...8ikPsychology Final Exam Review Chapter 1 * Correlation * Measurable of the relationship between two variables * Causation * Is something causing something else * Gestalt Theory * Good figure psychology * How we experience the world * Sensation + Perception = More than the sum of its parts * Psychoanalysis * Sigmund Freud * Most of your feelings come from a hidden place in the mind (unconscious) * Behaviorism * Focus on observable behavior only * John B. Watson (Little Albert) * Variables * Dependent Variable * Variable in experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment * Independent Variable * Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter * Psychiatrist * Medical Doctor * Can prescribe medication * Psychologist * Professional with an academic degree & specialized training in one or more areas of psychology * Cannot prescribe medications (except in 2 states) * Psychiatrist Social Worker * A social worker with training in therapy methods who focuses on environmental conditions that have an impact on mental disorders * Cannot prescribe medication * Placebo Effect * Phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study influence behavior * Think they are given a...
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...LP2 Assignment: Secrets of the Mind By Mia Mendoza Dr. Ramachandran is a neuro scientist. He travels to different places around the world, searching for people with unexplainable mental problem and tries to make sense out of it. The most important thing Dr. Vilayanur Ramachandran taught us in this video was that the mind is very mysterious indeed. The brain is so complex that any kind of injury to it can make very strange things happen. In the case of the man with the phantom arm, the man was mysteriously experiencing pain in the amputated arm. HHHAlso, when he touched a part of his cheek, his phantom arm felt it as well. After Dr. Ramachandran performed some tests, he came to the conclusion that the nerves in his brain that are connected to his cheek took over the nerves connected to his arm which gives him this strange sensation. David claims that after he was in a horrible accident, now sometimes he fails to recognize his own mother and father and thinks they are imposters. Sometimes he even thinks he is an imposter of himself. Dr. Ramachandran started his research right away and came to the conclusion that when you look at an object, the message goes to the temporal lobes of the brain then gets relayed to an object in your brain called the amygdala that contains the emotional center of the brain. The fibers that connect the amygdala to the temporal lobes must have been cut as a result of his accident since the objects that he sees are sometimes not linked with any...
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...The frontal lobe is associated with being able to have higher mental abilities and play a role in your sense of self. The frontal lobe is also responsible for the control of movement. The movement comes from the tissue of the rear of the frontal lobe it is called the primary motor area it directs the body’s muscles. The primary motor is one of three actions that the frontal lobe controls. The second one is the mirrors neurons these neurons become active when we perform action. The association area combines and processes information. If there were damage to the left hemisphere may suffer aphasia. The temporal lobes are located on each side of the brain. These lobes are the direct reason why people can hear. Auditory information projects directly to the primary auditory are making it the main site where hearing first registers. The temporal lobe is also responsible for the language that is spoken. If it is damaged the result is a receptive or fluent aphasia. Let’s talk about what is aphasia and why there are two different diagnoses one for the frontal lobe and one for the temporal lobe. The frontal lobe aphasia is related to Broca’s area, a speech center that is part of the left frontal association. If there were to be damage to the Broca’s area it would be very difficult for speech and writing to be done. Wernicke’s area lies on the left temporal lobe. This area is also the function as the language site which is...
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...Imagine functioning without certain brain areas. What would it be like to talk on the phone to your mother if you didn't have temporal lobe association areas? What would you hear? What would you understand? What would you feel? Imagine functioning without certain brain areas. What would it be like to talk on the phone to your mother if you didn't have temporal lobe association areas? What would you hear? What would you understand? What would you feel? Imagine functioning without certain brain areas. What would it be like to talk on the phone to your mother if you didn't have temporal lobe association areas? What would you hear? What would you understand? What would you feel? Imagine functioning without certain brain areas. What would it be like to talk on the phone to your mother if you didn't have temporal lobe association areas? What would you hear? What would you understand? What would you feel? Imagine functioning without certain brain areas. What would it be like to talk on the phone to your mother if you didn't have temporal lobe association areas? What would you hear? What would you understand? What would you feel? Imagine functioning without certain brain areas. What would it be like to talk on the phone to your mother if you didn't have temporal lobe association areas? What would you hear? What would you understand? What would you feel? Imagine functioning without certain brain areas. What would it be like to talk on the phone to your mother if you...
