...Lower Gibberellic Acid Concentration, Longer the Stem Elongation Introduction: Hormone technology used widely in horticulture and agriculture. Plant hormones are the chemical messengers that could regulate or stimulate the growth and development of plants [Gossett]. The five major classes of plant hormones are auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid. Auxin can cause the loosing of cell wall and increase the synthesis of cell-wall material and protein. Then initiate the growth and development of root at the stem base. Cytokinins has the function that can affect the cell division and formation of shoot. It also work for then intermodal length and delay the senescence of tissues. Gibberellins are the hormones that can cause elongation of stem. Abstisic acid is the plant growth regulator that produced in leaf and alternate leaves into bud covers. Ethylene can cause the rapidly growing of the dividing cells especially in the darkness. It also inhibit the expansion of leaf and elongation of stem. Ethylene cause thicker stem and allow the ripening of fruit. This lab, our group designed a experiment to observe the effect of concentration of GA on the length of stems. According to our discussion, higher concentration of GA will cause more elongation of stem. Hypothesis: Higher concentration of Gibberellic acid grew longer stem. Methods: Week 1 - Two-week-old bush bean plants were obtained and labeled by small flags with 0.04%, 0.2%, 1.0% and O%. The original...
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...plant hormone in their plant growth. The Brassica rapa plant (dicot) is also known by the trademark name Wisconsin fast plant because they have been genetically bred to complete their life cycle in approximately one month. This makes it easier to be used in experiments because of their rapid growth which it produces quicker results. The genotypes that were used include a wild type, elongate, petite, and the rosette. There were three treatments used on the four genotypes; water, Ga3 and Cycocel. These treatments were sprayed two times consistently per day over three weeks for each genotype. Gibberellic acid is a plant hormone which acts as a stimulator for growth and development for the plant. Cycocel however, is a plant inhibitor that inhibits growth and development. This experiment was placed in an apparatus which allows the excess to drain while a wicking system keeps the plants moist. The apparatus was also placed under a light source which was on a limited time cycle. The lights were on for 16 hours each day starting at 7am and were off for 8 hours a day starting at 11pm. Wild type and petite genotypes already contained normal amounts of Ga3, while the elongate over produced Ga3 and rosette under produced Ga3. At the end of the experiment, the genotypes, wild type, petite, and rosette, had the most growth in the Ga3, whereas elongate ended up having the most growth in the control group. In all of the genotypes, Cycocel had growth, but not as much as water and...
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...Tropisms, hormones and transport systems Animals grow throughout their lives. But, there are many influences that trigger and hinder their growth such as availability of food and water, oxygen used in metabolism and many other factors. But, what about plants? What makes them grow the way they do, tall or short? Some plants seem to be leaning onto one side. What are the reasons for this? The answer to these questions is tropism. Tropism is a biological phenomenon which creates a growth response to certain environmental stimuli in plants. This growth can be either towards or away from the stimuli. There are several types of tropisms, each trigger a response in plants in a different way and each is in response to different stimuli in the environment. Some common examples of tropisms are Phototropism, Geotropism, Thigmotropism, Heliotropism, Hydrotropism and Photoperiodism. Phototropism is the response in plants to or away from light or colour while Geotropism is the response towards or away from gravity. Similarly, Thigmotropism is the movement of plants due to touch or contact with something else, Heliotropism to the direction of sunlight, Hydrotropism to water, and Photoperiodism to the lengths of darkness in a photoperiod (length of day or night within a 24-hour period). Phototropism and Geotropism act on plant parts in a certain way. Leaves, stems and shoots show positive phototropism (response towards light) to be able to gain sunlight for photosynthesis, while roots show...
