Literature Citation When writing a research paper, literature citation is important for the following two reasons: (1) to avoid plagiarism (which is against the student code of conduct and is grounds for failing the course) and (2) to assign proper authority to a statement (this adds weight to your paper). You may use any style of literature citation as long as the proper authorities are cited in the text and full references are provided at the end of your paper. Here is an example of a style that is common in the biological literature. In-Text Citations Whether you are directly quoting or paraphrasing, your reference is cited in the text, before the end of the statement. The in-text citation consists of the author(s) last name(s) and the year of publication. For example, Drosophila magnaquinaria, fruit flies that are only found on skunk cabbage, prefer other hosts for feeding, egg-laying, and larval development than they do skunk cabbage (Courtney and Kibota, 1990). If there are more than two authors, then you may list the first author’s name followed by et al. For example, Mutational studies of Daphnia, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis, and Escherichia all provide estimates for the genomic deleterious mutation rate (Lynch et al., 1999). If you don’t know the name of the author (if the information comes from a website, for example), then you may list the website title or URL in place of the author’s name). Example Literature Cited Section The Literature Cited Section provides complete references. You may organize them in alphabetical order based on the last name of the first author. Websites may be listed by their title (or URL if there is no title) if the author is unknown. The date of publication, article title, journal or magazine title (written in italics), year of publication, and page numbers should be provided. First Author Second Author Year of Publication Article Title

Bernays, E.A., and M. Graham. 1988. On the evolution of host specificity in phytophagous arthropods. Ecology 69: 886-892. Journal Title Volume Number Pages

An example Literature Cited page is given on the next page.

Kibota

Host Choice by D. magnaquinaria

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Literature Cited Courtney, S.P. and T.T. Kibota. 1990. Mother doesn’t know best: selection of hosts by ovipositing insects. In: Bernays, E.A. (ed) Plant-Insect Relationships vol. 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl, pp. 161-188. Genetics Society of America. October 12, 2004. Statement on GMOs. http://genetics.faseb.org/genetics/ggsa/statement_on_modifiedorganisms.shtml Hitchcock, C.L. and A. Cronquist. 1976. Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an Illustrated Manual. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Wa. Harris, P. 2003. The history of host range testing for classical weed biocontrol agents. http://res2.agr.ca/lethbridge/weedbio/hist_e.htm Lynch, M., J. Blanchard, D. Houle, T. Kibota, S. Schultz, L. Vassilieva, and J. Willis. 1999. Perspective: Spontaneous deleterious mutations. Evolution 53: 645-663. Yoon, C.K. 2003. Is evolution truly random? New York Times November 11, page F.11 Chapter in a book

Website with no author and no publication date (date info was obtained is given) Book

Website with author and date of publication Journal Article

Newspaper article

These describe the type of literature source that was used. Don’t include these boxed descriptions in your literature cited section.