!for!it,!this!will!reduce!employee!turnover.!From! career! fairs! in! high! schools! to! company! presentations! in! university! campuses,! the! holistic! involvement!of!companies!in!the!formation!of!students!have!a!longJterm!and!high!impact!at!a! low!cost.!However,!the!answer!to!the!STEM!talent!gap!doesn’t!rest!with!one!singular!initiative.!
The! implementations! of! a! wide! rage! of! aligned! practices,! policies! and! programs! will! enable! companies!to!access!required!talent.!! On! balance,! any! initiative! needs! to! address! both! short! term! obstacles! as! well! as! long! term! challenges.! Attracting! talent! from! the! existing! pool! of! STEM! candidates! must! run! parallel! to! macro!policies!that!increase!this!pool!as!a!whole.!At!current!rates,!the!ratio!of!STEM!students!to! non/Stem!students!is!dropping!at!an!alarming!rate;!this!is!not!directly!a!problem!that!business! can!solve!but!rather!must!align!initiatives!from!government!and!universities!along!with!business! interests.!
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References&&
Beninger,!Anna.!"Five!Things!STEM!Companies!Can!Do!to!Attract!and!Retain!Women."!Catalyst.,!
23!Oct.!2014.!Web.!30!Mar.!2016.!
Borgstrom,!Amber.!"How!Can!an!Intern!Add!Value!to!Your!Department?",!1!Apr.!2015.!Web.!
Langdon,!David,!George!McKittrick,!and!David!Beede.!"STEM:!Good!Jobs!Now!and!for!the!Future."!
Web.!!
Raftery,! Megan,! and! Tim! McAward.! "How! to! Find! (and! Keep)! STEM! Talent."!
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