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...hormone in their plant growth. There were three treatments used on the four genotypes; including water, Ga3 and cycocel, which was sprayed 1-2 times for each genotype. Gibberellic acid is a plant hormone, (Ga3) that acts as a stimulant for growth and development for the plant. Cycocel however is a plant inhibitor and inhibits growth and development (Farabee M.J., 2010). The experiment was held in a flat that consisted of a water mat underneath the Styrofoam holder to collect water from the reservoir to the wicks that helps prevent algae from growing (McKeon et al., 2003). The wild type and petite genotypes had normal amounts of Ga3 already while the elongate over produced Ga3 and rosette under produced Ga3. In the end of the experiment, the genotypes, wild type and elongate, had the most growth in the control whereas the genotypes, petite and rosette, had the most growth in the Ga3. In all of the genotypes, cycocel had growth but no as much as water and Ga3. Each genotype had a unique way of using Ga3 and by doing so shows how the plant is using Ga3. Ga3 is already found in plants and this experiment helped show how plants used this natural plant hormone throughout the different genotypes of Brassica rapa. Introduction A plant hormone is generally described as an organic compound that is combined in one part of the plant and transferred to another part, in low concentrations. Hormones are very important to how the plant develops and what rate of growth the...
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...Rooting of stem cuttings of five pomegranate types selected from Delibekirli village, Kırıkhan (Antakya, Hatay-Turkey) taken in different periods under mist-propagation were investigated. The cuttings were prepared as 20-25 cm in length from wood shoots, and 1,000 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA) was used as a rooting hormone. In the study, rooting ratio (%), root number, and root length of the cutting were measured. Among the cuttings rooted, the highest rooting percentage was observed in 31-N-01, while the lowest rooting percentage in 31-N-05. The cuttings taken at the end of February had higher rooting percentage than those taken at the beginning of October. The 1,000 ppm IBA treated cutting had a slightly higher rooting percentage than the control. The number of roots was highest in the cutting of the 31-N-01 type and lowest in the cutting of the 31-N-05 type. There were higher roots in the 1,000 ppm IBA treated cuttings than the control cuttings for the 31-N-01, 31-N-02 and 31N-03 types whereas the 31-N-04 and 31-N-05 types had lower roots in the 1,000 ppm IBA treated cuttings than the control cuttings. 31-N-01 type when compared to others gave more favorable results in terms of root length. The 1,000 ppm IBA treatment affected positively rooting percent of cuttings and the other characteristics although it was not to the satisfactory level. It was concluded that the increasing dose of IBA could be useful. Www.actahort.org/books/818/818-27.htm Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) is...
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...Bigger, Stronger, Faster For quite some time now, people have wanted to become a physically stronger person. Most people whether they just want to gain muscle mass or become a stronger athlete, would go to the gym and put in hours on end doing whatever it takes to reach their goals. When people push their body to limits to finally reach their goals, they feel like they can accomplish anything they want, so they figure they can push it even further to surpass their goals. People who think have this mindset will start supplementing to push their bodies even further than before. When they have reached their max, they still have that mindset of exceeding their goals and resort to a drug that has been around the 50s. When steroids first became available in the public market, the drug was unregulated and anyone could buy and use it for whatever they wanted. It took about forty years for it become regulated, regulations put steroids as a schedule 3 under the controlled substance act making its possession illegal without a prescription. Steroids are one of the most controversial substances to ever be made and are still common today. There are mainly two uses of steroids, medicinal and performance enhancing. Medicinally used steroids can be used to treat anything from a rash to asthma. There are about three names for steroids; corticosteroids, used medically, and anabolic steroids or HGH which in the athletic world is used to boost performance or in the medical field to replace sex...
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...University of Nottingham Ningbo China Business School Academic Year 2013/14 Autumn Semester Entrepreneurship and Business Maris Farquharson Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. Yasong Zhao Student ID: 6511938 Word Count:1994 1. Introduction Over the past decade or so, the term entrepreneurship has become a fashionable way to describing the attempts at large-scale change by individuals and organizations. During this procedure, Innovation as the most important component of entrepreneurship is at a leading place, whereas, the combination of the two is vital to economic growth and sustainability in today’s dynamic and changing business environment. As a result, exploring the synergy relationship (either conceptual or practical) between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development is gaining significance. They are complementary and related to each other, not at an initial stage of a new venture; rather they are dynamic and holistic processes. This integrative interaction between the three has had a positive and comprehensive impact to the whole society. Therefore, the role of sustainability is highlighted as the guidance to entrepreneurial and innovative decision making in the organisations or by individuals. This paper will first look into the relationship of the three by discussing each two of them, and then focus on the importance of sustainability from ecology, economy and social levels. 2. Relationship between...
