...Autonomic Computing: An Overview Manish Parashar1 and Salim Hariri2 The Applied Software Systems Laboratory, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ, USA 2 High Performance Distributed Computing Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA parashar@caip.rutgers.edu, hariri@ece.arizona.edu 1 Abstract. The increasing scale complexity, heterogeneity and dynamism of networks, systems and applications have made our computational and information infrastructure brittle, unmanageable and insecure. This has necessitated the investigation of an alternate paradigm for system and application design, which is based on strategies used by biological systems to deal with similar challenges – a vision that has been referred to as autonomic computing. The overarching goal of autonomic computing is to realize computer and software systems and applications that can manage themselves in accordance with high-level guidance from humans. Meeting the grand challenges of autonomic computing requires scientific and technological advances in a wide variety of fields, as well as new software and system architectures that support the effective integration of the constituent technologies. This paper presents an introduction to autonomic computing, its challenges, and opportunities. 1 Introduction Advances in networking and computing technology and software tools have resulted in an explosive growth in networked applications and information services that cover all aspects of our life. These sophisticated...
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...arousal| 2.|People who become blind eventually experience ________ levels of day-to-day happiness. Those who become paralyzed eventually experience ________ levels of day-to-day happiness.| A)|above-normal; below-normal| B)|below-normal; above-normal| C)|above-normal; above-normal| D)|near-normal; near-normal| 3.|The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the:| A)|James-Lange theory.| B)|relative deprivation principle.| C)|two-factor theory.| D)|Cannon-Bard theory.| 4.|Test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is ________.| A)|best; moderate| B)|worst; moderate| C)|best; very low| D)|best; very high| 5.|As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.| A)|sympathetic| B)|central| C)|somatic| D)|parasympathetic| 6.|Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?| A)|somatic| B)|central| C)|sympathetic| D)|parasympathetic| 7.|Mentally rehearsing one's resentments contributes to ________ perspiration levels and ________ blood pressure levels than mentally rehearsing forgiveness.| A)|lower; lower| B)|higher; higher| C)|lower; higher| D)|higher; lower| 8.|The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel...
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...Autonomic Nervous System Organization of Nervous System CNS PNS Autonomic Nervous System Somatic | Autonomic | Fibers do not synapse once they have left the CNS | Fibers synapse once in ganglia after they have left the CNS | Innervates skeletal muscle | Innervates Smooth/Cardiac muscles & Gland cells | Always Excitation of the muscle | Either Excitation or Inhibition of effector cells | Function:Locomotion | Function:Regulates visceral functions | Sites of Inhibition of impulse:CNSNeuroeffector Junction | Sites of Inhibition of impulse:CNSGanglionNeuroeffector Junction | | | Subdivisions of ANS | Sympathetic | Parasympathetic | Origin of preganglionic fibers | Spinal Nerves T1-L2(Thoracolumbar Division) | Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, XSpinal Nerves S2-S4(Craniosacral Division) | Location of Ganglia | In Sympathetic Chain(Paravertebral GangliaOr Abdominal PrevertebralOr Collateral Ganglion)Preganglionic usually shorter than Postganglionic Fibers(Except Adrenal Medulla) | In or near effector organsPreganglionic usually longer than Postganglionic Fibers | Branching of Preganglionic Fibers | Extensive branchingAve. Ratio Preganglionic to Postganglionic1:20 | Limited branchingAve. Ration Preganglionic to Postganglionic1:1(Except the Vagus) | General Description of effect on organ response | Preparation for emergency/Stressful situations“Fight or Flight” | Conservation and restoration of body’s resources“Rest & Digest” | Localization of...
