...There are at least 15 confirmed 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor subtypes, each encoded by their own distinct genes (Raymond et al., 2001). These subtypes are divided in to seven subfamilies; which are characterized by pharmacological, structural and functional features (Hoyer et al., 1994). The range of 5-HT receptors is further increased by post genomic modifications such as alternative splicing, which can give rise to 10 splice variants for the 5-HT4 receptor and mRNA editing in conjunction with 5-HT2C receptors (Bockaert et al., 2006). 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 are metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), whereas 5-HT3 is uniquely ionotropic, (Engleman et al., 2008) (see Fig. 1.) Walstab, J., Rappold, G. and Niesler, B. (2010). 5-HT3 receptors: Role in disease and target of drugs. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 128(1), pp.146-169. Fig. 1. Schematic of a typical 5-HT3 receptor, showing the cation lumen after the removal of a subunit. Arrows point to reveal the agonistic, competitive, non-competitive antagonists and positive modulators. The orthosteric ligand binding site is magnified to show the binding loops of neighbouring subunits. An arrow also shows the transmembrane (TM) domains of an individual subunit, with TM2 lining the channel pore. A pentemeric receptor consisting of four TM segments to form an intrinsic cation selective, water-filled channel (Barnes et al., 2009). A typical subunit exhibits a large extracellular N-terminus...
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...dangers of allowing firms to emphasize earnings in their press releases that are not defined by an external authoritative body (such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board [FASB]), and how this can hurt the consistency and reliability of reporting. This is an important discussion, since regulators have recently formally proposed to include non-GAAP measures in their overhaul of the auditor reporting model (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board [PCAOB] 2011). The case also familiarizes students with current auditing guidelines dealing with the going concern decision and the potential role that non-GAAP earnings can play in this decision. Thus, the three primary learning objectives are to teach students: (1) to apply going concern audit standards, (2) about the potential role of non-GAAP earnings in this decision—especially as a predictor of future cash flows, and (3) other issues associated with non-GAAP earnings. This topic is important, as auditors are frequently auditing companies that release non-GAAP earnings and/or...
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...Chapter Four Professional Accounting in the Public Interest, Post-Enron Purpose of the Chapter When the Enron, Arthur Andersen, and WorldCom debacles triggered the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), a new era of stakeholder expectations was crystallized for the business world and particularly for the professional accountants that serve in it. The drift away from the professional accountant’s role as a fiduciary to that of a businessperson was called into question and reversed. The principles that the new expectations spawned and renewed resulted in changes in how the professional accountants are to behave, what services are to be offered, and what performance standards are to be met. These standards have been embedded in a new governance structure and in guidance mechanisms, which have domestic and international components. The influence of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) will be as important as that of SOX in the long run. This chapter examines each of these developments and provides insights into important areas of current and future practice. Building upon the understanding of the new stakeholder accountability framework facing clients and employers developed in earlier chapters, this chapter explores public expectations for the role of the professional accountant and the principles that should be observed in discharging that role. This leads to consideration of the implications for services to be...
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...organization to keep track of assets and measure profits and losses. Control procedures are designed to ensure that the business’s goals are achieved. Risk assessment is an assessment that help the company identify its amount of risk. All companies need internal control procedures. Companies should employ employees that are competent, reliable, and ethical. A business with good internal controls should never overlook important duties. All employees should have certain responsibilities and understand those responsibilities. There should also be separation of duties, this will limit fraud and promote accuracy of the accounting records. No one person should be responsible for every aspect of a job. This will cause mistakes to happen. Audits are also a very important internal control procedure so are documents, and electronic devices. What is The Sarbanes-Oxley Act? The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed by congress in 2002 with the aim of preventing an assortment of ills related to corporate finance and reporting. The Enron and WorldCom scandals had a great deal to do with The...
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...chicken poop and bulu ayam) → not only sell the meats. 1. Meats 2. Eggs 3. Fertilizer (poop) 4. Livestock (sell the chicks/breeds to other farmer) 5. Feathers • Improve marketing → use En Selamat’s skill in marketing. • Send reminder to debtor. • Give good credit term. • Cut cost → feed and labour expenses (hire relative). 2. Leadership • Autocratic → laissez faire. • Recommendation: democratic. 3. Conflict of Interest • En Selamat and En Azman (“personally benefit from the deal”). • En Selamat and BOD. Recommendations: • Establish a clear set of policies and procedures within the company. • Develop a whistle blowing policy. • Ensure the independency of the management team. • Conduct internal audit or investigation activities. • Ms Choy: To persuade BOD that the issues in the company can lead to a deterioration of the company’s performance, esp. financially. 4. Internal control • EncikSelamat → had responded to unrelated tasks to him. → approved the credit limit of CG without Ms. Choy’s authorization. → access to Ms. Choy information system....