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...starvation. The sectors of banking which comprises Insurance and Micro-credit industries are not open to foreign investors, though Ethiopia had huge inflows of investment in other commercial agricultural sectors like leather and textile. The graph shows Ethiopian economy’s sector-wise performance from the year 2004 to 2010. The agricultural sector has seen constant decline from 65% to 30% chiefly due to minimal rainfall. Soil is not fertile for the harvesting, so the crops were not growing properly. In industry sector emerging as it can be seen from growth up to 60% in 2010 as compare to 20% in 2004. The service sector has shown no sign of improvement as it remains constant at 10%. The Ethiopian constitution grants the ownership titles of lands to the government which in turn provides it to the tenants on long-term leases. More recognizable rights are granted to the tenants with continued occupancy . While the Ethiopian GDP growth has continued to remain high, their income...
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...INTRODUCTION 2 2. THE IMPACT OF SERVICE SECTOR IN CHINA 2 3. DIFFERENCES AND GAPS 4 4. OBSTACLES AND RESTRICTIONS 6 5. RECOMMANDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 10 REFERENCES 12 1. INTRODUCTION The result of the market-oriented reforms in China along with its opening up to the outside world were rapid industrialization and integration in international trade. The service sector has perceived a fast, continued development and has made huge contributions to the overall economy in terms of its share of gross domestic product (GDP) and employment. The increasing of the service sector has caught up with the manufacturing sector, which indicates that China is moving into a new stage of development with both sectors driving economic growth. As China is a developing country with a middle-income status, the development of the service sector has been inadequate and has lagged behind its overall stage of development according to international norms. The gap in the development of the service sector between China and the developed countries and also some...
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...Entrepreneurship is usually thought to be of the simple action of starting your own business and running it. However, the true meaning of being an entrepreneur is much deeper than that. The must justifiable definition of entrepreneurship is a process through which individuals identify opportunities, allocate resources, and create value. This creation of value is often through the identification of unmet needs or through the identification of opportunities for change. Entrepreneurs see “problems” as “opportunities” then take action to identify the solutions to those problems and the customers who will pay to have those problems solved. One can judge entrepreneurial success of an entrepreneur as his ability to see opportunities in the marketplace, initiate change or take advantage of change and create value through solutions. “Innovation” as a word is often as a word under the context of simply a “new” product; however the true meaning of the word innovation is way more complex than just coming up with a new product. A business or an entrepreneur is not REALLY innovative if a random idea is turned into a reality. Innovation truly occurs when “change” is what the new product brings. In essence, there was a certain way people used to do things and with this “innovative” product, there is a new, different, probably easier way in which they do same things. Product offering, service, business model or operations: These areas widen the scope of innovation beyond the popular culture sense...
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...Economic growth Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP. Growth is usually calculated in real terms, i.e. Inflation-adjusted terms, in order to obviate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of the goods produced. ( Wikipedia, 10th december 2012) Executive summary- Economic growth is the growth what every economy and country are desperate to achieve for the sake of the country’s population. The aim is produce more and goods in order to increase the standard of living simply by increasing the wages of mass population. Increasing standard of living is to provide quality food, better and better service and education, latest technology in order to ease everyday’s life. The expectation in order to achieve faster growth are usually are on the rise in the hope of building better and prosperous country. Economic growth is considered to be a positive to be a positive side of an economy but at what extent? A countries economic growth is visible by its infrastructure, urban development, globalization, higher education rate; create employment and higher wages for poor worker and many other positive changes. When the demand of economic growth there are a few who thinks of the negative effect it might have. There are many negative concerns about faster economic growth and this is environmental issues, sometimes...
