...------------------------------------------------- Name: Houry Elmayan ID: 20112959 Course : Bacteriology (Term paper) Instructor: Elie salem sokhn Date: June 6, 2014 Title: Staphylococcus aureus The staphylococci and non-motile, non-spore forming facultative anaerobes that grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation. Staphylococcus aureus belongs to the familt staphylococcaceae , which are composed of 32 species and 8 sub species in the genus staphylococcus, The staphylococci and non-motile, non-spore forming facultative anaerobes that grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation, staphylococci are gram positive bacteria with diameters 0.5 and 1.5 μm and characterized by individual cocci, which divide in more than one plane to form the grape-like clusters. The cell wall of S aureus has a tough protective coat which is relatively amorphous in appearance, about 20 to 40 nm thick. Underneath the cell wall is the cytoplasm that is enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane, peptidoclycan is the basic component of the cell wall. Staphylococci distinguished from streptococci and catalase positive and oxidase negative also positive for nitrate reduction, whereas streptococci are catalase negative and have a different cell wall composition to staphylococci. Staphylococci are tolerant to high concentrations of salt and show resistance to heat. Pathogenic staphylococcus aureus has the ability to produce coagulase and thus clot blood. S. aureus affects all mammalian species...
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...Bacteria can be found in plants and animals, in all habitats, on all surfaces and even in our bodies. To investigate the type bacteria existing in different locations, we took a culture from the inside of a mouth and the surface of a tabletop and let the bacteria grow in agar plates for one week. Separate agar plates were prepared for each of the two locations that also contained a small amount of two different cleaning solutions, Lysol and Green disinfectants, to observe which product worked better at killing bacteria. Both agar plates contained white and yellow bacteria growths. The bacteria in the agar plates was not evenly distributed throughout the surface, but rather was clustered in small areas. This was most like due to uneven distribution of the sample. It could also be attributed to the fact that bacteria grow in colonies. The plates with cultures from site 1 had slightly less bacteria coverage than the coverage from site 2. Although, this was really only the case for one of the cultures from site 2 while the other culture from the same site grew the same amount as the two cultures from site 1. It was observed that no bacteria grew on the portion of the agar nutrient where cleaning product was applied. It should be noted that the very minimal amount of bacteria that grew in the agar nutrient made it difficult to determine if this result was due to the effectiveness of the disinfectants. For this reason as well it is unclear which cleaning product out...
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...Chapter 1 Background of the study Skin problem, such as rash, is an abnormal condition of the skin caused mainly by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogene. “Skin problem” is often used to refer to any condition that causes pain, skin discoloration, itchiness, and skin irritation. The skin’s health has always been one of the main concerns for mankind since the beginning of time. Through time, people learned some uses of the Averrhoa bilimbi trees or simply the “Kamias” trees as what the tree is commonly called in the Philippines, such as treatment for rheumatism and using its fruits as food and in making sweets and pickles. The fruit can also be used for removing stains from clothes according to elders. “Kamias” fruit indeed has a lot of uses, but man should not overlook the Bilimbi trees’ leaves’ usefulness. Antibacterial agents are much needed in terminating and preventing bacterial growth especially during rainy season wherein the atmosphere is moist and humid which makes bacteria more active. Streptococcus pyogene, a Gram-positive type of bacteria that causes streptococcal pharyngitis, skin infections, scarlet fever and many other kinds of diseases, should be taken seriously. Many people carry the bacteria without incident and have already claimed a lot of lives. Past studies state that the aqueous extract of the leaves and fruits showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. According to earlier researches, the antibacterial activity...
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...Introduction: Biological organisms are classified uniformly in order to easily categorize and identify organisms. This classification, or taxonomy, uses the genus name followed by the species name, in Latin. By having a universal method of identifying bacteria allows for all scientists from any part of the world to identify the same species in an identical manner allowing for a precise of classification. Bacteria are distributed throughout the world in almost every conceivable habit. Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms, with variable shapes and nutritional needs. They lack a distinct nucleus and occur singly or in chains or clusters and form distinct colonies. Bacteria are classified on the basis of many characteristics. Morphological and physiological features such as cell shape, motility, formation of spores and other distinguishable structures, and reaction to Gram stain is a good start in identifying bacteria. Other staining techniques such as Acid Fast stain are also useful in determining species. More important in identification of a genus and species of bacteria are biological tests, including the determination of the types of nutrients a cell can use, the products of its metabolism, and the response to specific chemicals. Other factors that can assist in identification of bacteria are their ecological habitats and more advanced methods such as genetic and molecular composition. Using various techniques one is able to distinguish and ultimately assign...
