...DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The first culture’s results were found with the help of the unknown chart, handed out by the instructor. The unknown tube, #125, was isolated in order to grow two separate cultures. However, a problem was faced after the isolation was incubated. The plate was contaminated and had more than two different bacterium’s growing. A second isolation was completed and when observed there were only two bacteria’s growing. After isolating one of the bacterium a Gram stain was performed. The Gram test concluded that the bacterium was a Gram negative rod. This narrowed down the unknown to 5 possible answers: Escherichia coli, Klebesiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Pseudomonas aeruginesa. The first biochemical test performed was a Simmons Citrate, and after observation a negative result was concluded. This narrowed down the answers to Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The next biochemical test that was performed was a H2S test. After observation, the H2S test had a negative result, which pointed to Escherichia coli. A third test was done in order to confirm that Escherichia coli is the unknown. The Urea test also had a negative result, which confirmed that the unknown #1 is Escherichia coli. The second culture’s results were also found with the help of the unknown chart, handed out by the instructor. The unknown tube, #125, was isolated in order to grow two separate cultures. However, like stated earlier, a problem...
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...The positively best bacteria to receive when doing an unknown project The word bacteria receives a bad connotation in the everyday world but some may not realize the importance bacteria has on a person’s immunity and health. There can be both good and bad bacteria. Good bacteria, for example, helps to breakdown food enabling the digestion process to work smoothly and absorb nutrients like probiotics. These good bacteria are often found in foods like yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut. Best of all, good bacteria can help treat infectious diseases. A study has shown that, when injected with a good predatory bacteria like Micavibrio aeruginosavorus and Bdellovibrio baceriovorus, an antibiotic resistant bacteria was defenseless (Nordqvist, 2013). The study was created for an eye infection to see whether good bacterial pathogens would be able to fight off bad bacterial pathogens without damaging the eye or causing further irritation. The term microbiology means the study of microscopic organisms. Within the specialized area, microbiologists help to identify new organisms and how they affect life on earth. There are new organisms being discovered every day, and there could be dangers or losses without proper identification of how they live, what they do, and can they be controlled. A study was done to show the process of categorizing and identifying an unknown organism. Throughout the semester, multiple tests were performed to distinguish between the different types of bacteria...
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...VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HOCHIMINH CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY QUALITY OF BIOMASS OF FLOC-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SHRIMP PONDS A thesis submitted to the School of Biotechnology, International University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.S.c in Biotechnology STUDENT NAME: LE BAO – BTIU09080 SUPERVISOR: DR. HOANG TUNG Contents Acknowledgement ii Abstract 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Material and methods 5 3.1 Bacteria strain and medium 5 3.2 Inoculum preparation 5 3.3 Batch cultivations 5 3.4 Freeze-drying process 5 3.5 Analytical methods 6 3.6 Statistical analyses 8 3. Results 9 4.7 Bacterial density in 3-L batch fermentation 9 4.8 Dry cell weight 9 4.9 Protein content 10 4.10 Lipid content 10 4.11 Protein digestibility 11 4. Discussion 12 5.12 Biomass production 12 5.13 Protein and lipid content 12 5.14 Protein digestibility 13 5. Conclusion 15 Reference iii Appendix ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At first, I would like to express the deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Hoang Tung, who always gave the valuable instructions, and encouraged me to achieve the best from my working during the research time. I also thank Mr. Phan Cong Hoang for helpful discussions during the preparation of this thesis report and for providing the bacterial strains. In addition, I owe...
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...VOORLETTERS EN VAN/INITIALS AND SURNAME:………………………………………….. STUDENTE NOMMER/STUDENT NUMBER:………………………………………….…………... GEEN SAKREKENAARS WORD TOEGELAAT NIE NO CALCULATORS ARE PERMITTED |UNIVERSITEIT VAN STELLENBOSCH |UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH | |DEPARTEMENT MIKROBIOLOGIE |DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY | |SEMESTERTOETS 2012 |SEMESTER TEST 2012 | |MIKROBIOLOGIE 244 |MICROBIOLOGY 244 | | | |Punte/Marks: 120 |Tyd/Time: 2 uur/hours | Beantwoord alle vrae. Beantwoord Afdeling A op die vraestel en beantwoord Afdeling B in die eksamenboek. Answer all the questions. Answer Section A on the questionnaire and answer Section B in the exam book. AFDELING A/SECTION A Omkring die letter wat ooreenstem met die korrekte antwoord by Vrae 1 tot 30. Vul die korrekte antwoord in vir Vrae 31 en 32. / Circle the letter corresponding to the correct answer...