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...When most people think about the brain they think of how it can process memories and helps the body function, but what most people fail to realize is that the brain has different parts for different functions. These different parts of the brains are broken down into categories called lobes. The lobe that controls a person’s hearing and language is the temporal lobe. The temporal lobes are actually located on both sides of the brain. The temporal lobe helps people register what it is they are hearing when they are either talking or listening. When some sort of damage is happened to the temporal lobe people are able to still hear things but will have a hard time understanding the meaning of words, this is called receptive (or fluent) aphasia. This damaged area is also known as the Wernicke’s area. The most important part of the brain that really makes up a person’s self and has higher mental abilities (which means it helps with reasoning and planning) is the frontal lobe part of the brain. The frontal lobe gets its’ name from the location of the brain. It is in located on the front part of the brain and it is a massive lobe at that. Not only does the frontal lobe make up a person’s self, but it also has another role which is motor control. Motor control refers to every movement that your body can make. These movements can be as little as moving a finger to as big as running or swimming. Another thing to know is that the frontal lobe has more tissue dedicated for certain motor...
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...Inmates have a variety of ways they deal with stress. Music, recreational activities, exercising and socializing. Life is full of expectations, commitments, deadlines, frustrations and demands. People are faced with stress every day that it has become a way of life. Stress is a response to evens that make you feel threatened or upset your balance in some ways. According to Gilabert (2007:10) stress is defined as an emotional reaction occurring in the presence of certain stimuli that usually trigger the body’s coping mechanisms to face the new circumstance. Stress is caused by different factors, situations and pressure that are face by an individual. The situations and pressure that causes stress are known as stressors. Stress is not a sickness but it can have serious effects to the body. What causes stress depends, at least in part, on your perception of it (smith, et.al.2012:3). That is, if you are faced with a situation and you think of it negatively, then it will have negative effects, thus, if you look at it positively, then it will turn out to have positive effects. There are many life changes that causes stress some are positive and some are negative, however both causes stress. Negative major life changes are events such as death of a spouse, divorce, marriage pregnancy and so on. People who are faced with such problems have more pressure and worries that mostly stay with them for a very long time. The difference in stressors inside versus outside is more in the quality...
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...viewing the human brain and its design, you will notice that the lateral sulcus is located behind the brains frontal pole and this is what separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe. The motor cortex is located within the frontal lobe of the brain and this is the area of which we utilize our fine motor skills almost pre-rehearsing them before we actually make any sort of movement. There is also the area for the production of speech which is located within the premotor cortex and is known as Broca’s area. Broca’s aphasia is named after the French neuroanatomist Paul Broca who is responsible for discovering a certain area of the brain in 1861 from his dealings with an aphasic man who went by the name of “Tan”. Once this gentleman died, Broca performed his autopsy and discovered that there was damage done to the left hemisphere of his brain in the frontal lobe which is why this area was named after him. The frontal lobe is responsible for our decision making, problem solving, movement, managing our emotional and sexual desires, as well as certain parts of our speech. The temporal lobe The Temporal Lobe is the lobe that is located at both sides of our head and sits right underneath the temple area. There is a place within the temporal lobe that houses that primary auditory cortex, and receives its data from the cochlea. All of the areas that surround this are responsible for interpreting sounds, and specifically houses...
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...Associate Level Material Appendix C Brain Response of Behavior Part I Note: Parts II and III follow below, complete all three. Neurons process information through signals or nerve impulses in the brain. These are referred to as action potentials and the action is carried through two types of process. These processes are electrical and chemical synapse. Nerve impulse is the electrical signal reach from the chemical signal. the neuron receives it from another neuron through its dendrites. That chemical reaction between neurons is called a terminal buttons. The result, neurotransmitters are released which in turn transmit the message to the next neuron. The reactions between the neurons and signal transmitting are termed as synapses. The synapses do not gather together they exist as the synaptic cleft. Synaptic cleft is where and how the signals transfer through reaching the dendrite of a neuron. Once the neuron that receives information is known as a postsynaptic neuron and the one that sends the neuron is the presynaptic neuron. Then it returns to neurotransmitters that are released in the axon by the sacs named synaptic vesicles. A synaptic vesicles are often known as neurotransmitter vesicles. Stores a variety of neurotransmitters that function as chemical messengers to the next neurons. Neurotransmitters are released when they have a nerve impulse at the end of a axon and once they come across the synaptic cleft they will attack to the receptors of the receiving...