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...internal control a. What is internal control? Internal control is a process, effected by an entity’s board of directors, management and other personnel, designated to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following three categories: * Reliability of financial reporting * Effectiveness and efficiencies of operations * Compliance with applicable laws and regulations Internal control is design to achieve management objectives in three categories. In financial reporting category, the management objectives are related to producing reliable financial reports and safeguarding assets. In the operations category, same examples of management objectives are maintaining a good business reputation, ensuring a positive return an investment, increasing market share, promoting new products innovation, and using assets effectively and efficiently. In the compliance category, the board of management objective is compliance with the regulation and law that affect the entity. The definition of internal control identifies several important concepts. Internal control provides reasonable assurance, not absolute assurance, that management objectives will be achieved. Because people operate the controls, breakdowns can occur. Internal control can help prevent and detect many errors, but it cannot guarantee that will never happen. Several limitation of internal control system prevents management from obtaining complete assurance that controls are...
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...Petty jealousy may have played a part in her coworkers ignoring or explaining away all of Sachdeva’s high-end purchases. It also mentions that they thought she used family money or her husband’s money to pay for her purchases, but perhaps they didn’t actually get to know her background, or research how much money pediatricians make. As noted above, everyone in this case could have really asked themselves how much pediatricians make, or simply could have asked Sachdeva about her family history in a friendly, non-threatening way and ascertained that she did not come from a wealthy background. Also, the auditor should have vouched invoices related to the costs of goods sold, and inquired of the audit committee about their review of credit card statements, internal control procedures. The audit committee should have been reviewing monthly financial statements, bank...
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...that recognizes him as a reliable body. With the growing conscious recognition of the importance of financial data in the ordering of everyday business and economic life, the need of basic economic facts is providing a constantly enlarging opportunity for the accounting profession. The auditors' reports have an especial capacity to fulfill the need for reliable and authoritative financial material not only because of the reputation or prestige of the certified statements, but also because of the significance generally attached by the business man to the functions of the auditor and his reports. These functions, and the scope of these reports, have in the past been definitely related to the character of and changes in business activity. Audits and reviews are basically procedures performed on the financial statements of a company, for the purpose of determining whether the financial statements include any material misstatements. Misstatements are essentially wrong numbers due to numerical errors, fraud, or errors in interpreting the accounting...
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...Cost Audit Cost Audit in EDP environment When planning the cost audit, the cost auditor should consider an appropriate combination of manual and computer-assisted audit techniques (CAATs). In determining whether to use CAATs, he should take into account: i) His computer knowledge, expertise and experience. ii) Availability of CAATs and suitable computer facilities. iii) Impracticability iv) Effectiveness and efficiency. v) Timing. In an EDP environment, the control procedures take basically two stages: 1. Manual Procedure – i.e. the clerical work done up to the translation of data into machine-sensible form. This stage, being manual, is subjected to usual internal control conditions and the Cost Auditor will have little difficulty in appraising them by means of ‘compliance test’ and ‘substantive’ test’. 2. Computer Procedures – i.e. the computer processing work. Auditing in this area is actually a complex activity, for which the Cost Auditor as a prudent person should develop himself for adequate EDP knowledge. Before the actually starts to conduct his audit in EDP environment he should envisage to maintain an ‘Audit Control File’, as his valuable kit. The Computer Audit control File may be built up containing full details of the system including: i) Copies of all source documents and the details of the checks that have been done to ensure their accuracy. ii) Details of physical control over source documents and any control tools on...
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...ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM Ascertaining Internal Control System Methods of ascertaining the control systems are summarized as follows: * Examining previous audit work, * Client’s own documentation of the system, * Interviews with client’s staff, * Tracing transactions, * Examining client’s documents, * Observation of procedures. a. Examining previous audit work: The audit work should provide a record of the previous audit and how the system operates. Any change in the audit work should be documented for updating. b. Clients own documentation of the system: Some organizations have their on Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). These Standard Operating Procedures provides source of information and to the existing control systems. It is therefore important to check whether the system as described in the (SOP) is what actually practiced. c. Interview with staff: During various stages of the audit, the auditor will need to some members of the staff of the client and find out how they carry out the assigned duties. These questions will reveal existing control and give indication of potential problems. d. Tracing transactions: Walk through checks allow auditors to identify any examples of actual procedures that vary from intended procedures. It also helps the understanding of the entire process as well as identification of risks. e. Examining client’s documents: The auditor can also ascertain the...
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...Treadway Commission (COSO). Apollo Shoes’ organization has a responsibility to uphold accurate financial statements, keeping effective internal control over financial reporting, and evaluation of internal control over the financial reporting system. __ Auditing Firm is accountable for issuing a professional judgment that will exemplify a complete evaluation of the financial statements, organization’s evaluation, and efficiency and success of the organizations internal control over financial reporting according to the auditing decisions of __ Auditing Firm. ___ Auditing Firm has performed the audit in agreement with the rules and regulations normally accepted accounting principles put forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the Government Accounting Standards Board. The rules and regulations of each standard board want __ Auditing Firm to prepare effectively and carry out the audit to establish reasonable assurance of the financial statements. The financial statements must demonstrate...
