...DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A FUNCTIONAL MANAGER AND A PROJECT MANAGER FUNCTIONAL MANAGER 1. He is in-charge of a firm’s functional depts. Such as marketing, engg., or finance. 2. They are more skilled at analysis. Such heads are specialists in certain areas only. 3. They are analytical in approach (breaking the system into smaller and smaller elements) and they know something abt. the operation for which they are responsible. 4. In case of any difficulty, they know how to analyze and attack it. 5. They are administratively responsible for deciding how something will be done, who is going to do it, and what resources will be devoted to accomplish a task. 6. He is a direct, technical supervisor. 7. He should have knowledge in the technology of the process being managed. 8. The FM cannot allow the PM in taking control of the technical decisions in the functional areas or to control the assignment of the functional area personnel. PROJECT MANAGER 1. A PM starts his career as a specialist in some field, later on being promoted to some higher post. 2. He is required to be more skilled at synthesis. 3. The PM uses a system approach i.e. understanding the organizational problem, for which the project is a part, the organization for which the program exists, as well as the environment of the organization. 4. The PM is a facilitator and generalist. 5. He should be competent in the science of project along with having the...
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... |School of Business/Graduate | | |ACC/546 Version 2 | | |Auditing | Copyright © 2009, 2008, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description In this course, students focus on the auditing practice performed by public accountants. Topics include the CPA profession and the auditor’s role, planning the audit, audit reporting and required communications, evaluating internal controls, audit programs for current assets and liabilities, and audit programs for other business cycles. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials ...
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...CHAPTER 6 Audit Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks and Responding Brief Topical Outline A. The audit process 1. Obtaining clients (PowerPoint 6-2) — Submit a proposal — communicate with predecessor auditors 2. Overall process (PowerPoint 6-3,4) B. Audit planning (PowerPoint 6-5) 1. Establish an understanding with client, ordinarily through use of an engagement letter (PowerPoints 6-6, and 6-7) 2. Overall on audit planning (PowerPoint 6-8) C. Obtain an understanding of the client and its environment 1. Risk assessment procedures (PowerPoint 6-9) 2. Business risk approach to the audit (PowerPoint 6-10 through 6-16) 3. Materiality D. Assess the risks of material misstatement and design further audit procedures 1. Overall approach (PowerPoint 6-17) 2. Assessing fraud risks (PowerPoints 6-18 through 6-21) 3 Design further audit procedures (PowerPoints 6-22 and 6-23) E. Organization of the audit program 1. The systems portion 2. The substantive test portion (PowerPoint 6-24) 3. Analyzing transactions affecting accounts (PowerPoint 6-25) 4. Indirect verification of income statement accounts (PowerPoint 6-26) 5. Assertions, objectives and procedures (PowerPoint 6-27) — Management assertions — Direction of audit testing (PowerPoint 6-28) — Substantive objectives for the audit of asset accounts ...
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...METHODIST UNIVERSITY BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING ACCT 432: AUDITING 1 COURSE OUTLINE GENERAL OBJECTIVE To introduce students to the concept of the audit of financial statements and the issues surrounding the audit of such statements EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of the course, the student is expected to be able to; a) b) c) d) e) f) Explain what is an audit and the qualifications and duties of an auditor Understand the legal and professional rules governing the audit and the auditor Able to design an adequate internal control system Able to design an audit plan and an audit program to conduct an audit Able to audit a computerized client Able to design an audit report Week Topics Content Time (Hours) Definition of auditing 3 Distinction between auditing and accounting Objectives of an audit Types of audits Appointment of an auditor Qualifications of auditors 6 1 GENERAL ENVIRONMENT AUDIT 2-3 THE LEGAL PROFFESIONAL AND Week Topics Content Time (Hours) Rights of auditors Dismissal and duties of auditors REQUIREMENTS AUDITOR 4 OF AN CONDUCTING AN AUDIT 5-6 ERRORS, FRAUD AND OTHER IRREGULARITIES 7 INTERNAL SYSTEMS CONTROL 8 9-10 CAT AUDIT EVIDENCE General audit steps 3 Accepting an audit engagement Letter of engagement Planning an audit Types of errors 6 Fraud Detection, correction and prevention of errors and fraud Role of the auditor in respect of...
