...Li-Fi Technology. T.Ganesh ECE- A tganesh.gopi140@gmail.com Abstract Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a bidirectional, high speed and fully networked and a subset of optical wireless communications (OWC) and could be a complement to RF communication (Wi-Fi or Cellular network), or even a replacement in contexts of data broadwireless communication technology similar to Wi-Fi. The term was coined by Harald Haas and is a form of visible light communicationasting. It is so far measured to be about 100 times faster than some Wi-Fi implementations, reaching speeds of 224 gigabits per second. It is wireless and uses visible light communication or infra-red and near ultraviolet (instead of radio frequency waves) spectrum, part of optical wireless communications technology, which carries much more information, and has been proposed as a solution to the RF-bandwidth limitations. This OWC technology uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a medium to deliver networked, mobile, high-speed communication in a similar manner to Wi-Fi. The Li-Fi market is projected to have a compound annual growth rate of 82% from 2013 to 2018 and to be worth over $6 billion per year by 2018. Whether you‘re using wireless internet in a coffee shop, stealing it from the guy next door, or competing for bandwidth at a conference, you‘ve probably gotten frustrated at the slow speeds you face when more than one device is tapped into the network. As more and more people and their many devices access...
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...4 – Internal environment and services The other booklets from the Building for Everyone series: Booklet 1 - External environment and approach Booklet 2 - Entrances and horizontal circulation Booklet 3 - Vertical circulation Booklet 5 - Sanitary facilities Booklet 6 - Facilities in buildings Booklet 7 - Building types Booklet 8 - Building management Booklet 9 - Planning and policy Booklet 10 - Index and terminology I Contents 4.0 Objectives 4 4.1 Introduction 5 4.2 Terminology 8 4.3 Design Issues 9 4.4 Surface Finishes 11 4.4.1 Floor finishes 11 4.4.2 Wall and ceiling finishes 21 4.4.3 Visual contrast 25 4.5 Lighting 27 4.5.1 Internal lighting 28 4.5.2 External lighting 32 4.6 34 4.7 Outlets, Switches and Controls 35 4.8 Ventilation 39 4.9 Acoustics 40 4.10 Hearing Enhancement Systems 41 4.10.1 Induction loop systems 43 4.10.2 Permanent induction loop systems 47 4.10.3 Portable induction loop systems 47...
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...HY E ! T IOMTN H N RAO EF I ITSDIOT T ! NH PF U A D I S DE JN STIOKCNEOG O UADBOSANR R I Y . F U- - TP N ADN O P O A L SN IO R TD E A F Home Sign Up! Explore Community Submit All Art Craft Food Games Green Home Kids Life Music Offbeat Outdoors Pets Ride Science Sports Tech DIY High-Speed Book Scanner from Trash and Cheap Cameras by daniel_reetz on April 18, 2009 Table of Contents intro: DIY High-Speed Book Scanner from Trash and Cheap Cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 step 1: Material Acquisition: Dumpster Dive in the Day With Your Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 step 2: Material Acquisition: Tools and Why You (Might) Need Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 step 3: Material Acquisition: Buying Recycled Stuff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...“There has been consensus among scientists for years that global warming is a serious problem and that it is caused by human activity” (“Global Warming Solutions A Basics.”, n.d.).I am here to tell you, global warming is a real and serious threat. With the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere the land and ocean temperatures have increased. Over the last 25 years, 11 of the 12 warmest years on record have occurred in the past 12 years. Something needs to be done to change this trend. This is where each and every one of us comes in. You might not think things in your everyday life have an effect on global warming but you are wrong. Here in the Midwest, we are at the center of our global warming problems and can be at the center of our solutions (“Global Warming Solutions A Basics.”, n.d.). Just making relatively small changes in your homes can make a huge impact on global warming if everyone makes similar changes. A new heating and cooling system is one of the biggest upfront costs for a green change, but it has the biggest return as well; in the form of money saved and lessening pollution. “As much as half of the energy used in your home goes to heating and cooling. So making smart decisions about your home's heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system can have a big effect on your utility bills” (“Heat & Cool Efficiently,” n.d.). Which is why you should start with this change. Although simply replacing your system all together could be the most cost effective...