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...Prepare common-sized balance sheets and income statements for Just for Feet for the period 1996 – 1998. Also compute key liquidity, solvency, activity, and profitability ratios for 1997 and 1998. Given these data, comment on what you believe were the high-risk financial statement items for the 1998 Should auditors insist that their clients accept all proposed audit adjustment, even those that have an “immaterial” effect on the given financial statements? According to section 312.10 of the PCAOB standards, “the auditor’s consideration of materiality is a matter of professional judgment and is influenced by his or her perception of the needs of a reasonable person who will rely on the financial statements” (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 2011). This statement suggests that there are no hard and fast rules with regards to the determination of whether an adjustment is material or immaterial. In my opinion, much of the decisions are left to the auditor’s interpretation of the rule. Given all the rules and standards that both auditors and corporations must abide by, it would be wise to accept the proposed audit adjustments. Whether they are “material” or “immaterial” should not matter, because the fact that the auditor finds it necessary to propose the adjustment must be based on a rule or interpretation of a rule. If the company is secure in the abilities of its chosen auditor, they should allow the auditor to do his job. On the other hand, the auditor is supposed...
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...CPA Program The Practical Experience Guide EVE CHENG CPA SENIOR ANALYST BHP BILLITON Contents Practical experience requirement How to identify if your role is relevant Where do you fit? What skills areas do you need to demonstrate? Your mentoring relationship How to record your experience in the logbook The skills guide Personal effectiveness skills Leadership skills Business skills Technical skills 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 MICHELLE ROACH CPA 2 Practical experience requirement Did you know? Our studies show that members consistently perform better in their segments when they are enrolled in the practical experience requirement The practical experience requirement of the CPA Program gives you the opportunity to use the knowledge and skills gained in your education and apply them in your workplace. Combining your education with mentored practical experience will give you the opportunity to develop and demonstrate highly sought after technical and soft-skills that will benefit your entire career. Starting your practical experience requirement means that you are one step closer to your goal of becoming a CPA. CPA Australia recommends that you start the practical experience requirement and the professional level segments at the same time, if you are employed in a relevant role. What are the requirements? • complete a minimum of three years of relevant full-time or equivalent part-time work experience • demonstrate competence in 16 personal effectiveness...
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...risks common to such businesses. How should these risks affect the audit planning decisions for such a client? For the large, high-volume retail stores, I identified the following internal control risks common to such businesses: * Management operating strategy is the top source of all the issues. Most retail stores are pretty decentralized and may not pay much attention to the detailed operating procedures, thus may lead to some potential opportunities for staffs to steal or break the rules. * Inventory is a big issue in large high-volume retail stores, particularly people may intentionally misstate the inventory when counting and valuing it in order to steal or manipulate the earnings. * Cash is also a potential problem for such businesses. The large high-volume stores also tend to have a high volume of cash and transactions as well as some petty cash, so the handling of cash and the cut-off of transactions near period end are issues. * High turnover of the staffs is another issue of retailing industry. Since many entry-level positions has a very high turnover and low pay, those workers may not get well trained and operate as designed In planning the audit, the auditors should give extra attention to the controls surrounding cash and inventory, cut-off procedures, and the year-end inventory counts. Moreover, all of these control environment issues would increase control risk and so the audit procedures would have to be increased to offset these risks so that...
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...1. Each of the following elements make up an integral part of what is meant by "ethics" except for: A. Accepted standards of behavior B. Knowing the difference between right and wrong C. Always following the law D. The moral point of view 2. "Treating others fairly" encompasses treating them: A. Equally, impartially, and responsibly B. Equally, responsibly, and openly C. Impartially, openly, and diligently D. Equally, impartially, and openly 3. The Independence Principle in the AICPA Code applies to: A. All accountants and auditors B. All CPAs regardless of professional services C. All CPAs who render attestation services D. All members of the audit committee 4. In stage 1 of Kohlberg's model, ethical reasoning is motivated by: A. Fear of punishment B. Satisfaction of one's needs C. Following the law D. Acting based on universal ethical principles 5. Professional judgment in accounting includes each of the following attributes except for: A. Exercising due care in carrying out one's professional responsibilities B. Maintaining one's objectivity in decision making C. Maintaining one's integrity in decision making D. Acting in accordance with the moral point of view 6 Each of the following considerations should help to evaluate alternative courses of action in the decision making model except for: A. Whether the alternatives are consistent with professional standards B. Whether the alternatives are consistent with firm policies and its own code of...
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