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...The purpose of this lab was to identify one unknown Gram positive bacterium and one unknown Gram negative bacterium by observing growth patterns of differential and selective media. As shown in the results section, these tests were performed, allowing for the unknown to be determined by comparing the results of the tests with known bacteria. The Gram positive bacteria tested were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus salivarius, Enterococcus faecalis, and unknown #2. The results of unknown #2 showed that this bacterium was non-hemolytic, catalase positive, coagulase negative, was able to grow on but not ferment mannitol salt, was sensitive to bacitracin but resistant to Optichin, and was also negative for esculin. These results reveal many things about the Gram positive unknown #2. Since it is non-hemolytic, unknown #2 was unable to produce exoenzymes that lyse red blood cells and degrade hemoglobin. Since bubbles were formed in the catalase test, indicating a positive result, it can be concluded that unknown #2 is able to break down H2O2 into H2O and O2. The coagulase test revealed that the unknown was not able to clot plasma because it does not have the enzyme coagulase, which was shown through a lack of coagulation. Since the unknown could grow on the mannitol salt it means that it is able to grow in high salt concentrations, but since the media remained pink it indicates that the bacteria...
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...MLT1 Project Lisa Davidson Western Governors University May 17, 2015 MLT1 Project A. Difference Between an Obligate and Facultative Aerobe An obligate aerobe has to have oxygen to grow, while a facultative aerobe can survive with oxygen present or no oxygen present (Todar, 2012). B. Temperature Requirements and Types of Organisms The temperature requirement for this experiment is twenty-four degrees Celsius or above which is room temperature. The two types of organisms cultured are lactobacillus acidophilus and staphylococcus epidermidis. Lactobacillus acidophilus is a probiotic which is a live bacteria that is good for your health and found naturally in foods like yogurt. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a gram positive organism which is found naturally on our skin. C. Conditions Necessary to Control Microbe Growth In this experiment, microbe growth was controlled by providing access to oxygen, which was achieved by loosening the tops on the test tubes, and maintaining a constant temperature of twenty-four degree celsius or above. Also needed for the lactobacillus acidophilus to grow, was nine milliliters of MRS broth media. In order for the staphylococcus epidermidis to grow, five milliliters of nutrient broth was needed to house a cotton swab that was moistened and rubbed on skin. Microbial growth is not bad if it is a good microbe; however, certain microbes cause disease. This growth left uncontrolled can cause individuals to become sick or even die. To...
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...Pathogenicity and Cellular Structure Rebecca Abell Unit 2 Assignment 1 Pathogenicity and Cellular Structure When a human gets sick have you ever thought about how that occurs on a cellular level? Our body is made up with many different types of microorganisms and one of them is called bacteria. There are good bacteria and bad bacteria. When the bad bacterium multiplies with in the human body it causes what is known as bacterial infections. Although a bacterium is a microorganism it also has several cellular structures. The structures with in bacteria that cause us to become ill are Fimbriae, Plasmid, and the Capsule. Only the bacteria that contain these three structures can cause disease in a human body. When a bacterium includes the trouble causing structures the disease process starts spreading through the body. The reason that a disease process can not start without the three structures is because the bacteria has no protect for its self from the engulfing neutrophils or cells that destroy disease with in the human body. First the bacteria’s Fimbriae creates a thin structure in which allows the bacteria to attach to a host and not get swept away in the blood stream. Then the Capsule forms a slime layer so that the neutrophils are unable to engulf them thus destroying them. The Plasmid contains DNA and produces exotoxin which makes it resistant from other bacteria. These three structures are what help protect the bacteria and help it cause disease. Bacteria need...