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...Economic Growth * Aggregate production function relates the aggregate output (Y) to: (a) Physical capital (b) Labor (c) Index of aggregate productive efficiency Y = F(AL, K) * Y is a flow variable because it measures GDP in a given period * K and L are stock variables, can measure at a given point in time * Y measures the services produced by K and L in period or instant t (e.g. hours of computation and hour of labors affects output, not just number of computers) * Y = 100K + 40L * One computer works 100 hours per week; each labor works 40 hours a week. If there are 2 worker then L=2; computer = 4 then K=4 * Assume economy is working at full potential * Capital is depreciated at constant proportionate rate, * L is assumed to be homogenous (everyone has same skill, education, productivity) and it grows at rate n. * If n>0 growing exponentially, n<0 declining exponentially, n=0 stagnant * Growth of labour is due to growth of population * A is defined as costless labour-augmenting technological progress * A multiplies the labour input, while leaving capital unchanged (e.g.: new organization routines, rearrangement of the flow of material in a factory, better management of inventory, other changes that do not require knowledge to be embodied in new equipment) * A is also known as index of productive efficiency or index of productivity or level of technology * A grows at an exponential rate of g;...
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...Introduction : The strategy can be defining as " the direction and scope of an organization over the long term" .So many companies only have been small or large should be to have an effective and successful strategy to achieve its growth goals in the market. Where to put effective strategies to help it's to enter the competition in the local or international markets. And strategic planning includes the ability to predict the capacity and compatibility between self-organization capabilities and opportunities or threats from the external environment. In addition , it helps to increase the ability of companies to confrontation highly competitive in the market and also able to make effective use of resources. This assignment will discuss the various factors that relate to "Tesco's" business in the US market. The importance and impact of environment Analysis for an Organization : Analysis of the environment plays an important role in the organizations or companies where it has many benefits which the existence of factors help in identifying opportunities or threats current or potential exposed in competitive markets or its external environment, such as: political factors, economic, social and technical, where it plays each of these factors an important role in the analysis of the environment, whether in the local or global market and can be affected directly or indirectly. Also, the analysis of the environment helps to develop a strategy of any organization and that by different...
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...Mexico has not sustained higher rates of economic development, by a malfunction of the credit markets and distortions in the input source is not traded, and perverse incentives that cause lack of formality and create a drag on productivity growth. “Over the last three decades, Mexico has aggressively reformed its economy, opening to foreign trade and investment, achieving fiscal discipline, and privatizing state owned enterprises. Despite these efforts, the country’s economic growth has been lackluster, trailing that of many other developing nations.” There are a lot of reasons why Mexico isn’t rich but in the paper the author describe four as the principal reasons: 1. The failures in the provision of credit. 2. Informality and its link with social policy. 3. The lack of regulation and the unequal concentration of power in monopolies. 4. Vulnerability to foreign trade, particularly the export growth of China. The granting of credit is critical to the economic development process. Without mechanisms to move savings from lenders to borrowers, the country is unlikely to seize opportunities for productive investment. one possibility is that Mexican law makes it particularly difficult for banks repossessed the defaulters and is linked to the other possible explanation is that lenders will not lend to people who perceive themselves as poor criteria or risky, due to the weakness of the law enforcement if they do not...
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...economic improvement in foreign and international trade area, whereas, it also has brought some problems underlying the surface economy boom. And as some experts’ sayings, the disadvantages are far more than the advantages that WTO has brought along these 12 years’ development based on the analysis on the current economic environment, which has also been a challenge to China’s economy and future development from my point of view. The benefits that WTO has brought into China As some experts’ saying, China’s accession would definitely have a tremendous impact on the economic environment as well as international trade because China is a big country in the world. Firstly, it had already brought about an obvious economic growth in China. China has achieved big economic growth since the opening-up policy implemented in 1978. For example, according to China Statistics Yearbook 2000, China’s GDP number in 1999,...
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