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...is a wonderful machine that controls all of the body’s functions, the one’s you think about and the one’s you don’t. We are going to take a brief look into these functions and how they benefit ourselves and our lives. Central Nervous System (CNS) There are two parts to the CNS, the brain and the spinal cord. The Brain The brain is the central hub or better known as the main computer. The brain is the main controller of everything, and the storage of our memories, including the good and bad, our feelings, and who we are as a person. Without the brain we would be a sack of skin, bones, blood and water, with no function(s) or use. The Spinal Cord As the brain controls what we do, the spinal cord communicates what to do. The messages travel up and down the spinal cord like a great highway to and from the brain. With points along the spinal column to correspond to the brains desired reaction. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Here this system uses the CNS to communicate and control all aspects of the human body. It is divided into the Somatic System and the Autonomic System, which in itself is divided even further into the Sympathetic System and the Parasympathetic System. To explain it a little better we will break it down. Somatic System Here the highway of nerves and messages travels to and from the sense organs to the skeletal muscles. It controls “Voluntary” muscle movement like...
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...cerebellum, which is part of the brain, is involved. This cerebellum is the part of the brain that has the responsibility of maintaining body balance and posture, among other things. The cerebellum is very important for body balance, as well as in body functions. This is because it plays an important role in the maintenance of body balance and posture. This is possible given that it uses the vestibular receptor in conjunction with the proprioceptors to control commands. It is the motor neurons that are responsible for ensuring that body changes as well as position are maintained (Cerebellum, nd). The cerebellum also is very important in cognitive functions. In addition, once the cerebellum has received information from the sensory system as well as the spinal cord, it regulates different voluntary movements such as speech, coordination as well as muscular activity (Knierim, n.d). Given that Mr. Stevens experiences a loss of balance, then it is definite that there must be cerebellar damage. Even more proof is added to with his inability to draw a straight line, which can be attributed to the inability of proper coordination of muscular activities. In addition, Mr. Stevens asserts that he feels like a drunken man when he is walking, this can be also linked to cognitive functions, a role that is performed by the cerebellum. Thus, Mr. Stevens’ symptoms indicate cerebellar damage. Case Study 2. The body has its homeostatic way of preparing and reacting towards...
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...1. Kent and Jebreel both ask Danielle out on a date. Kent is very attractive and a lot of fun to be with, but he’s also employed. Jebreel is older than Kent, has a secure job, and owns his own home; however, Jebreel is quite unattractive and not very much fun. Daniel chooses to go out with Jebreel instead of Kent. The ______ theory of motivation would best predict Daniel’s choice. Concept tested: Theory’s of motivation Page 399: Instinct theory is motivation based off of inherent automatic behavior. These occur consistently because of stimuli. This is how birds build nests perfectly as soon as they leave their family. I chose A, Drive reduction theory. Drive reduction focuses on a homeostasis in the body. There are needs that ruin the equlibrium, and our brain responds to these with drives, a feeling that prompts action. This restores balance. This concept is wrong because Danielle makes her decision based off of herself a human being wanting to go to the more secure and safe person, which is instinct. The imbalance was not a part of this question. Correct answer is C, Instinct. 5. Juan is obsessed with building up his bank balance, even though he is quite comfortable and prosperous now. One situation exemplifies the power of Concept tested: Theory’s of motivation Page 402/403 bottom right: Secondary drives are stimuli that achieve primary drives through learned mechanisms. This is usually characterized through money. I chose C, homeostasis. Homeostasis...
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...[No Subject] Me to Fatema SunelSent Nowadays, people are getting more & more involved in Music & for them, it has become a part of their daily life. Their mind has become so saddled with tension, & tempo of life is so fast that they seem to accept high blood pressure & nervous breakdown as the unavoidable side effects of modern civilization. It is a pity that they do not pause to think the adverse effects of music on their physical & mental health. I have endeavored to present in this booklet the scientific & spiritual points of views on music & dance etc. These observations have been quoted from various books of Persian, Urdu & English languages. I am very grateful to Maulana Seyyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, the Chief Missionary of the Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania for editing & scrutinizing this effort of mine. I hope this booklet will help the readers in understanding the philosophy of the rule of Islam which forbids music. A.H. Sherriff 1/5/1983 W H A T IS M U S I C ? Music, according to the New National Dictionary, means "Art of combining sounds or sequences of notes into harmonious patterns pleasing to the ear & satisfying to the emotions; melody" According to the Great Encyclopedic Dictionary, this combining of sounds is "for reproduction by the voice or various kinds of musical instruments in rhythmic, melodious & harmonious form so as to express thought or feeling & affect the emotion;" & the word is also used for the "sound so produced," & for 'written...
