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Banana Peel as an Alternative Food of Chicken

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Banana Peel as Alternative Bio-sorbent Material for
Removal of 2-Chlorophenol from Water
Salma I. M. Ibrahim1,2,3
Torsten C. Schmidt2; Samy M. Abd El-azeem3
1: Holding Company for Potable Water and Sanitation, Fayoum, Egypt
2: Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
3: Chemistry Departement, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt

Introduction
Water is one of the vital necessities for the survival of human beings. Wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse are vital to meet the water requirements for irrigation, industry and domestic use due to increasing population and development in many parts of the world. Industrial wastewaters largely possess organic and inorganic materials such as dyes, phenols, aromatic compounds, and heavy metals [1].
Phenols cause bad taste and odor of drinking water and can exert negative effects on different biological processes. Phenol and its derivatives also show mutagenic effects by unbinding of the DNA helix, inhibition of DNA synthesis in human, induction of gene mutations, chromosome aberrations and a neuploid formations (phenol, catechol) [2]. Because of this increased awareness and concern about environmental pollution, stringent national and international legislation has been set up, generating more efforts of research work in this area, especially in finding better and more efficient techniques to treat wastewater bearing these organic pollutants [3]. Bio-sorbents are certain types of biomass used to bind and concentrate pollutants from even very diluted aqueous solution [4]. A biosorption process offers a number of advantages compared to conventional methods currently used. These include low operational costs and minimizing the volume of chemical and/or biological waste sludge as well as a high degree of efficiency in decontamination of very diluted effluents. Banana peel, a discarded agricultural waste, was used to produce bio-adsorbent through easy and environmental friendly processes [5 -7]. This natural bio-sorbent was evaluated for adsorptive removal of 2-chlorophenol compound from water.
The characterization results showed this bio-sorbent has very high specific surface area, potential binding sites and functional groups which support the adsorption process.

SEM characterization

Method

Morphological studies of banana peel before and after adsorption process
 The banana peels, before and after adsorption were observed using scanning electron microscopy (EDAX, FEI Quanta 400 F, Germany). Fig (2), show SEM of banana peel before adsorption. The peel has an irregular and porous surface. The many pores on its surface support the adsorption process.
 Fig (3), shows SEM of banana peel after adsorption of 2- chlorophenol. The peel appears to have a rough surface with crater-like pores as they are partially covered by 2chlorophenol. After adsorption, the pores became thicker and blocked with 2-chlorophenol compound. The schematic diagram indicate the sequence of preparation of the banana peel as adsorbent Biomass

Sorption process Study of adsorption parameters:
The effect of some parameters viz. adsorbent dose, pH, shaking time and extraction isotherm were studied to investigate their effect on the efficiency of adsorption process.
An aliquot of 10 mL from 2-chlorophenol sample was put in a dark tube, adjusted to pH 6.0, mixed with 0.2 g banana peel and finally capped with Teflon septa .Then, the samples were shaken for 60 min at 230 rpm shaking speed. The solid sorbent was separated by filtering the samples through 0.45 µm celluloseacetate membrane and the remained amount of the analyte in the filtrate was subjected to analysis by UV/visible spectrophotometer. Finally, the obtained results were also confirmed by GC measurements.
• The removal percentage was calculated by the following equation:

Collected banana peels were cut into small pieces (1-2 cm)

Washing with tap water and deionized water several times to remove any external dirt.

Leave in air for removing the free water and dried in oven for 24 hours at 105°C.

(%) = – x 100

Fig (1), prepared banana peel powder

The dried banana peel was grounded into powder (0.5-1 mm), several washing steps needed (about 20 times) with shaking for 1 hour and change to pure water to remove the colored pigment of the washing water as its absorbance could interfere with the results. Then dried again in oven for 24 hours at 105°C. Kept in an air tied bottle prior to the experiments, fig (1).