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...Operating Instructions of the Flood Light Warning: In order to install the light correctly, please read and keep the operation instructions carefully after unpacking. 1. Main Structure and Application Scope of the Flood Light The housing of the flood light is made from high-intensity die-casting aluminum with spray painting surface, which has a good effect of heat dissipation. It is mainly used for outdoor lightings, such as cottages, courtyards and hotels,etc. 2. Main Structural Parameters Product Size: Rated Working Voltage: Rated Power: Frequency: Viewing Angle: Color Rendering Index: Life Span: Luminous Flux: Anti-electric Shock Rate: Lamps Temperature: Enclosure Protection Class: LED Lamp Beads QTY: 3. Installation Requirements and Maintenance (1) Arranging various parts and accessories that the light needs. (2) Cutting off the power before installation. (3) The wires of the light should be installed with the corresponding power lines. (4) Making sure the light is installed on the fastening surface and then lighting up the light. 4. Notices (1) The light must be installed by the professionals. (2) If the light meets some damages due to the unpredictability, it will be considered as a substandard product and will not be used. Instrucciones de operación del reflector. Advertencia: para la instalación correcta del reflector, por favor, leer y guardar cuidadosamente las instrucciones de operación después de desempacar. 1. Estructura principal...
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...7 923 958.7 1,023 1,111 1,178 1,271 1,300 1,277 1,330 1,414 Chart 1: Gross Domestic Product and Domestic Demand 2.2 Infrastructure Canada as the one of the richest countries in the world, its citizens have a high quality life. Canada devoted themselves to the infrastructure construction, especially in the education and public environment. Due to its large national territorial area, the government spends a large number of finical revenue to the infrastructures. Public lighting as one major part of the infrastructures, also won a great attention. It is clear that as long as the cost of LED lights reduce with the development of LED technology continues to improve , the energy-saving lamps and incandescent lamps will inevitably be replaced by LED lights. So increasing attention has been vigorously promoted to the use of LED lights by the Canada government, who attach importance to the energy-saving and environmental protection issues, Thus, the revolution of traditional lighting, the update of the older infrastructure is offer a...
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...Amazon Amazon is a company that is trying to lessen the impact they have on the environment. They feel that they are helping to reduce the impact convent shopping has on the environment by offering shopping through the Internet instead of going to a shopping center and they offer almost everything you can find at a mall on their web site. They also ask for customer feedback so they know how easy their products were to get out of their packaging. Amazon is working hard to cut down their imprint on the environment by asking their employee’s to help with figuring out ways to save money and packaging of products and the semi trailers. Amazon is not only working on better receiving of products, they are working on cutting down their fuel costs, their consumption of kilowatt-hours, and recycling costs. They have a team put together and this team goes around to each site to discuss how to save the environment and the company money. In Hebron, Kentucky, they found a way to load semi trailers by reconfiguring the loading process, thus they save more than $ 3 million dollars and 300,000 gallons of fuel each year (www.amazon.com). In Pennsylvania, they found that one of their sites (they have two sites) was purchasing pallets each week while their other site was disposing of pallets each week. They decided to load the unused pallets and ship them to the site that needed them thus saving the company more than $100,000 each year. In Kentucky, the team found that lights were staying...
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...It is a visible light communication system that uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a medium to deliver networked, (instead of radio frequency waves) that is part of the Optical Wireless Communications technologies, which carries much more information, and has been proposed as a solution to the RF-bandwidth limitations. Also deliver mobile, high-speed communication in a similar manner as Wi-Fi and is bidirectional. The Professor Harald Haas of the University of Edinburg and his team have made another breakthrough in Li-Fi by demonstrating that up to 1.1 Gbps can now be transmitted using light waves from micro LEDs over a distance of 10m using less than 0.5W power. This proves the point that lights can be dimmed down while high data rates and coverage are maintained. About the Li-Fi industry there’s a company the name PureLiFi in which the Prof. Hass is a co-founder, already start to sell a product the name Li-1st which is the world’s first commercially available high-speed, bidirectional optical wireless system that can operate with a range of commercially available LED luminaries. It provides an IP-enabled ceiling unit and a desktop device that can be connected via USB to client devices. This industry is expected to grow up to $6 billion by 2018. This could be the future of the internet and the networks systems including the wireless connections, we just need to wait a couple months or years to see what is going to be in the future and how far we’ll get. ...