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...* Calmette was a French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist, and an important officer of the Pasteur Institute. * He discovered the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated form of Mycobacterium used in the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis. * He also developed the first antivenom for snake venom, the Calmette's serum. * In 1890, Calmette met Louis Pasteur who was his professor in a course on bacteriology. He became an associate and was charged by Pasteur to found and direct a branch of the Pasteur Institute at Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh), in 1891. * Calmette was a French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist, and an important officer of the Pasteur Institute. * He discovered the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated form of Mycobacterium used in the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis. * He also developed the first antivenom for snake venom, the Calmette's serum. * In 1890, Calmette met Louis Pasteur who was his professor in a course on bacteriology. He became an associate and was charged by Pasteur to found and direct a branch of the Pasteur Institute at Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh), in 1891. Léon Charles Albert Calmette (July 12, 1863 – October 29, 1933) Works * In the Pasture Institute, he dedicated himself to the nascent field of toxicology, and he studied snake and bee venom, plant poisons and curare. * He also organized the production of vaccines against smallpox and rabies and carried out research...
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...read only by using newspapers, and proceeded to demonstrate extraordinary capabilities in school, particularly in the fields of mathematics and science. It was then he decided to pursue a career in biology, and graduated from high school with said interest in mind, going on to the University of Gottingen for a degree in medicine. During his time as a student, he developed a fascination for pathology and epidemiology. After graduating in 1866, he worked as a physician in several towns and briefly served as a military surgeon during the Franco-Prussian War. Afterwards, he became the District Medical Office in Wollstein; it was under this title Koch carried out the research and breakthroughs that would later classify him as the Father of Bacteriology and Microbiology....
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...1. micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye 2. bio – life 3. ology - study of 4. study of microorganisms (simple forms of life visible only with a microscope MICROORGANISMS * Minute living things * Too small to be seen with the unaided eye * Members of several different groups * Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs GROUPS OF MICROORGANISMS * Bacteria Bacteriology * Fungi Mycology * Protozoa Protozoology * Microscopic Algae Phycology * Viruses Virology ALGAE * photosynthetic unicellular or simple multicellular * mostly aquatic * organisms with cell walls of cellulose * produce their own food through photosynthesis FUNGI * Eukaryotic organisms with rigid cell wall * Yeasts * Single-celled * Reproduce by budding * Molds * Large, fuzzy, multicelled organisms * Produce spore * Superficial infections * Athlete’s foot * Ringworm * Thrush Can cause systemic infections PROTOZOA * Single-celled eukaryotic organisms, larger than bacteria * Found in soil and water * Illnesses * Malaria * Amebic dysentery * Trichomoniasis vaginitis * Leading cause of death in developing countries * VIRUS * Smallest known infectious agents * Subcellular microorganism * Have only nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat * Must live and grow in living cells of other organisms * Illnesses caused...
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...Ventilator Associated Pneumonia and Guidelines VAP: Definition • Pneumonia in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours • Early VAP: < 4 days in the ICU • Late VAP: > 4 days in the ICU VAP: Incidence US National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Type of ICU Mean VAP Rate (Cases/1000 vent days) Trauma 15.1 Neurosurgical Surgical Burn Cardiothoracic 12.9 9.9 9.6 7.9 Data from January 2002 – June 2003 Reported as VAP rates/1000 vent days VAP: Burden of Illness • Incidence 10-20% of patients receiving mechanical ventilation > 48 hours • Increased ICU Mortality (2-4 times) • Increased ICU LOS (5-7 days) • Increased hospital costs (>$10,000 US in additional costs) Safdar et al, Crit Care Med, 2005; 33: 2184 VAP: Healthcare Cost Burden of Illness Canada (per year) (10.6 cases/1000 Vent days) Excess Vent days Excess Deaths1 16,000 days (55 ICU beds) 216 Excess Cost2 $46,000,000 1Based on attributable mortality of 5.8% cost cost methodology 2Ontario Clinical Criteria for Suspicion of VAP • New or persistent infiltrate on CXR without another cause • Plus any 2 of the following: • • • • Purulent endotracheal secretions Increasing oxygen requirements Core temperature > 38.0o C WBC < 3.5 or > 11.0 Adapted from N Engl J Med 2006;355:2619-30. Host Risk Factors for VAP • Underlying pulmonary disease (e.g. COPD) • • • • • Sepsis ARDS ...
