...``Push-pull'' factors influencing international student destination choice Tim Mazzarol Graduate School of Management, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia Geoffrey N. Soutar Graduate School of Management, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia Keywords Students, Decision making, Learning, Country of origin Introduction Why do students choose to study overseas? Demand for education, particularly higher education, has traditionally been driven by expectations of its ability to raise the economic and social status of the graduate. For people in less developed countries, limited access to education in their own countries led to a significant rise in the number of international students studying overseas. Between 1960 and 1970, the average growth in international student flows was around 9 per cent, and continued at about 6 per cent from 1970 to 1980 (Hughes, 1988). While there is some evidence of a slowing in the overall flow of international students during the 1980s and 1990s (Kemp, 1995), a global industry has been created. The global pattern of international student flows may be explained by a combination of ``push and pull'' factors that encourage students to study overseas. ``Push'' factors operate within the source country and initiate a student's decision to undertake international study. ``Pull'' factors operate within a host country to make that country relatively attractive to international students. Some of these factors are inherent...
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...THE IMPACT OF COUNTRY ATTRIBUTES ON STUDY ABROAD PROGRAM AND TOURISM DESTINATION PURCHASING DECISIONS ABSTRACT Place branding has become a very competitive arena. Despite the interest of researchers and practitioners, the segment of study abroad programs has received limited attention in the literature review. According to the 2008 Global Directions in Language Travel report, in 2008, in the language studies abroad travel market, more than 1.3 million students studied languages abroad. This limited attention is surprising, given that more and more students are studying abroad. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate which country attributes are considered relevant when students choose a place for study. In addition, the study investigates whether these attributes are similar to or different from those contemplated when a country is considered as a tourist destination. The results of this study will provide educators and university administrators with some direction for developing more attractive study abroad program offers. In addition, place marketers and governments can benefit from these results with their efforts to attract more visitors to their countries since the market segment of youth pursuing an education aboard has seen steady growth in recent years. KEYWORDS: Image, Destination, Country, Attributes, Study Abroad 1. INTRODUCTION The tourism industry has experienced robust growth over the last decades. As a result, competition in the global tourism market...
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...contribute to these components of brand image and applies it to a real world case study. The aspects of intangibility of services, variability of quality, instantaneous consumption of services , inseparability of service and service provider as well as the service environment were explored with relation to “Australia” the movie (product) and Australia as a tourist destination (service). Through exploring this case study it was clear that brand image for “Australia” the movie was significantly based on benefits it could offer its consumers including quality aspects and trust through use of Hollywood’s biggest stars, as well as the strength of the films brand image through strong emotive and unique cultural cues. In contrast, the brand image of Australia as tourist destination has several additional elements and boundaries that it must overcome. Interestingly, it was found that Australia the movie was the perfect tool to use for Australian Tourisms greatest hurdle - overcoming the intangible aspect of the business. Suddenly, Tourism Australia as a service could leverage the parallels of the brand image and success of the film and instil these qualities in its own communications. Ultimately, with a new realm of consumer behaviour and market complexities, it was found that businesses must continue evolving the notion of brand image and how to leverage this with their target market. A task that Tourism Australia understands and is in the process...
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...TOUR19020 - Destination Management Assignment 2 Research Report on Australian Destination Management Student Name: Tianrou Zhou & Amy Zeng Lecturer: David Ponton Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Product development 3 3.0 Partnerships, community and tourism stakeholder relations 6 3.1 Partnerships 6 3.2 Community and tourism stakeholder relations 7 4.0 Governance and leadership 8 5.0 Communications and relevant promotions 10 5.1 Integrated marketing communications 10 5.2 Branding and technology application 10 6.0 Comments & Recommendations 11 6.1 Conclusions 11 6.2 Recommendations 12 7.0 Reference List 13 1.0 Introduction This report aims to explore relevant tourism issues of Australia in a more in-depth extent, based on the analyzed results of previous report. The analysis process is conducted in perspectives of product development, partnerships and team building, community and tourism stakeholder relations, governance and leadership as well as communications and relevant promotions, respectively. At the end of this report, comments and recommendations will be drawn according to the analyzed results. This report consists of following five parts: independent discussions from above four dimensions and comments & recommendations at the end. 2.0 Product development After decades of development, tourism has already become the fastest and most prosperous industry in Australia, with a proportion of 2.5% in terms...