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...Lecture 5 Audit of the Sales and Collection Cycle Summary of the Audit Process Phase 1 Plan and design an audit approach 1. Accept client and perform initial planning 2. Understand client’s business and industry 3. Assess client business risk 4. Perform preliminary analytical procedures 5. Set materiality & assess acceptable audit risk and inherent risk 6. Understand internal control and assess control risk 7. Gather information to assess fraud risk 8. Develop overall audit plan and audit program Phase 2 Perform tests of controls & substantive tests of transactions Plan to reduce assessed level of control risk? No Yes Phase 3 Perform analytical procedures and tests of details of balances 1. Perform analytical procedures 2. Perform tests 3. Perform additional tests of details of balances Phase 4 Complete the audit & issue an audit report 1. Perform tests for presentation & disclosure 2. Accumulate final evidence 3. Evaluate results 4. Issue Audit Report 5. Communicate with audit committee & management 1. Perform test of controls 2. Perform substantive tests of transactions 3. Assess likelihood of misstatements in financial statements Accounts in the Sales and Collection Cycle 14-3 Sales and Sales returns Transaction 4 Accounts Sales Accounts receivable Business Functions Processing customer orders Granting credit Shipping goods Billing customers and recording sales Documents & Records Customer order Sales order Customer or sales order Shipping...
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...Audit Program Design Part III Tywana Bowman University of Phoenix ACC545/Financial Accounting Professor Michael DeMarco September 26, 2010 Introduction In order to conduct a substantial audit of Apollo Shoes the auditor must obtain a sufficient understanding of the entity and the entity’s environment, including the internal control. The understanding of the entity and its environment helps the auditor in a variety of ways throughout the audit, including establishing materiality, considering appropriateness, and designing audit procedures that can facilitate the growth of Apollo Shoes. Before the auditor can begin the process of conducting the audit of the inventory and warehousing cash cycles, the auditor must prepare the audit plan and program for Apollo Shoes. Developing the audit strategy and plan aids the auditor in determining the necessary resources to perform the engagement. The auditor must develop a plan in mind that will reduce audit risk to an acceptable level for the inventory and warehousing cash cycle. The audit plan should include a description of nature, timing, and extent of the planned risk assessment procedures. The audit plan and program significantly affects the types and extent of further audit procedures to be used by the auditor in determining whether the financial statements are fairly stated in accordance with the US GAAP. The auditor should consider audit risk in relation to the individual account balances, classes of transactions, and disclosures...
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...PART Overview of Accounting Information Systems Chapter 1 The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective 3 Introduction to Transaction Processing 31 Ethics, Fraud, and Internal Control 91 Chapter 2 I Chapter 3 1 CHAPTER The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective nlike many other accounting subjects, such as intermediate accounting, accounting information systems (AIS) lacks a well-defined body of knowledge. Much controversy exists among college faculty as to what should and should not be covered in the AIS course. To some extent, however, the controversy is being resolved through legislation. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 established new corporate governance regulations and standards for public companies registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This wide-sweeping legislation impacts public companies, their management, and their auditors. Of particular importance to AIS students is the impact of SOX on internal control standards and related auditing procedures. Whereas SOX does not define the entire content of the AIS course, it does identify critical areas of study that need to be included for accountants. These topics and more are covered in the chapters of this text. The purpose of this chapter is to place the subject of AIS in perspective for accountants. Toward this end, the chapter is divided into three major sections, each dealing with a different aspect of information systems. The first section explores the...
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...Governing an Audit of Financial Statements 2 SSA 300: Planning an Audit of Financial Statements 3 SSA 500: Audit Evidence 4 SSA 520: Analytical Procedures 5 SSA 580: Management Representations 6 SSA 315: Understanding the Entity and its Environment and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement (PART 1) 6 SSA 315: Understanding the Entity and its Environment and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement (PART 2) 8 SSA 320: Audit Materiality 8 SSA 330: The Auditor’s Procedures in Response to Assessed Risks (PART 1) 9 SSA 330: The Auditor’s Procedures in Response to Assessed Risks (PART 2) 10 SSA 620: Using the Work of an Expert 11 SSA 240: The Auditor’s Responsibility to Consider Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements (PART 1) 12 SSA 240: The Auditor’s Responsibility to Consider Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements (PART 2) 13 SSA 240: The Auditor’s Responsibility to Consider Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements (PART 3) 14 SSA 240: The Auditor’s Responsibility to Consider Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements (PART 4) 15 SSA 250: Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an Audit of Financial Statements (PART 1) 16 SSA 250: Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an Audit of Financial Statements (PART 2) 17 SSA 505: External Confirmations 18 SSA 540: Audit of Accounting Estimates 19 SSA 501: Audit Evidence – Additional Considerations for Specific Items 21 SSA 545: Summary Auditing Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (PART 1) 21 SSA 545:...