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...Biopsychology The brain is the control centre for the body and it sits in the skull at the top of the spinal chord. The brain is so complex that doctors and scientists still don’t know what some parts do. The brain is made up of different sections consisting of the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Memory Part of the brain that is responsible for memory is also known as the hippocampus, it is located within the temporal lobes, adjacent to the amygdale. The hippocampus is involved in memory forming, organizing and storing information. It is particularly important in storing new memories and connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound to, memories. A case study of H.M. (1953) highlights how important the function of the hippocampus is. H.M. was a man who suffered from epilepsy who had surgery to remove the hippocampus to prevent his severe symptoms. After his operation he suffered from major memory loss, which then went on to cause an inability to transfer new information into his long term memory. This resulted in the realisation that the removal of the hippocampus can have detrimental effects on the brains memory. Language and speech The Boca’s area is one of the main areas of the brain which is responsible for producing language. It is located in the lower portion of the left frontal lobe and was discovered by French neurosurgeon Paul Broca .He realised that people who had language difficulties often had damage to this area of the brain. This...
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...states that the experience of emotion and the accompanying physiological arousal happen at the same time. • Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory states that people’s experience of emotion depends on physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal. • People’s experience of emotion depends on how they evaluate their environment. The Biological Bases of Emotion • Emotion involves activation of the brain and the autonomic nervous system. • Information about emotion-evoking events moves along two pathways in the brain. • The pathway that goes to the amygdala allows people to respond rapidly to events. • The pathway that goes to the cortex allows people to appraise events more slowly. • Researchers use autonomic responses to measure emotion. • The polygraph, or lie detector, is a device that detects changes in autonomic arousal. It is often inaccurate in determining whether or not a person is lying. • Different emotions differ in pattern of brain activation, neurotransmitters released, and autonomic nervous system activity. Expression of Emotion • People worldwide can identify six primary emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. • The facial-feedback hypothesis states that the brain uses feedback from facial muscles to recognize emotions that are being experienced. • The two...
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...all seems too much, when they are overloaded and don’t feel that they are able to meet all the demands placed upon them. As I have said pressure itself is not bad. In fact, many thrive on it. When those pressures exceed a person’s ability to cope, then that is when the problems start. It follows, therefore, that we can tackle stress either by reducing pressures or by increasing coping resources – or a combination of the two. [pic] The graph above shows there is an optimum point – where you have enough pressure to perform, but not so much that you get overloaded. Everyone’s optimum point is different and learning where yours lies can be important. 1. (b) Explain the fight/flight response [pic] Flight or fight is the nervous system priming our bodies to fight or flee. Let's look at this example: You are walking your daughter down the street in her pram when all of a sudden a pit bull hops the fence and starts chasing you. What are you going to do? Are you going to stay and fight, or are you going to run away? This is known as the 'Fight or Flight' response. Your...
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...parts of the body. Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep. The measurement of heart rate is used by medical professionals to assist in the diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training The beating frequency (heart rate) is controlled by the balance of stimulation coming from the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Both nervous inputs to the heart converge on a small area of tissue on the right atrium. Roles of Internal Receptors Autonomic Nervous System Two major divisions * Sympathetic; activated in response to challenge- * Parasympathetic; active in the absence of challenges * Both...