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...Rapid increase in total Free Fatty Acids (FFA), growth of mold and bacteria number happened in between 0 to 30 hours (first phase) of fermentation at 32°C. Spore-forming bacilli such Bacillus licheniformis and B. cereus which survive the boiling process has generation time of 95 minutes. Mold growth is slow during the first 15 to 20 hours and is commonly invisible to naked eye. As silvery-white hyphae start to appear and make connections between the beans, changes suddenly accelerate. The bean surface is covered with a white mycelium that gradually becomes thicker, and the spaces between the beans are quickly filled with the white mycelia mass. At the beginning of second phase, which is about 30 to 50 hours, the tempeh is ready to harvest. The number of bacteria and mold growth stop their rapid increase and either reduce or increase only slightly in numbers. Taste tests revealed that the tempeh reaches its mature state with maximum appealing flavor, color, texture, and aroma at the beginning of second phase, which is after 30 hours. Slightly overripe tempeh is that harvested 36 to 65 hours. The tempeh will develop a smell of ammonia, darkening color, stickiness, collapse of texture, and loss of pleasant flavor towards the third or deterioration phase. (Shurtleff and Aoyagi, 1979: 187) Changes in chemical composition of the soybeans occur during preparation and fermentation processes. (Iljas, Peng and Gould, 1973: 17) Steinkraus et al. (1961) stated that 1 to 2% of solids lost...
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...Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2014, Article ID 369204, 32 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/369204 Review Article Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae): A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of This Medicinal Plant Juliana Félix-Silva,1 Raquel Brandt Giordani,2 Arnóbio Antonio da Silva-Jr,1 Silvana Maria Zucolotto,2 and Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa1 1 Laborat´rio de Tecnologia & Biotecnologia Farmacˆutica (TecBioFar), Programa de P´ s-graduacao em Ciˆncias o e o ¸˜ e Farmacˆuticas (PPgCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, e Petr´ polis, 59012-570 Natal, RN, Brazil o 2 Laborat´rio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farm´ cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), o a Rua General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, Petr´ polis, 59012-570 Natal, RN, Brazil o Correspondence should be addressed to Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa; mpedrosa31@uol.com.br Received 24 February 2014; Revised 1 May 2014; Accepted 1 May 2014; Published 5 June 2014 Academic Editor: Shi-Biao Wu Copyright © 2014 Juliana F´lix-Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution e License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae), widely known as “bellyache bush,”...
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...1. Briefly define the disease and its natural history. Be sure to include the following: presenting symptoms and outbreak characteristics. Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by a gram positive, rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. It can be found naturally in soil. There are 4 types of anthrax, cutaneous, inhalation, gastrointestinal, and injection. Cutaneous anthrax develops when a person handles infected animals or animal products and is the most common form on anthrax. Inhalation anthrax develops when a person breathes in the anthrax spores. It is considered the most deadly and infection usually develops within a week after exposure. Gastrointestinal anthrax occurs when a person eats raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal. It affects the upper GI and has rarely been reported. Injection anthrax has recently been identified in heroin-injecting drug users in northern Europe but hasn’t been reported in the U.S yet. How do we get infected you ask? The Bacillus anthracis produce spores that are dormant and live in the soil. The spores get into the body of an animal (breath in or in-gest spores from contaminated soil, plants or water) or person (breath in, eat or drink the animals that are contaminated with it or drink water) and can get activated. Once acti-vated they become anthrax and spread throughout the body and cause serious illness or death. Symptoms for each of the types are as follows: Cutaneous anthrax-group of small itchy blisters...