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...Internal Control 1843 AU Section 325 Communicating Internal Control Related Matters Identified in an Audit (Supersedes SAS No. 112.) Source: SAS No. 115. Effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after December 15, 2009. Earlier implementation is permitted. Applicability .01 This section establishes standards and provides guidance on communicating matters related to an entity's internal control over financial reporting identified in an audit of financial statements. It is applicable whenever an auditor expresses or disclaims an opinion on financial statements. In particular, this section • • • defines the terms deficiency in internal control, significant deficiency, and material weakness. provides guidance on evaluating the severity of deficiencies in internal control identified in an audit of financial statements. requires the auditor to communicate, in writing, to management and those charged with governance,1 significant deficiencies and material weaknesses identified in an audit. .02 This section is not applicable if the auditor is engaged to examine the design and operating effectiveness of an entity's internal control over financial reporting that is integrated with an audit of the entity's financial statements under AT section 501, An Examination of an Entity's Internal Control Over Financial Reporting That Is Integrated With an Audit of Its Financial Statements. Introduction .03 Internal control is a process—effected by those charged with...
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...Audit Program Design Part Ii Audit Program Design Part II Company: Apollo Shoe Company Audit Begins: January 19, 2010 Audit Ends: March 31, 2010 (Tentative) AUDIT SCOPE: Sales/revenue and collection cycle Payroll and personnel cycle Acquisition and payment cycle All Transactions, orders, and payments processed January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007 AUDIT OBJECTIVES: • To determine internal control compliance to sub objectives for payroll and personnel cycle, sales/revenue and collection cycle, and the acquisition and payment cycle. • To obtain control evidence and documentation about the existence, accuracy, classification, timing and completeness of recorded acquisition transactions. CRITERIA: Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99 – Fraud Auditing Standards AUDITOR ASSIGNMENTS: John Butler – Sales and Collection David Sargent – Payroll and Personnel Perry Boydstun – Acquisition and Payment Cycle METHODOLOGY: Each auditor will perform their assigned area of tests of controls and substantive test using sampling techniques as appropriate. Strengths and weaknesses’ should be denoted by using a “S” or “W” on each area applicable area of the flowchart and checklist of each assigned area. The summary status (“Ss” and “Ws”) will be listed in the bridge worksheet for SOX 404 Audit analysis. Bridge Worksheet for Sales and Collection Cycle – SOX 404 Audit Public companies typically rely heavily on proper internal controls to maintain...
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... co-ordination with internal departments to Improve Quality Values of products. Excellent communication, interpersonal, analytical skills with strong organizational and team building abilities and achieve corporate targets easily by continuous developments & cost reduction in this field. AREAS OF EXPERTISE Quality Planning ← Analyzing and producing the technical requirements and specifications & recommending design modifications based on client requirements. ← Design Quality System Manual, SOP & format, all Inspection Standards & Control Plan. Quality Assurance ← Monitoring adherence to quality systems, comply with quality standards and maintaining requisite documents. ← Implementing quality systems in the organization to reduce the defects and ensure zero defect products by implementing various techniques (7QC Tools) for Problem Solving. ← Ensuring Capability Study & Inspections at defined frequency to ensure Product Performance. Quality Systems ← Maintain the QA Systems and troubleshooting as per 4M manufacturing. ← Basic system Design, Documentation, and Implementation of ISO/TS-16949: 2002, ISO 14001, ISO 17025 ,ISO9001:2008 ← Practical Implementation of standards on shop floor as per product & process requirements. ← On-hand experience of quality tools & techniques viz. APQP, PPAP, MSA & SPC, 7-QC TOOLS, KAIZEN. Product...