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...done automatically, otherwise we would be very busy people, regulating our internal environment repeatedly. Homeostasis is controlled by the nervous system and the endocrine system. Homeostasis is described as a ‘negative feedback system’. This just basically means that the system is able to take remedial action to preserve a constant environment. Homeostasis is in charge of maintaining the constant level of many body functions, such as heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood sugar levels. (Rasheed, Hetherington and Irvine, 2010). Heart rate Roles of internal receptors, autonomic nervous system-sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply, cardiac centre and sinoatrial node A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. Receptors intellect changes in function and begins the body's homeostatic response. The receptors transmit a message to the brain, which in turn sends a message to the effectors, the heart and blood vessels. The heart rate decreases and blood vessels increase in diameter, which cause the blood pressure to fall back within the normal range or set point. (Scince.jrank.org, 2015). Automatic Nervous System In contrast, your heart beats and your intestines digest without your conscious control. Spontaneous actions such as these are regulated by your autonomic nervous system. The autonomic part of your...
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...NICK’S STORY UNIT 8 SHATONDA WALDER 1. Nick has been complaining of having this clumsiness, dizziness when he sits or stands says his feet feels like their burning and feels like they are being pricked and he has vision problems. These symptoms are both sensory and motor. 2. If these symptoms were caused by the central nervous system the symptoms would be more severe his receptors are not effectively communicating back to the central nervous system with the symptoms that he have yes he could have had peripheral nerve damage. He also has damage to his somatic nervous system due to the loss of his somatic reflexes in his feet. 3. The sensory neuron is where Nick’s reflex arc damage begins. The receptor is being triggered by the stimuli and the information can’t travel along the damaged sensory neuron to continue the arc to the centers, motor neurons effectors and the damage could be further along the reflex arc giving the exact same symptoms. 4. The sympathetic division would be active which would inhibit the G.I. tract which leads to the parasympathetic division of his nervous system being affected. 5. The parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the ANS connects to the hypothalamus by the neurons in the brain and spinal cord and relay information. The lateral and posterior parts of the hypothalamus controls the sympathetic division which constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure. The anterior and medial parts of the hypothalamus controls the parasympathetic...
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...Stress is the general physical and emotional state that accompanies the stress response. Stressors are the specific reasons that stress happen. A stressor is any physical or psychological event or condition that produces physical and emotional reactions. First dates with a girlfriend or an upcoming final exam are examples of stressors. Sweaty palms and a pounding heart are symptoms of the stress response. Every time someone goes through stress there is always a response to it. Responses to stressors however can include a wide variety of physical, emotional, and behavioral changes. Two systems in your body are responsible for your physical response to stressors, your nervous system and your endocrine system. The nervous system is under involuntary control and consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. During stress, the sympathetic nervous system triggers the endocrine system. The endocrine system is made up of glands, tissues,...
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...Unit 2 task 1 – Know the body’s response to acute exercise Grading criteria – P1, M1 Musculoskeletal response to exercise Your skeletal system responds to acute exercise just like your muscles. High intensity physical activity can reduce the risk of bone loss. Regular exercise may provide long-term benefits, especially for skeletal systems in children and young adults. http://www.livestrong.com/article/359456-your-skeletal-systems-response-to-exercise/ Your skeletal system responds to exercise by taking in more calcium. Osteoblasts are cells that bring calcium into bones, they slow down and transport less calcium from your blood to your bones during inactivity, but when exercising it has the opposite effect and increases osteoblastic activity. Exercise that require force through a particular bone strengthens that bone. Myoglobin releases its stored oxygen to use in aerobic respiration. During exercise oxygen is diffused into the muscles from the capillaries more quickly due to the decreased oxygen concentration in the muscles. Exercise helps you increase the density and strength of your bones this enables us to maintain muscle strength, coordination, and balance, which helps to prevent falls and related fractures later in life. Muscles and tendons becomes more pliable when they are warm, this helps reduce the risk of injury, and this is because during acute exercise the muscles contract quicker. These fast muscle contractions generate heat, which makes the muscles more...
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