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...structure’. The internal systems required to constitute a WTS were outlined by Leiper in 2004: at least one tourist, at least one tourist generating region, at least one tourist route region, at least one tourist destination, as well as a travel and tourism industry facilitating movement within the system. Whole Tourism System theory is the concept of a number of both internal and external ‘interdependencies, energy flows and interactions’. The 1930s saw the emergence of systems theory to describe phenomenon that are ordinarily too complex. To explain the factors and elements of a World Tourism System this essay will use the Australia to Bali tourist system as an example to explain how each element functioning singularly creates a WTS. Within a whole tourism system tourists play the most valuable role. Tourism is essentially human experience and the enjoyment an individual gains from a destination. The geographical elements within a WTS are the tourist generating region, tourist destination region and the transit route region. The tourist generating region (TGR) within a whole tourism system is related to the demand part of tourism; here people gather information on destinations and this region is the ‘push zone’ for an individual to set off on travel. A tourist destination region (TDR) is generally the main component in convincing people to travel. The TDR is where the main impact of tourism is felt; the force attracting tourists to this region is what starts the entire system...
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...Abstracts: Tourism Development Journal, Vol. 8. Issue 1, September 2010 Status of MICE Venues and Services in National Capital Region – A Study of Service Providers Opinion Manjual Chaudhary and Surjeet Kumar Abstract Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibitions (MICE) is a niche business for the specialized clientele and services it offers. Globally it is growing at fast rate and India too is following at 15% to 20 % annual growth. Promotion of a destination; a city, hotel or resort as a MICE venue requires infrastructural facilities backed by support services. Infrastructural facilities involve connectivity, water supply, power, telecommunications etc. at macro level and at micro level facilities such as technical services, display, manpower, computer & audiovisual etc . The facilities at the macro level are provided by the government, when it identifies a city as MICE destination. Government of India (2007) plans to develop golden triangle cities of Delhi, Agra & Jaipur as MICE destinations. Further micro level facilities are created by hotels, travel agents, airlines, event management companies, convention centres, transport companies etc. This paper attempts to assess MICE venues and services of NCR region through a survey of hotels, travel agents, event management companies, conference venues and airlines as these are the prime players in the organization of MICE events. Key Words: Business Tourism, MICE, Event Management. ---------------------------------- Congress Tourism...
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...THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION Evaluation Study in Selected Overseas Markets Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India Report on Evaluation Study in Selected Overseas Markets For Market Research Division Ministry of Tourism Government of India March 2007 Evaluation Study in Selected Overseas Markets Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India Table of Contents Chapter No. 1. 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 2. 2.1 2.2 3. 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 4. 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 1 2 2 4 6 7 11 STUDY OBJECTIVES Primary Objective Secondary Objectives 1.1 Contents BACKGROUND Tourism Outlook Tourism Outlook – Global Tourism Outlook – Asia Tourism Outlook – Forecast Indian Economy Tourism Outlook – India 14 15 16 RESEARCH DESIGN Segments identified Segment definition Travelers Segment Trade Partners Directors of Tourism Office Methodology Sample Travelers Segment – Sample Split Trade Partners Segment – Sample Split 17 18 20 20 22 22 23 24 25 26 FINDINGS – TOURISM OFFICE EFFECTIVENESS Executive Summary Detailed Findings – Tourism Office Effectiveness – Travelers Awareness of India Tourism Offices Detailed Findings – Tourism Office Effectiveness – Trade Partners Key marketing Challenges Trade Partners Not dealing with India Disposition to deal with India in Future Efforts required...
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...Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS). The survey, conducted in 2002, covers the profile and travel behavior of 1630 students booking travel from student travel organizations in eight countries. This article reports the initial results of this research. The survey showed that students are frequent travel consumers with extensive previous experience of relatively long trips outside of their own world region. Most students see their travelstyle as that of “traveler,” but a significant proportion of the market characterized their travel as “backpacking.” Motivations reflecting a desire for experience are prevalent with student travelers, particularly in terms of exploring other cultures. Motivations tend to be differentiated by destination region and travelstyle and are distinct between students and other young travelers. In spite of these differences in motivation, however, the activities actually engaged in showed little differentiation between students and others. The most frequently mentioned activities were visiting historical sites, walking, sitting in cafés and restaurants, and shopping, which were practiced by over 70% of respondents. In this and other respects, the article argues that comparisons of motivation and actual activities indicate a gap between the ideology and practice of travel. Key words: Student travel;...
