...can be injured anywhere along their length. The majority of the damage to the spinal cord occurs at the time of injury, but further damage can be caused by improper handling of the unstable spine and by the disruption of the blood supply, which can cause hypoxia and necrosis. Immediately following SCI, spinal shock occurs in the portion of the spinal cord that is injured and results in a complete loss of all motor, sensory, reflex, and autonomic function below the level of the injury. This loss is manifested in loss of bowel and bladder tone and peripheral vascular tone, which result in bladder distention, paralytic ileus, flaccid paralysis, and hypotension. After a period that varies from hours to months, but which usually lasts for 1 to 6 weeks, the spinal neurons gradually regain their excitability and the period of spinal shock ends. 6. Physical therapy: Range of motion exercises, Mobility training, Muscle strengthening. Occupational therapy (Splints, activities of daily living training) Bowel and bladder training Autonomic dysreflexia prevention Pressure ulcer prevention Recreational...
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...component that nurses strive to assist patient in managing is elimination of wastes, one of Virginia Henderson’s component in basic nursing care. The reason why elimination of wastes is one of the main components nursing care for spinal cord nurses is because bowel and bladder elimination may cause severe illnesses among the spinal injury population if proper management does not exist. One of the few major complications that many Spinal Injury patients face is the possibility of going into Autonomic Dysreflexia. Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) “is a potentially life threatening condition that can be considered a medical emergency. It mainly affects people with injuries at T6 or higher.AD requires quick and correct action. Serious AD can lead to a stroke. AD can be cause from variety of noxious stimulus such as but not limited to: Irritation of bladder wall, urinary tract infection, blocked catheter, overfilled collection bag, over-distended or irritated bowel, constipation/impaction, etc” (Autonomic Dysreflexia, n.d.). For this reason, most basic nursing care for spinal injured patients revolves around the management of wastes elimination. The nursing care around bladder and bowel management in SCI is done in many ways. Nursing collaborate with interdisciplinary team as well as the patients and care givers to develop the best plan to care in assisting the patients...
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...and increased heart rate responses (compared with the non-disabled), which have been associated with circulatory limitations within the paralysed tissues. The recommendations for endurance and strength training in persons with SCI do not vary dramatically from the advice offered to the general population. Systems of functional electrical stimulation activate muscular contractions within the paralysed muscles of some persons with SCI. Coordinated patterns of stimulation allows purposeful exercise movements including recumbent cycling, rowing and upright ambulation. Exercise activity in persons with SCI is not without risks, with increased risks related to systemic dysfunction following the spinal injury. These individuals may exhibit an autonomic dysreflexia, significantly reduced bone density below the spinal lesion, joint contractures and/or thermal dysregulation. Persons with SCI can benefit greatly by participation in exercise activities, but those benefits can be enhanced and the...
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...is the central hub or better known as the main computer. The brain is the main controller of everything, and the storage of our memories, including the good and bad, our feelings, and who we are as a person. Without the brain we would be a sack of skin, bones, blood and water, with no function(s) or use. The Spinal Cord As the brain controls what we do, the spinal cord communicates what to do. The messages travel up and down the spinal cord like a great highway to and from the brain. With points along the spinal column to correspond to the brains desired reaction. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Here this system uses the CNS to communicate and control all aspects of the human body. It is divided into the Somatic System and the Autonomic System, which in itself is divided even further into the Sympathetic System and the Parasympathetic System. To explain it a little better we will break it down. Somatic System Here the highway of nerves and messages travels to and from the sense organs to the skeletal muscles. It controls “Voluntary” muscle movement like...
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...Case Study 1. Mr. Stevens’ symptoms, such as frequent loss of balance and the inability to even draw a straight line are indications that the cerebellum, which is part of the brain, is involved. This cerebellum is the part of the brain that has the responsibility of maintaining body balance and posture, among other things. The cerebellum is very important for body balance, as well as in body functions. This is because it plays an important role in the maintenance of body balance and posture. This is possible given that it uses the vestibular receptor in conjunction with the proprioceptors to control commands. It is the motor neurons that are responsible for ensuring that body changes as well as position are maintained (Cerebellum, nd). The cerebellum also is very important in cognitive functions. In addition, once the cerebellum has received information from the sensory system as well as the spinal cord, it regulates different voluntary movements such as speech, coordination as well as muscular activity (Knierim, n.d). Given that Mr. Stevens experiences a loss of balance, then it is definite that there must be cerebellar damage. Even more proof is added to with his inability to draw a straight line, which can be attributed to the inability of proper coordination of muscular activities. In addition, Mr. Stevens asserts that he feels like a drunken man when he is walking, this can be also linked to cognitive functions, a role that is performed by the...
