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B) How Serious a Problem Were the Ultras for Louis Xviii. 1815-24?

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b) How serious a problem were the Ultras for Louis XVIII. 1815-24?

The Ultras were an extremely right wing group that where mostly made up of the Emigres, the nobles and aristocrats that had fled during the French Revolution fearing that if they stayed then they would be executed. They hated the Charter of Liberties and wanted a Monarchy based on the Ancien regime which was focused on Throne and Altar, A powerful Monarch and Church controlling everything. They also wanted the lands they had lost during the Revolution given back to them. They would prove to be a serious problem for Louis XVIII as he tried to make the Constitution work.

In 1815-1816 the Ultras showed just how serious a threat they could be. Once Louis XVIII age limits on the chamber of Deputies had been lowered this allowed in a large amount of younger, radical Ultras leading to the nickname "Chambre Introvable". This lead to a backlash for the 100 days. The Ultra's began arresting and killing those whom had caused them to flee during the 100 Days, namely the bonapartists. This threat was only stopped when Louis XVIII stepped in and dissolved the chamber. This was the only way he could restore order and control his own supporters. During the white terror the Ultras showed how dangerous a force they could be. However Louis XVIII restored order and the government because more liberal under Decazes, the government became stable.

Louis regained control in 1816 when he dissolved the Chamber of Deputies and the Ultras remained a greatly reduced threat up to 1820 thanks to the policies and ministers. Decazes was a French Chief minister that had been appointed after Richelieu had resigned in 1818. Decazes leaned more to the liberal side and introduced policies that showed this such as relaxation on press censorship. But he was hated by the Ultras as they though he was weakening the power of the Monarchy with the liberal policies he was introducing and they would take any chance they could to force him to resign. But over all from 1816 to 1820 the threat the Ultras posed was low.

This changed in 1820 when the Duc de Berry was assassinated by a lone gunman who was thought to be a Bonapartist and was acting alone. Nevertheless the chance was too good for the Ultras to pass up so they started to accuse the Liberals of conspiring to destroy the monarchy and was able to force Decazes to resign, with Richelieu being reappointed in his place. while in 1816 Richelieu had been more moderate royalist now he was much more right wing. He released policies such as: Political suspects could be detained without trial for up to three months. He reintroduced Press Censorship and Electoral adjustments gave a double vote to the highest tax-payers. In 1821, the secondary school education was placed under the supervision of the Bishops showing that the church was getting more influence in the state. This shows that the Ultras had again become a great threat from being a benign threat in 1816 to a major one in 1820.

But the threat level increased again from 1822 when Villele was appointed minister after Richelieu was forced to resign. Villele tightened the press laws even further- it was now a criminal offence to write any article which carried the mere chance of provoking a public disturbance. In 1823 French troops where sent across the Pyrenees to crush the Spanish liberals and to restore the Bourbon King Ferdinand VII to his throne. This was a severe challenge to the charter in the Eyes of the moderate constiutitionalists and the Liberals who where now convinced that the Ultras where bringing back the Ancien regime..They became more and more convinced of this when Louis XVIII died and His brother Charles X was appointed in his place, and he was the leader of the Ultras so their threat level had gone through the roof.

In conclusion, The Ultras were a serious threat in 1815 but between 1816-1820 they where much less of a threat due to the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies and the liberl reforms of Louis XVIII ministers. They re-emerged as a very serious threat in 1820 and by 1824 they had taken control of the Government due to their Leader, Louis XVIIIs brother, Charles X was crowned king.

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