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...Larry Dwyer, Deborah Edwards, Nina Mistilis, Carolina Roman, Noel Scott and Chris Cooper Analysis of Key Drivers for Change Technical Reports The technical report series present data and its analysis, meta-studies and conceptual studies, and are considered to be of value to industry, government and researchers. Unlike the Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre’s Monograph series, these reports have not been subjected to an external peer review process. As such, the scientific accuracy and merit of the research reported here is the responsibility of the authors, who should be contacted for clarification of any content. Author contact details are at the back of this report. National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication Data Dwyer, Larry. Megatrends underpinning tourism to 2020: analysis of key drivers for change. Bibliography. ISBN 9781920965525. 1. Tourism - Economic aspects - Australia. 2. Tourism - Social aspects - Australia. 3. Tourism - Political aspects - Australia. 4. Tourism - Environmental aspects - Australia. 5. Tourism - Australia. I. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. II. Title. 338.47910994 Copyright © CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2008 All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. Any enquiries should be directed to: General...
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...Data Alert 9 May 2012 Australia – one of the world’s leading investment destinations Australia continues to be a top destination for foreign direct investment (FDI), with total FDI stock growing 6.6 per cent to reach a record A$507 billion in 2011. This growth reflects the upturn in global FDI activity since 2010 and Australia’s strong competitive position in the global economy. The country’s robust economy, strategic location, strong global trade and investment ties, and proven track record of innovation position Australia as an ideal investment destination; Australia ranks amongst the top 10 in those projects highlighted by FDI Intelligence and A.T. Kearney’s 2012 FDI Confidence Index. › In 2011, FDI stock in Australia increased by 6.6 per cent to a record A$507 billion. In the five years since 2006, Australia’s inward FDI stock has grown by a compound annual rate of 8.5 per cent.1 › Last year, the US and UK dominated FDI stock in Australia accounting for 24 per cent (A$122 billion) and 14 per cent (A$70 billion) respectively. Other major contributors include Japan with 10 per cent (A$52 billion), the Netherlands with 6.5 per cent (A$33 billion), and Switzerland with 4.5 per cent (A$23 billion). These top five sources of FDI stock have all registered simultaneously positive growth for the first time since 2006. It is worth noting that the UK’s value of FDI stock in Australia soared by 28 per cent in 2011 after a 12 per cent decline in the previous year. over...
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...1. Andreea, S. S., Dragusin, M., & Raluca, M. P. (2010). Main influences of the economic crisis on the romanian entrepreneurial ventures in the tourism industry: The case of travel agencies. Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management in Opatija.Biennial International Congress.Tourism & Hospitality Industry, , 587-598. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/763422092?accountid=35812 2. Marin-Pantelescu, A., & Tigu, G. (2010). Features of the travel and tourism industry which may affect pricing. Journal of Environmental Management & Tourism, 1(1), 8-11. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/862377843?accountid=35812 3. Andreea Marin-Pantelescu, & Tigu, G. (2010). Features of the travel and tourism industry which may affect pricing. Journal of Environmental Management & Tourism, 1(1), 8-11. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/862377843?accountid=35812 4. Uzama, A. (2009). Marketing japan's travel and tourism industry to international tourists. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(3), 356-365. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09596110910948341 5. Uzama, A. (2009). Marketing japan's travel and tourism industry to international tourists. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(3), 356-365. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09596110910948341 6. Yahya, F. (2003). Tourism flows between india and singapore. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 5(5), 347-367. Retrieved...