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...Glossary Auditory Cortex: The region of the cerebral cortex that receives auditory data from the medical geniculate body also called auditory area. Audiologist: Individual trained to identify, diagnose, measure and rehabilitate hearing impairments. Audiometer: an instrument for gauging and recording acuity of hearing Cochlea: a spiral-shaped cavity forming a division of the internal ear in humans and in most other mammals. Communication: the act or process of communicating; fact of being communicated Conductive: having the property or capability of conducting Deaf: partially or wholly lacking or deprived of the sense of hearing; unable to hear Disability: a physical or mental handicap, especially one that prevents a person from living a full, normal life or from holding a gainful job. Ear Canal: the narrow, tube like passage through which sound enters the ear. Hearing Impairment: a reduction or defect in the ability to perceive sound. Hearing Aid: a compact electronic amplifier worn to improve one’s hearing, usually placed in or behind the ear. Mild Deafness: mild hearing loss is typically classified as a hearing loss of around 26 to 45 decibels. Moderate Deafness: people with moderate deafness have some difficulty in following speech in most settings, but can generally. Meningitis: the inflammation of the meninges around the brain and spinal cord is called as meningitis. It leads to swelling around the brain and spinal cord, leading to headache, stiff neck and...
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...Musical Language “sometimes behaves so strangely” I chose the Radiolab episode titled “Musical Language”. I’ve been a musician since I was ten years old and find the science and human interaction with music to be a fascinating topic. In this episode, Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich speak about the ways that humans perceive sound and how sound can become a “feeling” instead of just something the listener hears. The guests included Diana Duetsch – a Professor of Music Psychology at Univerity of San Diego and Jonah Lehrer – a frequent Radiolab contributor . During Diana Duetsch’s segment, she spoke of how humans perceive sound. In one of the studies she was conducting, she would put parts of her speech onto a loop. She left the room while an audio clip of the words “sometimes behaves so strangely” was left playing on the loop. After a while, she began to hear sounds as if music was playing. When returning to the room, she found that she’d left this clip playing on the loop and somehow the words began to sound as if there was a melody behind them. Subsequently, when she would listen to the piece again, those words in that phrase again sounded like she was spontaneously bursting into song in the middle of a sentence. Her brain had altered the way it perceived the words “sometimes behaves so strangely.” Lehrer spoke of an unfortunate incident that occurred at an Igor Stravinsky concert in 1913. Stravinsky was an “up-and-coming” composer and created the musical piece...
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...Brian Response to Behavior Marcus D. Lewis Brain Response to Behavior Axia College University of Phoenix Ron Zuchora Brain Response to Behavior Part I There is a process the brain processes information through the use of what is called “Neurons”. Neurons send signals through cells through the entire body. These Neurons have to essentially travel on branches in the body, sort like branches on a tree called dendrites. The dendrites have a long path or projection that is named axon. If two neurons communicate or coalesce, the axon of one cell will barely touch one another of a dendrite. There will then be a small space called a synaptic gap or synaptic cleft. Hypothetically speaking, if a person was to touch a hot stove or pan; the result would be thousands of neurons responsible for sending signals to the brain that tells the body “hey this is hot, Please take your hand off the stove.” When neurons actually fires or send signals, there is a rapid change in the electrical potential that is called the action potential. After the process has been submitted to the brain, it then makes a transition to terminal buttons to allow the changes to occur. There are however, chemical releases chemical substances called: Neurotransmitters. It’s sort of like a car that has pistons creating combustion and fuel is then carried to carburetor and the rest of engine components to make the car propel forward...
