...social phenomenon of 'white privilege' is defined in various ways from different scholars. White privilege is defined as having unearned benefits, rights and advantages that one receives because of one's race. Peggy McIntosh understands the privileges that are appointed to her simply because she is white. (White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, McIntosh, 1988) The thesis of McIntosh's article is that white privilege is burdensome to people who have or have not encountered white privilege. / To those who have or have not encountered white privilege, it is burdensome. Mcintosh identifies herself for having white privilege. In the article she analyzed how having white privilege in her daily life affected her. McIntosh encountered situations such as not getting questions when discussing matters of race or being able to go to most places and finding those of her own skin, even being able to find bandages that will more than likely match her skin tone. Different scholars have distinct meanings for white privilege. The social phenomenon of white privilege is complex. Different scholars have a different say of what white privilege means. Naomi Zack, a professor of...
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...The relationship between racism and white privilege is obvious in their individual definitions alone. Racism is the belief that all members of a certain race possess characteristics specific to that race, and as such, distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. (4) The white privilege system maintains this racial dominance through a series of beliefs, behaviours, policies and use of language. (12) It is a particular set of advantages, often invisible to those who benefit from it the most, and these advantages that white people hold are a direct result of the disadvantages of other people. “We have a racist society without acknowledging any actual racists” (Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, 2010). Initially, the word ‘race’ sparks...
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...with traditional mindsets that thought whites were the superior race and thought that African Americans and other people of color were inferior to them. In Theresa Runstedtler’s, Jack Johnson: Rebel Sojourner she discusses the life of the African American heavyweight boxing champion, Jack Johnson, and the obstacles he faced as a person of color in the spotlight during his boxing career. For a person of color in the early 20th century Jack Johnson lived both a typical and an atypical life. Johnson was mostly successful in making a life of his own by not abiding to the rules that were set for him and...
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...White privilege for me personally is not about who you are as a person in your heart or mind but it is more about those generally unspoken ‘entitlements’ that come with being born white. I know that I am significantly less likely to be subject to any racism or discrimination as white Australian people are portrayed widely in society as the “normal”. A case study from another subject resonates with me when I think of white privilege and how I will not be subject to the same appalling levels of racism and discrimination as my Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander family and friends will be, because I was born white. A lady had a stroke at a bus stop and was slumped over for hours, this lady was in this state but not one person stopped to see if she was alright, she survived and when this lady reflects on the event she talks about how people were just assuming because of her race that she was drunk or passed out, not that she had just suffered an emergency medical event. As a ‘white’ Australian person, I am not subject to the same poorer health outcomes as my friends and extended family who are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. White privilege affords me the ability to feel safe and comfortable accessing health care services, knowing that my health care beliefs will be respected and understood as they relate...
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... Richard Delgado and Jean Stefanic in their book Critical Race Theory (CRT) address different issues but the main focus was the product of social thought and power in our society through the scope of race and racism Delgado, & Stefancic, 2001). Critical race theory is a movement that both scholars and activists from different countries like Australia, Canada, India, England and Spain are involved in an attempt to address what they feel is one of society problem not only in the United States but also other countries: Race and its implication on society. The book challenges a different range of racial thinking by drawing ideas from a wide scope of modern scholars thoughts on CRT and the prevalence of racial inequality in...
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...they were asked for rather than the non Indigenous patients. This of course would give some positive feedback and acceptance for the new RNs. It is likely that some non Indigenous staff would not appreciate this, it causing some envy and further thoughts and treatment of the Aboriginal groups as ‘other’ holding consequences for them. Whilst others may appreciate knowledge of the local indigenous population. Such non acceptance demonstrates that although they have joined the system they are officially ‘in’ they have not been accepted as ‘part’ of it. This being a serious sign of discrimination from other staff and colleagues and a demonstration of ‘white privilege’. Such discrimination led to counselling and eventual resignation of one, then over a short time the health facility lost the other five Aboriginal RN’s. The white privilege theory shows the continuance of Australia’s’ history of building a nation with...
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...society views the crimes as whites against nonwhites event. Since there is little reliable data regarding hate crimes, interracial homicides were used to generate statistics on this study. The study concludes that nonwhite on white crimes are more common than white on nonwhite, and to some extent, nonwhite on nonwhite. Homicide (is?) perpetrated by nonwhite against white. The terms "hate violence and hate crimes" first appeared in the Final Report of the Attorney General's Commission on Racial, Ethnic, Religious and Minority Violence issued in April 1986. It defined hate violence to be any act of intimidation, harassment, physical force or threat of physical force directed against any person or their property or advocate. (Run-on sentence) It is motivated either in whole or in part by hostility to their real or perceived race, ethnic background, religious belief, sex, age, disability, or sexual orientation, with the intention of causing fear or intimidation or to deter the deterrence of free exercise or enjoyment of any rights or privileges secured by the Constitution whether or not performed under color of law. (http://www.cahro.org/html/definition.html) There is much historical evidence showing such violence is perpetrated by whites against non-whites. History has played a major role in influencing our way of thinking when it comes to hate crimes. Historical documents show that European people have treated numerous people of differing races cruelly. During the era of...