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...1. Kent and Jebreel both ask Danielle out on a date. Kent is very attractive and a lot of fun to be with, but he’s also employed. Jebreel is older than Kent, has a secure job, and owns his own home; however, Jebreel is quite unattractive and not very much fun. Daniel chooses to go out with Jebreel instead of Kent. The ______ theory of motivation would best predict Daniel’s choice. Concept tested: Theory’s of motivation Page 399: Instinct theory is motivation based off of inherent automatic behavior. These occur consistently because of stimuli. This is how birds build nests perfectly as soon as they leave their family. I chose A, Drive reduction theory. Drive reduction focuses on a homeostasis in the body. There are needs that ruin the equlibrium, and our brain responds to these with drives, a feeling that prompts action. This restores balance. This concept is wrong because Danielle makes her decision based off of herself a human being wanting to go to the more secure and safe person, which is instinct. The imbalance was not a part of this question. Correct answer is C, Instinct. 5. Juan is obsessed with building up his bank balance, even though he is quite comfortable and prosperous now. One situation exemplifies the power of Concept tested: Theory’s of motivation Page 402/403 bottom right: Secondary drives are stimuli that achieve primary drives through learned mechanisms. This is usually characterized through money. I chose C, homeostasis. Homeostasis...
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...[No Subject] Me to Fatema SunelSent Nowadays, people are getting more & more involved in Music & for them, it has become a part of their daily life. Their mind has become so saddled with tension, & tempo of life is so fast that they seem to accept high blood pressure & nervous breakdown as the unavoidable side effects of modern civilization. It is a pity that they do not pause to think the adverse effects of music on their physical & mental health. I have endeavored to present in this booklet the scientific & spiritual points of views on music & dance etc. These observations have been quoted from various books of Persian, Urdu & English languages. I am very grateful to Maulana Seyyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, the Chief Missionary of the Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania for editing & scrutinizing this effort of mine. I hope this booklet will help the readers in understanding the philosophy of the rule of Islam which forbids music. A.H. Sherriff 1/5/1983 W H A T IS M U S I C ? Music, according to the New National Dictionary, means "Art of combining sounds or sequences of notes into harmonious patterns pleasing to the ear & satisfying to the emotions; melody" According to the Great Encyclopedic Dictionary, this combining of sounds is "for reproduction by the voice or various kinds of musical instruments in rhythmic, melodious & harmonious form so as to express thought or feeling & affect the emotion;" & the word is also used for the "sound so produced," & for 'written...
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...Biopsychology The brain is the control centre for the body and it sits in the skull at the top of the spinal chord. The brain is so complex that doctors and scientists still don’t know what some parts do. The brain is made up of different sections consisting of the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Memory Part of the brain that is responsible for memory is also known as the hippocampus, it is located within the temporal lobes, adjacent to the amygdale. The hippocampus is involved in memory forming, organizing and storing information. It is particularly important in storing new memories and connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound to, memories. A case study of H.M. (1953) highlights how important the function of the hippocampus is. H.M. was a man who suffered from epilepsy who had surgery to remove the hippocampus to prevent his severe symptoms. After his operation he suffered from major memory loss, which then went on to cause an inability to transfer new information into his long term memory. This resulted in the realisation that the removal of the hippocampus can have detrimental effects on the brains memory. Language and speech The Boca’s area is one of the main areas of the brain which is responsible for producing language. It is located in the lower portion of the left frontal lobe and was discovered by French neurosurgeon Paul Broca .He realised that people who had language difficulties often had damage to this area of the brain. This...
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...theory states that the experience of emotion and the accompanying physiological arousal happen at the same time. • Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory states that people’s experience of emotion depends on physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal. • People’s experience of emotion depends on how they evaluate their environment. The Biological Bases of Emotion • Emotion involves activation of the brain and the autonomic nervous system. • Information about emotion-evoking events moves along two pathways in the brain. • The pathway that goes to the amygdala allows people to respond rapidly to events. • The pathway that goes to the cortex allows people to appraise events more slowly. • Researchers use autonomic responses to measure emotion. • The polygraph, or lie detector, is a device that detects changes in autonomic arousal. It is often inaccurate in determining whether or not a person is lying. • Different emotions differ in pattern of brain activation, neurotransmitters released, and autonomic nervous system activity. Expression of Emotion • People worldwide can identify six primary emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. • The facial-feedback hypothesis states that the brain uses feedback from facial muscles to recognize emotions that are being experienced. • The two...
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...Unit 1: Design and present information on the Physiology of Stress 1. (a) Give an appropriate definition of stress [pic] Ever since the word stress was introduced to the English language in the 1930’s many different definitions of it have been presented. The Health and Safety Executive define stress as “the adverse reaction that people have to excessive pressures or other types of demand placed upon them”. This makes an important distinction between pressure which can be a positive motivating force if managed correctly and stress which can lead to ill-health. The Health and Safety Executive says there is a convincing link between stress and ill health. The Samaritans give the following definition – ‘People use the term stress to describe the feeling they have when it all seems too much, when they are overloaded and don’t feel that they are able to meet all the demands placed upon them. As I have said pressure itself is not bad. In fact, many thrive on it. When those pressures exceed a person’s ability to cope, then that is when the problems start. It follows, therefore, that we can tackle stress either by reducing pressures or by increasing coping resources – or a combination of the two. [pic] The graph above shows there is an optimum point – where you have enough pressure to perform, but not so much that you get overloaded. Everyone’s optimum point is different and learning where yours lies can be important. 1. (b) Explain the fight/flight response ...