Where;
R (%) = percentage of removal
Cο = initial concentration of 2-Chlorophenol in solution (µg/L).
Ce = Remaining concentration of 2-Chlorophenol in solution at equilibrium (µg/L).

Fig. (3), SEM of banana peel after adsorption of 2chlorophenol
.

Fig. (2), SEM of banana peel

Results
Fig (4), Calibration Curve for 2-Chlorophenol

A calibration curve was done on UVSpectrophotometer, for 2-hlorophenol standard solution:

 Banana peel dose as adsorbent, initial concentration, pH value , and shaking time parameters were studied as shown in figures

0,95
0,9

y = 0.000x + 0.451
R² = 0.998

0,85

(5, 6, 7, 8) respectively to maximize the adsorption process and increase the % of removal of 2-chlorophenol.

0,8

Absorbance

For detection the concentration of each absorbance of 2-chlorophenol, remaind in the filtrate after adsorption process.

Effect of different parameters on the removal % :

1

 The results showed that maximum removal of the 2-chlorophenol compound (400µg/L) was at pH 6 with recovery in the range
91.25% and equilibration was achieved after 60 min of contact time with shaking at 230 rpm.

0,75
0,7
0,65
0,6
0,55
0,5

Data summarized by Freundlish sorption isotherm model:

Fig (6), Effect of initial conc. on the removal% of 2chlorophenol

Fig (5), Effect of sorbent dose on the removal% of 2chlorophenol

0,45
0,4
0,35
100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000

90

90

Conc., µ g/L

80

80
70

Removal %

Fig (9), Freundlich sorption isotherm
6,5
6

70

60

60

50
40

50
40

5,5

30

30

5

20

20

4,5

10

10

4

log C peel

M

50

 It assumes the exponential distribution of active sites of banana peel. This isotherm does not predict any saturation of the adsorbent surface; thus, infinite surface coverage is predicted, indicating physicosorption on the surface.

100

100

0,3

Removal %

 The Freundlich isotherm [8], is an empirical model used to explain the adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces of banana peel, fig (9).

0
0,03

0,05

0,07

0,1

3,5

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

0,4

0

0,5

100

200

300

400

Sorbent dose, g

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Conc. µg/L

3
2

Fourier transformation infrared
(FTIR):

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

log cw
First approach y = 1,0465x + 1,5331
R² = 0,9611

Second approach y = 1,236x + 0,8598
R² = 0,9587

Mean

Fig (8), Effect of shaking time on the removal% of 2chlorophenol

Fig (7), Effect of pH on the removal% of 2-chlorophenol

y = 1,1398x + 1,2172
R² = 0,9718

100
100
90
90
80

80
70

60

Removal %

Removal %

70

Transmittance%

 FTIR spectroscopy by using (Perkin
Elmer System 2000) spectrometer under ambient conditions. It is believed that the adsorption characteristics of these materials are mainly due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and carboxyl functions present on pectin substances [9].
 The FTIR spectrum of the natural banana peel sample was determined to identify carboxyl and hydroxyl groups present in the sample (Fig. 10).
 The characterization results showed that banana peel act as biosorbent has very high specific surface area, potential binding sites and functional groups.

2,5

50
40

60
50
40

30

30

20

20

10

10
0

0
2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

6

8

10

20

30

40

50

60

90

120

Time, min

pH

Fig (10), show FTIR of banana peel

Conclusions and outlook

References

 The present work explored a new, less expensive, economic and selective adsorbent as an alternative to expensive adsorbents for the removal of 2-chlorophenol from water.