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...Colin Russell 11/11/13 ALANA Paper In this paper, I will be talking about one of my experiences concerning stereotyping and white privilege. I will be analyzing my experience using the portrayal of race in the media proposed by Danille Dirk and Jenifer Mueller. According to Dirk and Mueller “The problem with the stranglehold popular culture has over dictating the way that the populace “knows” people of color is that fro people who have very little real, interpersonal experience with individuals from these groups, they can believe in an essentialist vision composed of every stereotype and myth promoted.” (Gallagher 2012, 294) One racial stereotyping incident I experienced was when I first came to UVM and started talking to white people. When I first came to UVM it was my first time being in an area where white people are the majority since I’m from the Bronx and there aren’t many white people that live in my neighborhood. So when I was meeting people they kept asking me if I listened to rap music and if I live in the ghetto and it really tick me off that they assumed that but at the same time I had stereotypes about them to like that they listened to rock and country music and also that they lived in the suburbs in a nice big house. Another experience was when I was at a party and someone assumed that I played basketball because I was black and another person didn’t believe I was from the Bronx because I didn’t use slang and didn’t say “nigga” a lot. When I asked...
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...theories and approaches, Race and Racism in Australia, 2nd edition, Social Science Press, Katoomba, NSW. In this reading, Hollinsworth provides a very detailed analysis of the concept of racism. He explains how theorists have constructed different ideas about racism in relation to ethnicity, social history, class and gender. The theorists have made a very important point in that although social culture rejects the idea of racism, it does still exist, sometimes in very similar ways. An example is the similarity between ethnocentrism and ideological racism. Both of these believe that their ethnic culture is superior and other cultures are biologically, intellectually or culturally inferior. The two tie in together as the basis for prejudice. Institutional racism is also explained. This is a complex subject, but usually occurs within an institution setting such as government bodies and the private sector. Some ethnic groups have an advantage in this situation whereas others are disadvantaged and discriminated against. Hollinsworth also explores the Marxist and feminist perspectives on racism. In the Marxist approach, the main focus is on race in the context of class. The feminist view however concentrates on the impact that ethnic and racial discrimination have on gender. The concept of identity politics is then explored which is a theory that specific ethnic groups unite in order to affect political or social change. White studies are then discussed...
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...society views the crimes as whites against nonwhites event. Since there is little reliable data regarding hate crimes, interracial homicides were used to generate statistics on this study. The study concludes that nonwhite on white crimes are more common than white on nonwhite, and to some extent, nonwhite on nonwhite. Homicide (is?) perpetrated by nonwhite against white. The terms "hate violence and hate crimes" first appeared in the Final Report of the Attorney General's Commission on Racial, Ethnic, Religious and Minority Violence issued in April 1986. It defined hate violence to be any act of intimidation, harassment, physical force or threat of physical force directed against any person or their property or advocate. (Run-on sentence) It is motivated either in whole or in part by hostility to their real or perceived race, ethnic background, religious belief, sex, age, disability, or sexual orientation, with the intention of causing fear or intimidation or to deter the deterrence of free exercise or enjoyment of any rights or privileges secured by the Constitution whether or not performed under color of law. (http://www.cahro.org/html/definition.html) There is much historical evidence showing such violence is perpetrated by whites against non-whites. History has played a major role in influencing our way of thinking when it comes to hate crimes. Historical documents show that European people have treated numerous people of differing races cruelly. During the era of...
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...Feb. 11, 2016 Ethnic Studies Week 6 *Paper due in 3 weeks Immigration, Eugenics, White Ethnics, Mexican Americans U.S. Immigration Legislation (Tyner, 60) -1907: U.S. Japan Gentlemen’s Agreement -Denied entry to Japanese laborers -1917: Immigration Act -Denied entry to illiterates (meant to exclude Southern and Eastern Europeans) -Designated an “Asiatic Barred Zone” denying entry to people from the lands between India, Australia, and Japan 1924: Johnson-Reed Act (National Origins Act) -Promoted by the American eugenics movement -Designated to maintain national purity and security -America should remain a white, Protestant nation -All others must either assimilate or be relegated to a permanently inferior status. *Eugenics want to keep white/Anglo-Saxon -Product of scientific racism - Applied to Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory to modern, industrial civilization (Social Darwinism) -1890s: popular with educated Americans concerned about an imminent “race suicide” due to low Anglo-Saxon birth rates -1903: American Breeders Association founded -1906: its Committee on Eugenics formed “to emphasize the value of superior blood and the menace to society of inferior blood.” -1908: first Eugenics Society (England) -1909: first professorial Chair in Eugenics established (University College, London) -By 1910: emergent international eugenics movement proclaimed itself “the science of human improvement through programs of controlled...