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...other parts of the body. Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep. The measurement of heart rate is used by medical professionals to assist in the diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training The beating frequency (heart rate) is controlled by the balance of stimulation coming from the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Both nervous inputs to the heart converge on a small area of tissue on the right atrium. Roles of Internal Receptors Autonomic Nervous System Two major divisions * Sympathetic; activated in response to challenge- * Parasympathetic; active in the absence of challenges * Both...
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...feedback system’. This just basically means that the system is able to take remedial action to preserve a constant environment. Homeostasis is in charge of maintaining the constant level of many body functions, such as heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood sugar levels. (Rasheed, Hetherington and Irvine, 2010). Heart rate Roles of internal receptors, autonomic nervous system-sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply, cardiac centre and sinoatrial node A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. Receptors intellect changes in function and begins the body's homeostatic response. The receptors transmit a message to the brain, which in turn sends a message to the effectors, the heart and blood vessels. The heart rate decreases and blood vessels increase in diameter, which cause the blood pressure to fall back within the normal range or set point. (Scince.jrank.org, 2015). Automatic Nervous System In contrast, your heart beats and your intestines digest without your conscious control. Spontaneous actions such as these are regulated by your autonomic nervous system. The autonomic part of your...
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...NICK’S STORY UNIT 8 SHATONDA WALDER 1. Nick has been complaining of having this clumsiness, dizziness when he sits or stands says his feet feels like their burning and feels like they are being pricked and he has vision problems. These symptoms are both sensory and motor. 2. If these symptoms were caused by the central nervous system the symptoms would be more severe his receptors are not effectively communicating back to the central nervous system with the symptoms that he have yes he could have had peripheral nerve damage. He also has damage to his somatic nervous system due to the loss of his somatic reflexes in his feet. 3. The sensory neuron is where Nick’s reflex arc damage begins. The receptor is being triggered by the stimuli and the information can’t travel along the damaged sensory neuron to continue the arc to the centers, motor neurons effectors and the damage could be further along the reflex arc giving the exact same symptoms. 4. The sympathetic division would be active which would inhibit the G.I. tract which leads to the parasympathetic division of his nervous system being affected. 5. The parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the ANS connects to the hypothalamus by the neurons in the brain and spinal cord and relay information. The lateral and posterior parts of the hypothalamus controls the sympathetic division which constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure. The anterior and medial parts of the hypothalamus controls the parasympathetic...
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...Jared Sanchez Contemporary Health II October 20, 2012 Stress: The Constant Challenge Coping with stress can be a constant challenge and it can be hard for someone to handle by themselves. Stress can come from many things such as failing a test, getting into a car accident, and even a break up with a significant other. Stress can be developed by anything that makes you worry about more than you should be worrying about it. Stress-producing factors can be pleasant or unpleasant and can include physical challenges, goal achievement, and events that are perceived as negative. Dealing with stress is hard because without support someone can be really hurting themselves and not even know it. It’s physically, emotionally, and mentally impossible for someone to carry the weight of the world on their back no matter whom you are. Stress, such as many other terms, is misunderstood by people because they don’t really know the precise meaning. Stress is the general physical and emotional state that accompanies the stress response. Stressors are the specific reasons that stress happen. A stressor is any physical or psychological event or condition that produces physical and emotional reactions. First dates with a girlfriend or an upcoming final exam are examples of stressors. Sweaty palms and a pounding heart are symptoms of the stress response. Every time someone goes through stress there is always a response to it. Responses to stressors however can include a wide variety of physical...
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...Autonomic Computing: An Overview Manish Parashar1 and Salim Hariri2 The Applied Software Systems Laboratory, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ, USA 2 High Performance Distributed Computing Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA parashar@caip.rutgers.edu, hariri@ece.arizona.edu 1 Abstract. The increasing scale complexity, heterogeneity and dynamism of networks, systems and applications have made our computational and information infrastructure brittle, unmanageable and insecure. This has necessitated the investigation of an alternate paradigm for system and application design, which is based on strategies used by biological systems to deal with similar challenges – a vision that has been referred to as autonomic computing. The overarching goal of autonomic computing is to realize computer and software systems and applications that can manage themselves in accordance with high-level guidance from humans. Meeting the grand challenges of autonomic computing requires scientific and technological advances in a wide variety of fields, as well as new software and system architectures that support the effective integration of the constituent technologies. This paper presents an introduction to autonomic computing, its challenges, and opportunities. 1 Introduction Advances in networking and computing technology and software tools have resulted in an explosive growth in networked applications and information services that cover all aspects of our life. These sophisticated...
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