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...contents) of the bacteria, and work to rid their existence. Although these have proven to be helpful and successful in these situations, some bacteria can become resistant, causing the need for improved agents. Today, we have many different antiseptics, antibiotics and disinfectants available. Antibiotics are naturally or synthetically produced, and are for specific use within the body. Antiseptics and disinfectants are both non selective; however, while antiseptics are used on surfaces (such as the skin), disinfectants are used on inanimate surfaces (Lichty 2002). Our experiment conducted the use of the 2 disinfectants, bleach and Lysol, to see which will be more effective in controlling the growth of the 2 bacteria, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Because bleach is a more unadulterated reagent, it is hypothesized that it will be a better disinfectant against bacteria than its competitor, Lysol. By collecting and testing samples of each, we will be able to analyze the bacterial progressions, and make...
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...Disease in the News Introduction to Health and Disease - HCS/245 October 28, 2013 This article is about Anthrax. It basically tells you about the disease. It starts out by explaining what Anthrax actually is, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment, and Future Challenges. The article when it was written gave a through explanation to anyone who really didn’t know what Anthrax is all about. Sad to some people Anthrax is not a Heavy Metal from the 80’s. Anthrax is an often serious and fatal bacterial infection that occurs when Bacillus anthracis endospores enter the body through abrasions in the skin or by inhalation or ingestion. ("Anthrax", 2013). Anthrax can be found in soil in the natural sense and routinely affects wild-life around the world. Although it is rare, people can get ill with anthrax if they come in contact with infected or tarnished animals and its products. Severe illness can happen in both humans and animals if they get in contact with anthrax. The bacteria is not contagious, which means you still can’t get anthrax like the common cold or flu. As far as treatment goes the article does talk about how to treat the disease. There are several alternatives, including antibiotics and antitoxin, which doctors have for treating patients with anthrax. Unfortunately, the more serious case of anthrax, patients will need to be hospitalized. A more aggressive treatment may be required, such as a steady amount fluid drainage and...
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...African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (14), pp. 3369-3376, 20 July, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Hadi Zokaei Far1, Che Roos B. Saad1*, Hassan Mohd Daud2, Sharr Azni Harmin1 and Shahram Shakibazadeh1 1 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, university Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Accepted 17 March, 2009 The effect of Bacillus subtilis, isolated from digestive tract of Macrobrachium rosenbergii was investigated on growth and survival rate of Litopenaeus vannamei during 60 days of culture. Sixteen aquaria with four replicates were used for treatments and controls. Treatment groups were consisted of ) shrimp fed diet with B. subtilis (T1), and ii) shrimp fed diet mixed with B. subtilis and commercial probiotic (T2). Control groups were consisted of ) shrimp fed diet with commercial probiotic as positive control, and ii) shrimp fed unaltered diet as negative control. Results showed that B. subtilis was proliferated in digestive tract of treated shrimps, and the number of Vibrio spp. was reduced in digestive tract during the cultural period. Survival rate, 75.5± 4.62 %, and yields of shrimps...
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...Pathogenic Bacterium: Bacillus anthracis Anthrax is an acute bacterial disease usually affecting the skin. On rare occasions, it may infect the oropharynx, lower respiratory tract and intestinal tract. It is caused by a spore forming Bacillus anthracis, a Gram positive, rod–shaped bacterium. Primarily, anthrax infects herbivores. Humans and carnivores are only incidental hosts. The disease occurs worldwide and is an occupational hazard of veterinarians, agriculture and wildlife workers who handle infected animals (Spencer 187-7). Animals mainly herbivores act as reservoirs for the disease causing organism, Bacillus anthracis. Infected animals shed the bacilli in terminal hemorrhages or spilt blood during death. When exposed to air, the vegetative forms of the bacterium sporulate and the resulting spores of B. anthracis, are very resistant to adverse environmental conditions and disinfections. They may remain viable in contaminated soil for many years after the source infection has terminated. Dried or processed skins and hides of infected animals may also harbor the spores for many years and in most cases act as fomites by which the disease is spread worldwide. There are up to three types of anthrax, classified mainly according to the modes of transmissions. Cutaneous anthrax infection occurs through the skin and is caused by direct contact with contaminated soil, tissues and products of animals dying of the disease. Bite of flies that had fed on infected animals may also transmit...