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...This brief abstract is a concept note on the subject of sociology of health and illness. It is going to give a brief sketch background of medical sociology, highlight various definitions of what is health, illness and how the production, distribution and patterns of diseases are influenced by the context in which they occur. The biomedical understanding of health and illness was entirely in the context of bacteriology and immunology dominated the subject of heath care systems for centuries. The history of medical sociology began in the 1800 with extensive contributions of Virchow to social medicine (Virchow, 1864). The resurgence of medical sociology and its institutionalization emerged in the 1960s and 1970s following the deficiencies of biomedicine to account various diseases which came about on the eve of industrialization and urbanization. Some diseases have their roots in the economic, social, cultural, political and environmental context. It is in these backdrops among other reasons that the sociology of health and illness gained recognition and institutionalization. Medical sociology did not discredit biomedical explanations and practice but have attributed that production, patterns, distribution and reproduction of health and illness is socially constructed (Waitzkin et al., 2001; Foucault, 1977; White, 2006). Sociology of health and Illness uses sociological perspectives such as the Sick role (Parsons, 1951), historical materialist approaches (Engels, 1844/1973), interactionist...
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...Chapter 1 notes 1.1 ubiquitous= found everywhere, found in all natural habitats (microbes). Microbiology- is a specialized area of biology that deals with tiny life forms that are not readily observe without magnification. microscopic= small to see. microbes= small life. -Groups of Organisms that we will be studying : bacteria, viruses, funny, protozoa, algae and helminths (parasitic worm) -Microbiology consider the largest and most complex of biological sciences. Here we study the aspects of microbes- their genetics, their physiology, characteristics that may be harmful or beneficial, the ways they interact with the environment, the way they interact wit other organisms, and their uses in industry and agriculture. -Some professions of microbiology are: Geomicrobiologist (earth), marine microbiologist, medical technologist (pathogenic microbes and diseases), nurse epidemiologist and astrobiologist. 1.2 Prokaryotic- simple cells that lack a nucleus (referring it as karyon) found 3.5 billion years ago. Eukaryotes- more complex, contain a nucleus and other complex internal structures found 1.8 billion years ago. (the early eukaryotes probably similar to algae and protozoa, started lines of evolution that eventually gave rise to fungi, plants and multicellular animas such as worms and insects) organelles= are structure in cells that are bound by one or more membranes. ex. mitochondria. All prokaryotes are microorganisms and include the bacteria and archaeons...
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...proved that viral DNA did go into the bacteria. Working with bacteriophages (or viruses that prey on bacteria) also helped others develop vaccines against viral diseases. Their experiment known as the Blender Experiment showed that viral DNA is the genetic code material and not protein. Hershey was a cautious researcher and planned and executed his experiments very thoroughly first with a phosphorous tracer and a follow up using a different tracer molecule, sulphur. They were able to confirm there was no mistake in their work and that the evidence that DNA and not protein is the source of genetic material was irrefutable. Hershey was always interested in bacteriology and biochemistry. He worked as a research assistant (with Jacques Jacob Bronfenbrenner, a pioneer in bacteriophage research in the US) in the Department of Bacteriology at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. In 1945 Hershey’s work with phages led to many discoveries that helped further our understanding of genetic inheritance and change. In 1945, he showed that phage’s were capable of spontaneous mutation as against some scientific trends suggesting that mutations occurred gradually. Then in 1946 he showed that if different strains of phages infected the same bacterial cell, they were capable of combining or exchanging genetic material. This was the first time that viruses were shown to combine or exchange genetic material. Hershey won a Noble Prize for his work on the nature of viruses in 1969...
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...display any symptoms of the disease. Leavitt writes, “Mallon’s response was not unreasonable in an era before the idea of a “healthy carrier” was known to the general public”(p.19). Moreover, scientists Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch constituted the Germ Theory --- the notion that microscopic organisms caused disease. Superintendent of health Charles V. Chaptin wrote, “ Bacteriology drove the last nail in the coffin of the old filthy theory of disease” (p. 24). Scientists and health officials began to disregard the idea that filth caused disease. Chaptin sought to replace sanitary programs with those that targeted living human germs carriers. In addition, Chaptin found in recent bacteriological studies at the time of “the risk posed by healthy carriers, people who themselves were not sick but who could nonetheless infect others”(p.25). As a result, when laboratory analysis of Mallon’s feces and urine revealed high concentrations of typhoid bacillus, the Department of Health confined her to a cottage North Brothers Island in order to protect the health of the public. Mallon became a “victim of bacteriology”. Thus, the unjust acts of the Department of Health deprived Mallon of her rights to freedom. Mary Mallon asserts , “I am an innocent human being. I have committed no crime and I am treated like an outcast- a criminal.It's unjust, outrageous, uncivilized...Why should I banish like a leper ?”(p. 180). Leavitt explores the legal arguments of Mallon’s incarceration. Leavitt...
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