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...I. Introduction Common household lighting has evolved from oil and gas lamps in the 17th and 18th centuries to electric lamps in the late 19th century. Electric lamps have since progressed from incandescent to fluorescent to mercury vapor (MV). Today high intensity discharge (HID) lamps dominate street lighting installations. Two HID lamp types predominate: high pressure sodium (HPS), noted for its yellow/orange light, and metal halide (MH) that emits a bright light. Recently the trend has been to convert to LED fixtures because of documented savings on energy use and life-cycle maintenance costs. In our technology today, one of the most useful devices to be invented is the “Night Detector Lights”. This device is off used in special facilities and even in common households. This device give luminance in the sight of darkness, it is after all a night detector. A. Background “Night Detector Lights” are extremely useful and versatile in a wide range of renewable energy projects from automatic lighting to security systems. This circuit uses a light dependent resistor to detect luminance in the surroundings to prevent the circuit from giving power to the LED/Bulb for it to illuminate. The light dependent resistor (LDR) converts the light it absorbs into heat that then signals the resistor when gathered enough heat to cut off the flow of electricity to its destination the LED/Bulb. This may sound complex but it is rather simple. The LDR represents the switch of the circuit as...
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...Williams presents Blanche as very fragile, both mentally and physically. Her fragility steadily progresses throughout the play and Williams makes it clear that she is a character that is easily broken through many different aspects of the play. Williams’ use of stage directions, her appearance, speech, actions and interactions with other characters shows her to be quite an unstable character. Her physical appearance at the beginning of the play alone portrays her fragility by the way that she is compared to a moth. It is ironic that Williams likens her to a moth because they are typically attracted to light whereas Blanche’s “delicate beauty must avoid a strong light.” However this links with the idea that Blanche is fragile because she can’t help but be attracted to things that will harm her. Williams’ use of stage directions shows that Blanche is fragile by her constant nervous gestures and how she is easily scared or startled by small things. This can be seen where “She catches her breath with a startled gesture” after hearing a cat screeching and also by how she constantly “touches her forehead shakily” or touches her handkerchief to it. These actions show that she is nervous and constantly on edge, suggesting that she is afraid of something. This has a big effect on her mental state, which gradually breaks down as the play progresses. By the end of the play her nervous gestures seem to be more desperate, which can be seen where she “tries to break past the matron”. She...
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...Modeling and Designing of a New Indoor Free Space Visible Light Communication System∗ Z. Wu, J. Chau, and T.D.C. Little Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts tdcl@bu.edu August 1, 2011 MCL Technical Report No. 08-01-2011 Abstract–Recent developments in solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) materials and devices is driving a resurgence into the use of free-space optics (FSO) for wireless broadband communication. This technology uses the visible spectrum provided by “white” LEDs that are becoming ubiquitous in lighting and has some desirable properties competitive with existing radio frequency (RF) communications. By leveraging the low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units there are many opportunities to exploit this medium for widespread optical communication deployment. The optical medium, however, has particular characteristics, including directionality and susceptibility to noise sources in the visible spectrum that must be managed. In this paper we present a new indoor FSO system, also known as a visible light communication (VLC) system that addresses achieving satisfactory data rates through diffuse link while supporting mobility under line of sight (LOS) constraints. The system model is presented with theoretical performance analysis indicating a promising rate for indoor scenarios. The new VLC prototype that can deliver in excess of 1 Mbps while providing both illumination and communication at several meters is also...