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...Statistics. Advertorial A paid advertisement in the print media that resembles a story or editorial comment. AFTA Australian Federation of Travel Agents. AITT Australian Institute of Travel and Tourism. Allotment A limited number of rooms or seats available to wholesalers to free sell. AVIC Accredited visitor information centre. Travel information centres located at a destination to assist visitors to the area. AVICs provide information about accommodation, tours, activities, events, etc. Some AVICs also make bookings. AVICs are “accredited” centres, identified by an italic “i”. B B&B Bed and breakfast facility; usually not more than six rooms. Benchmarking Comparing results with similar tourism businesses or assessing the business against an industry average. ANR Arrival notification report used by wholesale agents. BEC Business Enterprise Centre. APEX Airlines advanced purchase fare. BLIS Business Licence Information Service. ATE Australian Tourism Exchange. ATE is Australia’s largest international tourism trade show for inbound operators and overseas wholesalers; coordinated by Tourism Australia. Block booking Hotel rooms held without deposit for regular group travel. ATEC Australian Tourism Export Council, formerly known as ITOA. ATLAS Computer/reservation system used by some travel agents. ATO Australian Tax Office Attendance building Marketing and promotional programs designed to increase attendance at conventions, trade shows, meetings, and events. Attraction ...
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...students are moving to Australia in order to receive better education. Overseas students can be described as non-Australian students willing ton study further education in Australia, who usually speak English as a second language. There are three main reasons result in these students coming to Australia including reputation for excellence and high standard for education, fascinating environment. To begin with, it is no doubt that developed countries has high-quality education which attracts those students from the other developing countries. The universities in Australia have always been well-known for high standard of education and made important breakthrough in modern technology and science. According to research, over ten years, seven Australian universities entered into the top two hundred universities in the world. A large number of students prefer to gain better education, which is helpful to their future. Moreover, having international education background will improve the career opportunity as not only is the Australian degree higher acknowledge by international companies and organizations but also with the tendency of globalization, English language is the most widely used all over the world. Now English is always the basic requirement for applying a job. And amount of multinational companies need lots of talents who have top-university diploma, contributed to developing international affair. Furthermore, comparing to the entry requirement, Australia universities have lower...
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...and as a catalyst in promoting a favourable destination image to potential tourists (Lertputtarak, 2012). The image of a destination can be enhanced by the success of an event (Baloglu & McCleary, 1999). In the words of “Lawson & Baud Bovy (1977), the concept of destination image is defined as the expression of all objective knowledge, prejudices, imagination and emotional thoughts of an individual or group about a particular location” (Dominique & Lopes, 2011, p. 307). Additionally, “other authors define the image as the sum of all beliefs, ideas and impressions that people associate with a destination (Crompton, 1979; Kotler, Haider & Rein, 1993)” (Dominique & Lopes, 2011, p. 307). This paper discusses the impact of events on destination image enhancement. Destination image is formed from several sources of information. Event information sources are the forces which influence the forming of perceptions and evaluations of a region’s characteristics. It will be argued, using the specific example of the ‘Exit’ event staged in 2000, that public exposure through extensive media coverage and word of mouth communications are the main elements that contribute to a positive destination image. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated how hosting events present an opportunity for marketers, as part of their strategy, to help position their destination and enhance their global image. As illustrated by the ‘Mardi Gras’ event staged in Sydney, Australia. By their size and scale, events can attract...
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...J Popul Econ 18:719–740 (2005) DOI 10.1007/s00148-005-0015-1 ORIGIN AL PAPER Timothy J. Hatton Explaining trends in UK immigration Received: 11 February 2004 / Accepted: 6 December 2004 / Published online: 22 November 2005 © Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract Since the 1970s Britain has gone from being a country of net emigration to one of net immigration, with a trend increase in immigration of more than 100,000 per year. This paper represents the first attempt to model the variations in net migration for British and for foreign citizens, across countries and over time. A simple economic model, which includes the selection effects of differing income distributions at home and abroad, largely accounts for the variations in the data. The results suggest that although improved economic performance in the UK relative to overseas has tended to increase immigration, rising UK inequality has had an even larger effect. Immigration policies at home and abroad have also increased net immigration, particularly in the 1990s. Keywords Immigration . Emigration . Immigration policy JEL Classification F22 . J61 . J78 1 Introduction In the last 20 years the UK has become a country of net immigration. During the 1960s and 1970s, emigration exceeded immigration so that net immigration was persistently negative. Since then net immigration has progressively increased. The best available measure of long-term trends indicates an increase in the annual net immigration from −24 thousand in...
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