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...it responds to damage. Much of the understanding of the brain is embedded in observation of damaged brains and their association of impaired function with specific areas of damage. Modern technologies have begun to change this trend because of machines such as the Magnetic Resonance Imager (MRI) that allows scientist to observe brain function with the invasiveness of surgery. This technology has provided not just insights into neuroscience but also into psychology as brain functions can now be correlated better with behavior and heredity. One can see this insight when examining specific areas of the brain such as the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain. The MRI lets the scientist get an in depth look at the brain in slices of an image to better interpret how the brain works. The cerebral cortex is “a large, extremely wrinkled sheet of neurons, or nerve cells, on the surface of the brain’s two hemispheres”. These are defined as the right and left hemispheres and make up the largest volume in the brain. The cerebral cortex controls all sensation, thought, comprehension, higher cognition, ideas, language, memory and emotion (Pinel, 2011). The hemispheres consist of four lobes, with each performing a specific function (Pinel, 2011). Frontal lobe: behavioral activities such as decision-making, setting goals and planning. Parietal lobe: concentration and language understanding, visual, sensory and...
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...AP Psychology Essay Prompts and Scoring Rubrics The enclosed document includes an essay prompt for each unit in AP Psychology and a corresponding scoring rubric. The purpose of this activity is to increase the students’ awareness of how AP exam readers grade from a rubric. Emphasis is placed on the definition of terms and the application of those terms. Units include: Introduction to Psychology Psychobiology Sensation and Perception Memory Learning Nature and Nurture of Behavior Developing Person Thinking, Language, and Intelligence States of Consciousness Motivation and Emotion Personality Stress and Health Psychological Disorders Therapy Social Psychology Unit: Introduction to Psychology Describe the different perspectives from which psychologists examine behavior and mental processes, and explain their complementarity. Your answer should include: ➢ Neuroscience ➢ Evolutionary ➢ Behavior Genetics ➢ Psychodynamic ➢ Behavioral ➢ Cognitive ➢ Social-cultural Rubrics Note: The application portion on the rubrics may include a variety of answers. This is simply an example of possible answers. The perspectives have more than one complement. |Term |Definition |Application ...
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...Axia College Material Appendix C Brain Response of Behavior Part I Note: Parts II and III follow below, complete all three. Run Multimedias 2.3 and 2.4 o Go to the Web site www.prenhall.com/morris. o Click text: Psychology: An Introduction (12th ed.) o Click “2” on the select a chapter tool bar. o Click Live!Psych on the left hand menu. o Select 2.3 and 2.4. Write a 350- to 700-word response to the following: Explain the communication process of neurons in the brain. List some common neurotransmitters and describe their effect on behavior. The ways neurons communicate are through electrochemical process. Chemical messages are sent from one neuron to another through its dendrites. Once a message has been received by a neuron it changes electrically. This rapid change is called rapid potential, also known as nerve impulse. The impulse travels from the beginning of the axon to the terminal buttons that are located at the end of the axon. This process causes neurotransmitters to release which allows messages to reach the next neuron. The site where the nerve impulses transmit from one nerve to another is called synapse. Neurons are separated by a gap called the synaptic cleft. This is located between the terminal buttons at the end of the axon. All messages must past this cleft. There is a neuron on each side of the cleft. The one that sends is called the presynaptic, and the receiver is the postsynaptic neuron. Inside the presynaptic...
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...Christine Parker 2,082 Words “A personalised induction will always be more effective” In this essay I will discuss the importance of a personalised induction in relaxation and if it is always more effective. As we know all individuals are different, not just the outward appearance but the inward person to. People have different characters and personalities built on their genes influences through life experiences, friends, school and age. It is important when we first meet the client to get as much information and history as possible. The client must also be made aware of how hypnotherapy works so that mutual realistic expectations can be agreed, for example; if someone wants to lose weight, it is about changing their eating habits and retraining their subconscious mind, not a quick fix. All of the information gathered will give a clearer picture about their likes, dislikes, background, hobbies, fears, allergies and history of any illness’s and medication past and present. This will assist in not only finding out about their preferences and their modalities but will also be a time when anxiety levels can be reduced, a rapport and the trust between client and therapist can be built. Mutual trust, respect, belief and empathy are key to a successful initial meeting. This information also assists the therapist in determining an individual’s personality. A person’s preferences and modalities can change in order to a situation that they find themselves in. So you can see why the...
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