[1] Pankaj, Bhawna Tanwar, Shikha Goyal & Prem Kishore Patnala, A Comparative study of Sonosorption of Reactive Red 141 Dye on
TiO2 , Banana Peel, orange Peel and Hardwood Saw Dust :Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 2012, 1 (4):505-511. [2] U.A. El-Nafaty,
I.M. Muhammad and S. Abdulsalam, Biosorption and Kinetic Studies on Oil Removal from Produced Water Using Banana Peel, : Civil and Environmental Research, Vol.3, No.7, 2013. [3] Cong Liu , Huu Hao Ngo , Wenshan Guo., Optimal conditions for preparation of banana peels, sugarcane bagasse and watermelon rind in removing copper from water.: Bioresource Technology 119 (2012) 349–354.
[4] B. Volesky, and S. Schiewer, Biosorption of metal in Encyclopedia of bioprocess Technology: fermentation, Biocatalysis, and
Bioseparation, John Wiley & Sons,1999. [5] B.H. Hameed , D.K. Mahmoud, A.L. Ahmad, Sorption equilibrium and kinetics of basic dye from aqueous solution using banana stalk waste.: Journal of Hazardous Materials 158 (2008) 499–506. . [6] Jamil R. Memon ,
Saima Q. Memon , M.I. Bhanger , G. Zuhra Memon , A. El-Turki , Geoffrey C. Allen, Characterization of banana peel by scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy and its use for cadmium removal.: Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 66 (2008) 260–
265. [7] M. Achaka , A. Hafidi , N. Ouazzani ,S.Sayadi , L. Mandi, Low cost biosorbent “banana peel” for the removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater: Kinetic and equilibrium studies.: Journal of Hazardous Materials 166 (2009) 117–125. [8]
H.M.F. Freundlich, Adsorption in solution, Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemi 57 (1906) 384–470. [9] M. Thirumavalavan, Y.L.
Lai, L.C. Lin, J.F. Lee, Cellulose-based native and surface modified fruit peels for the adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solu-tion: Langmuir adsorption isotherms, J. Chemical Engineering Data 55 (2010) 1186–1192.

 The adsorption process was very fast, and it reached equilibration after 1 hour. The equilibrium of the solid-phase extraction of chlorophenols decreased with increasing adsorbent concentration and it was reached at 0.2 g of banana peel/10mL, to
91.25% for removal of 400µg/L of 2-chlorophenol in 10 ml solution.
 The results reached by this project work can be used for determination of optimum conditions for removal of chlorophenols in aqueous solutions by banana peel as an agricultural waste.
 Although the biosorption application is facing a great challenge, there are two trends for the development of the biosorption process for chlorophenol compounds removal:
1. One trend of research is to develop commercial biosorbents using immobilization technology.
2. The other trend of research conducted is focusing on the use of granulized biosorbents packed in columns, resembling ionexchange resins.

Contact: Salma Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim, Holding Company for Potable Water & Sanitation, Fayoum, Egypt, E-mail: salma_ibrahim86@yahoo.com

Funded by:

www.uni-due.de/zwu/iwatec

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Food and Beverages Operation

...Food and Beverage Operations DHM 102 The Official Guide Boston Business School 520 North Bridge Road #03-01 Wisma Alsagoff Singapore 188742 www.bostonbiz.edu.sg All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publisher. This guide may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form of binding or cover, other than that in which is published, without the prior consent of the Publisher. The Guide is a useful resource for those seeking to gain the internationally recognised CTHCM qualifications. The Guide however must be used together with the recommended textbooks. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Food Production Methods 3. Food Service Outlets 4. Food Service Methods 5. Food and Beverage Service Staff 6. Menus and Beverage Lists 7. Food and Beverage Service Area and Equipment 8. Food Service – Accompaniments and Covers 9. Food and Beverage Service Sequence 10. Beverage Service – Non Alcoholic Beverages 11. Alcoholic Beverage Service – Wine and Beer 12. Alcoholic Beverage Service – Spirits, Liqueurs and Bar Operations 13. Customer Care and Selling Skills 14. Functions and Events 15. Supervisory Aspect of Food and Beverage Management 1 5 31 46 65 77 92 113 128 167 181 207 228 244 262 1 Introduction Description The aim of Food and...

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