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...Enron Case 10.8.2014 Melissa Becker Boya Du Sidi (Fiona) Chen Wei (David) Yu In June of 2001 Enron’s new CEO, Jeff Skilling, was heralded as the “No. 1 CEO in the entire country and Enron was saluted as “America’s most innovated company.” Just six months later, in December, Enron filed for bankruptcy. The failure shocked the public and angered investors. How could this have happened? Did no one see this coming? Where were the accountants? Where were the controls? Enron’s public troubles began on October 16th of 2001 when management released a third quarter earnings report with a “mysterious $1.2 billion dollar reduction.” The following month the company restated earnings for the previous five years and erased $600 million in profits. It turned out that the October report began to reveal Enron’s gross abuse of special-purpose entities (SPEs) and the mark-to-market accounting method. The company used SPEs to keep enormous amounts of losses off its books while inflating earnings from supply contracts by booking all profits from a contract in the quarter the deal was made. What also became clear was that Enron did not accomplish their gross manipulations without the help from their accountant’s at Arthur Andersen. Enron shareholders and executives were not the only groups negatively affected by Enron’s aggressive accounting practices. Arthur Andersen was also unraveled because of the role it played in Enron’s materially misstated financial statements. In a letter to...
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...Syllabus Certified General Accountants Association of Canada 100 – 4200 North Fraser Way Burnaby, British Columbia Canada V5J 5K7 www.cga-canada.org © CGA-Canada, 2013 All rights reserved. These materials or parts thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner without the prior written permission of the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada. Printed in Canada ISBN for an individual volume: 978-1-55219-599-4 About CGA-CANADA _________________________________________ CGA-Canada today The CGA designation focuses on integrity, ethics, and the highest education requirements. Recognized as the country’s accounting business leaders, CGAs provide strategic counsel, financial leadership, and overall direction to all sectors of the Canadian economy. The Certified General Accountants Association of Canada — CGA-Canada — sets standards, develops education programs, publishes professional materials, advocates on public policy issues, and represents CGAs nationally and internationally. The Association represents 75,000 CGAs and students in Canada, Bermuda, the Caribbean, Hong Kong, and China. Mission CGA-Canada advances the interests of its members and the public through national and international representation and the establishment of professional standards, practices, and services. A proud history CGA-Canada was founded in Montréal in 1908 under the leadership of John Leslie, vicepresident of the Canadian Pacific Railway. From the beginning, its objective...
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...Clause-by-clause explanation of ISO 9001:2008 WHITE PAPER October 29, 2014 Copyright ©2014 9001Academy. All rights reserved. Table of contents 0. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 4 1. PROCESS AND PROCESS APPROACH................................................................... 4 1.1. 1.2. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................................. 4 PROCESS APPROACH IMPACT ......................................................................................................................... 5 2. PROCESS PLANNING .......................................................................................... 6 2.1. 2.2. PROCESS ESTABLISHMENT ............................................................................................................................. 6 PROCESS ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................................... 7 3. CUSTOMER-FOCUSED ORGANIZATION ................................................................. 7 4. QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ......................................................................... 7 4.1. GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................... 7 ...
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...Guide to Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The Center for Audit Quality prepared this Guide to provide an overview for the general public of internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”). The Guide explains what public company ICFR is and describes management’s responsibility for implementing effective ICFR. The Guide also discusses the responsibilities of the audit committee to oversee ICFR and of the independent auditor to audit the effectiveness of the company’s ICFR. A Guide to Internal Control Over Financial Reporting P reparing reliable financial information is a key responsibility of the management of every public company. The ability to effectively manage the company’s business requires access to timely and accurate information. Moreover, investors must be able to place confidence in a company’s financial reports if the company wants to raise capital in the public securities markets. Management’s ability to fulfill its financial reporting responsibilities depends in part on the design and effectiveness of the processes and safeguards it has put in place over accounting and financial reporting. Without such controls, it would be extremely difficult for most business organizations — especially those with numerous locations, operations, and processes — to prepare timely and reliable financial reports for management, investors, lenders, and other users. While no practical control system can absolutely assure that financial reports...
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