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...Bacillus Anthracis Jaylene Faulkner Microbiology Barbara Hayes November 6, 2015 Imagine being in the woods hunting a buck that’s grazing in the field. You pick your gun up and shoot the deer. You are ecstatic about your kill, your first plan for the meat is to make Venice stew. What you did not know was the buck had ingested a Bacillus Anthracis spore at some point in that week. Once you eat the deer meat, you will also ingest the Bacillus Anthracis and soon you will become infected with gastrointestinal anthrax. The Bacillus Anthracis is a gram positive rod shaped bacteria that will cause anthrax disease if ingested, inhaled, or subcutaneously thought a break in the skin. Anthrax is also known as wool sorter’s disease....
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...Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium that causes anthrax. According to the cdc.org Maret gave the first “clinical” reports of Anthrax in 1752. However, it is suggested that anthrax originated in Egypt in 700 BC (cdc.org). It was not until the 1800’s when Robert Koch wanted to discover what caused anthrax. Koch discovered that the specimens were rod-shaped bacteria. Bacillus anthracis is rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria, and has the ability to form endospores and are anaerobic (Bauman 695). Once inside the host an anthrax toxin is secreted that kills cells and another toxin creates edema (Bauman 695). There are four different ways to get anthrax: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation, and through injections (cdc.org). Although, our textbook only list three ways, injectable is fairly new and only been reported in Europe (cdc.org)...
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...Determination of insecticidal activity of Kenyan Bt isolates against the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus Kimani1,2 G, Nyambaka2 H, Gichuki1, S, Amata1, R, M. Okomo1 and Kasina1 M 1 Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, NARL. P.O. Box 14733-00800 Nairobi 2 Chemistry Department, Kenyatta University, Correspondence: kasina.j@gmail.com 2 Abstract The delta – endotoxin crystals containing insecticidal Cry proteins were isolated from 20 unidentified local Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) isolates and a reference isolate Bt aizawai (Bta) using froth floatation and low speed centrifugation at KARI Biotechnology laboratories, NARL. The total protein was quantified using the Bradford assay method and protein yield from the nutrient broths was estimated at 3.11 mg/ml ±0.938 mg/ml of nutrient broth culture with a purity level of 54.8% ±15.3% of the protein pellet. Leaf – dip bioassay was used to determine the efficacy of the isolates against Chilo Partellus (Swinhoe), a wellestablished and invasive stem borer in Kenya. Among the isolates, Bt 44 and Bt 48 had the most potent endotoxin crystals to 1st instar C. partellus larvae. In addition, the efficacy of these two isolates was not statistically different (P>0.05) from that of Bta based on LT50 values. The findings show that these two locally available unidentified Bt isolates could be used in management of C. partellus and their characterisation (Cry protein) could aid in their utilization. Key...
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...Staphylococcus epidermis and Bacillus subtilus Mouthwash Lab Report Fareeda sanusi Abstract: This experiment was done in order to find out which mouthwash killed the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermis and Bacillus subtilus the best. The mouthwashes used were Scope (clean mint baking soda), Listermint with fluoride, Cepacol, Rembrandt, and Therasol. Water was used as a control for the experiment. It allowed students to practice using T -values to determine significance of mouthwash effectiveness. The experiment also determined the active ingredient in the better mouthwash. My own hypothesis was that Scope would work the best on both bacteria. My hypothesis was proved wrong by Bacillus subtilis when Therasol eliminated the most bacteria. As for Staphylococcus epidermis Therasol worked just as well as Scope and Cepacol in killing the bacteria. However, there was significance at the 95% level between Scope and Cepacol. The charts, graphs, and the report below provide more information. Introduction: The battle for better breath is taking place all over the world. With each toothpaste and mouthwash claiming to be the best, how can one possibly determine which one to use? This experiment may perhaps put an end to this particular problem. Five fairly popular mouthwashes were used in this experiment: Scope, Listermint, Cepacol, Rembrandt, and Therasol. The effectiveness of each was tested on two different bacteria: Staphylococcus epidermis and Bacillus subtilus. Staphylococcus epidermis...
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