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...from their families and communities since the very first days of the European occupation of Australia” obtained from the Bringing Them Home Report Who are the Stolen Generations The term ‘stolen generations” is in reference to those Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who were forcibly removed, as children, from their families and communities by government, welfare and affiliated church organisations. These children were systematically placed into institutional care or with non-Indigenous foster families. Although it can be argued that the removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children began as early as the very first days of European occupation in Australia, the forced removal policies and legislation began in the mid 1800s and continued until the 1970s. There is current discourse in Aboriginal communities supporting the notion that the removal of Aboriginal children from their families and communities continues to exist today in the form of complexities associated with current government policies and legislation and the over representation of Aboriginal children in out of home care. How and why do we know the forcible removal of Aboriginal children occurred in NSW? New South Wales, along with other Australian state and territory governments have acknowledged past practices and policies of forced removal of Indigenous children on the basis of race. The Bringing Them Home Report, commissioned by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission...
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...tendency to assume that one’s culture or way of life is superior to all others. Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of individuals. Discrimination is behaviour that excludes all members of a group from certain rights, opportunities or privileges. A range of international events have recently focused attention on the issue of prejudice; increasing ethno-nationalistic tensions in former Eastern block countries, racial conflict in the Middle East, Africa and intergroup conflict related to “ race debates “ in Europe, The U.S.A and Australia. Psychology is the only discipline, which over the past century has consistently and systematically investigated the issue of prejudice and race. Social psychology has a long tradition of empirical and theoretical research in this field and currently there are many social psychologists in Australia engaged in significant and timely research. This is no accident given the regions long and chequered history regarding race relations with the treatment of the Australian Aborigines has been likened to genocide. Currently there are a number of theoretical and conceptual psychological approaches, which both define and explain prejudice. Personality theories primarily locate race and prejudice within the intro-psychic domain of the individual. From this perspective, authoritarian-rearing practices, intolerance and intro psychic defence mechanisms are isolated as casual agents to a significant problem. There are several theories as...
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...Copyright © eContent Management Pty Ltd. Contemporary Nurse (2007) 24: 33–44. Telling stories: Nurses, politics and Aboriginal Australians, circa 1900–1980s ABSTRACT The focus of this paper is stories by, and about (mainly non-Aboriginal) Registered Nurses working in hospitals and clinics in remote areas of Australia from the early 1900s to the 1980s as they came into contact with, or cared for, Aboriginal people. Government policies that controlled and regulated Aboriginal Australians provide the context for these stories. Memoirs and other contemporary sources reveal the ways in which government policies in different eras influenced nurse’s attitudes and clinical practice in relation to Aboriginal people, and helped institutionalise racism in health care. Up until the 1970s, most nurses in this study unquestioningly accepted firstly segregation, then assimilation policies and their underlying paternalistic ideologies, and incorporated them into their practice. The quite marked politicisation of Aboriginal issues in the 1970s in Australia and the move towards selfdetermination for Aboriginal people politicised many – but not all – nurses. For the first time, many nurses engaged in a robust critique of government policies and what this meant for their practice and for Aboriginal health. Other nurses, however, continued as they had before – neither questioning prevailing policy nor its effects on their practice. It is argued that only by understanding and confronting the...
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...Toronto, Canada. She received her MA in social welfare from Sophia University, Japan, and her MSW, MS (psychology) and Ph.D. (social work and social psychology) from the University of Michigan, USA. Her research interests include anti-oppressive social work, gender and immigration, cultural influences on the self and identities, and cultural negotiation processes of newcomers. Ronald O. Pitner, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of social work at Washington University in Saint Louis, USA. He received his MA in psychology from the University of Tennessee, USA, a MSW and Ph.D. (social work and social psychology) from the University of Michigan, USA. His research interests are broadly defined in terms of social cognition, stereotyping, prejudice, race and ethnicity, multicultural social work. Correspondence to Izumi Sakamoto, Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St West, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. E-mail: Izumi.Sakamoto@utoronto.ca Summary One of the limitations of anti-oppressive perspectives (AOPs) in social work is its lack of focus at a micro and individual level. AOPs should entail the social worker’s addressing the needs and assets of service users, challenging the oppressive social structure and, most importantly, critically challenging the power dynamics in the service-provider/ service-user relationship. Critical consciousness challenges social workers to be cognizant of power differentials and how these differentials may inadvertently make social-work practice...
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