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...and replacement of these lights a priority. Identifying the problem: Although the city has already stated that nonworking street lights has the culprit to the problem the real problem is low visibility. At what level of light output is conditions considered acceptable; for instance is a 1000 watt bulb considered adequate for 500 feet of road? Is this acceptable for all roads? Is a residential area roads need different lighting requirements as a highway or what about historic areas that want to maintain a time period look and feel through the area? For this exercise we say that historic areas will not accrue changes under this program, residential areas need a 500 wattage bulb every 1000 feet, and highways need a 1000 watt bulb every 500 feet. Understanding the problem Low visibility: Are current street lights working? If so, are the lights adequate to meet acceptable levels? If not, how far are the lights poles positioned apart? And what wattage of bulbs is being used? Do these meet the minimum standards set above? Identifying Alternate solutions: If lighting is not meeting acceptable levels should more lights be added or should existing lights be replaced due to the inability of the current lights to provide adequate amount of light. Selecting the best solution: Multiple solutions are possible; for every different type of road a different solution is possible. Example: A historic section will not have any changes, but highways with light poles spread 1000 feet apart with...
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...Interior Design Report By: Avishek Singh Vishen 4th semester BHM Christ University Index Introduction | 4 | Layout | 4 | | | Elements | 7-10 | Principles of design | 11- 13 | Colour and colour schemes | 14-15 | Lighting | 15-17 | Wall and floor covering | 18 | Furniture and furniture arrangement | 19 | Windows and Windows treatment | 20 | Accessories | 20 - 21 | Suggestions and recommendations | 21 | Conclusion | 22 | Bibliography | 23 | Introduction Hard Rock Cafe Bengaluru is a part of worldwide franchise that spans from America till Australia with 168 venues with some being just cafes then the rest having a combination of hotel, casino and restaurant. The first hard rock was opened in 1971 which was in London and then spanned the rest of the world after the year 1982 and jumped to different continents. The branch in Bengaluru is a restaurant / bar, which is based on a corporate theme which is a rock vintage appeal. The restaurant /bar are located on MG road in the book society building. The book society is one of the oldest buildings in Bengaluru. Hard rock cafe opened on estimated 29th December 2007. With its rock n roll theme the restaurant chose a building that would represent its ideals as a franchise and bring the look. Their main element of the restaurant / bar would be its memorabilia of rock legends displayed all over the area. As quoted by the hard rock website ...
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...Tools To Use For Painting With Light Photography (OBEP.com) Flashlights and LED’s Flashlights and Led’s are great tools when painting with light photography. The best type of flashlight to use with light painting trick photography is Maglite. Flashlights and LED bulbs both has their advantages and disadvantages. Maglite flashlights have a warm natural yellow color because they use incandescent bulbs. LED’s on the other hand usually has a colder tone color. If one has trouble working with either of these tools, change the white balance for one’s camera to build up the temperature difference. Maglights and LED’s are the primary and novice light painting tool. Fiber Optic Adapter If one comes to a situation where one must use a small or hand sized object, one will see that using a flashlight or LED will not work appropriately. In cases such as this, one will need a fiber optic adapter for their flashlight. The adapter is a cap that fits snuggly over the bulb casing of the flashlight, with a fiber optic cable protruding out of the end. This light painting tool comes in two sizes. A seven inch version and a twenty inch version. Using the Maglite adapter combination will give one the capability to light paint small and hand sized objects with ease and utmost accuracy. Key Chain LED The next best tool to flashlights and LED’s are key chain LED’s. These little gadgets have a button on the top that can quickly turn the light on and off. It can also keep the LED lock...
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...Lighting for Results The goals of any interior retail lighting system are often the same: to attract and guide customers, to help them evaluate merchandise and to assist them in quickly and easily completing the sale. If done correctly, lighting has been proven to increase merchandise sales. The Guiding Light While lighting must attract customers to the retail space, it must enable customers to read signage and move throughout the store. The quantity and quality of the illumination will create a lasting impression and will help customers decide whether they want to return to the store in the future to shop. The Buying Decision Customers will not make a purchasing decision until they have the opportunity to evaluate merchandise and determine its specific attributes, such as color, texture and quality. Illumination must be sufficient so customers can read price tags and all labels. In facilities such as clothing stores, the lighting must be sufficient in sales areas and dressing rooms so customers can see how the items look before they purchase them. It’s a Sale! The lighting within a store must facilitate customer transactions. Once customers make a final decision, they must be able to easily locate the sales register. The lighting should also help sales personnel quickly ring up the sale, scan credit cards and wrap packages. Good lighting will help minimize returns since customers can fully evaluate merchandise in the store and...
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