LESSON 14: CASH BOOK, PASS BOOK, BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Dr. Jyotsna Sethi, Rekha Rani

STRUCTURE
14.1 Introduction 14.2 Objectives 14.3 Cash Book 14.4 Types of Cash Book 14.4.1 Simple Cash Book 14.4.2 Two Column Cash Book 14.4.3 Three Column Cash Book 14.5 Petty Cash Book. 14.5.1. Imprest System of Petty Cash Book. 14.5.2 Advantages of Petty Cash Book 14.6 Pass Book 14.7. Bank Reconciliation Statement 14.7.1 Meaning 14.7.2. Causes for difference between Cash Book Balance and Pass Book Balance. 14.7.3. Need and importance of Bank Reconciliation Statement 14.7.4 Procedure for preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement. 14.8. 14.9. Summary Glossary

14.10. Self Assessment Questions 14.11. Answer to check your progress 14.12. Further Readings

14.1. INTRODUCTION
Every entrepreneur should have knowledge of cash book and pass book as from these books, he may check how much balance is available to him for meeting his expenses and liabilities and what are the details of receipts and payments of a particular period. With the details of payments it can be checked that whether the payments are of reasonable amount or not. If the expanses are unreasonably high he may take steps to control them. An

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entrepreneur who regularly checks his cash and bank balances would never face problems like dishonor of cheques or cash crisis etc. Entrepreneur, who doesn’t distinguish between his revenue and profits, may spend all his receipts for his personal purposes subsequently resulting in deficiency of cash for business purposes and lead to cash crisis.

14.2. OBJECTIVES
After going through this lesson you should be able to Explain the meaning of Cash Book, Pass Book, and Petty Cash Book. Discuss the types of cash book. Enter the transactions in Cash Book. Explain the meaning, need and importance of bank reconciliation statement. Discuss the causes for difference between the balances of Pass Book and Cash Book. Prepare bank reconciliation statement.

14.3 CASH BOOK
In business most of the transactions relate to receipt of cash, payments of cash, sale of goods and purchase of goods. So it is convenient to have separate books for each such class of transaction, one for receipts and payments of cash, one for purchase of goods and one for sale of goods. These books are called subsidiary books. Cash book is a subsidiary book which records the receipts and payment of cash. With the help of cash book cash and bank balance can be checked at my point of time. (Ref.: T.S. Grewal, “Double Entry Book Keeping”)

14.4. TYPES OF CASH BOOK
Cash book can be of four types: 1. Simple Cash Book. 2. Two column cash book. 3. Three column cash book. 4. Petty cash book

14.4.1 SIMPLE CASH BOOK
A simple cash book is prepared like any ordinary account. The receipts are recorded in the Dr Side and the payments are recorded in the Cr side of the cash book. The specimen Performa of a simple cash book is given as follows: 211

Simple Cash Book Dr. Date Receipts Particulars Amt. Rs. Date Payments Particulars Cr. Amt Rs.

Balancing the Cash Book The Cash book is balanced like any other account. The receipts column total will be more than the payments column total. The difference will be written on the Cr. Side as “By Bal c/d”. Example 1 Enter the following transactions in a simple cash Book. 2006 Jan 1 Jan 5 Jan 7 Jan 8 Jan 10 Cash in hand Received from Ram Paid Rent t Sold goods Paid Shyam Rs. 12,000 3,000 300 7000 2000 Simple Cash Book Dr. Date 2006 Jan 1 Jan 5 Jan 8 Receipts Particulars To Bal b/d To Ram To Sales Amt. Rs. 12,000 3,000 7,000 22,000 Date 2006 Jan 7 Jan 10 Jan 31 Payments Particulars By Rent By Shyam By Bal C/d Cr. Amt Rs. 300 2,000 17,000 22,000

Check your progress
Activity I

Find out the monthly expenses and incomes of your family and prepare a cash book for a particular month. ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 212

………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Q 1. Enter the following transactions in the simple cash book. 2005 Dec 1. Dec 2 Dec 3 Dec 4 Dec 5 Dec 6 Cash in Hand Received from Ramesh Purchased Furniture Machinery Sold Goods sold Salaries paid Rs. 10,000 13,000 15,000 10,000 20,000 1,000

………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………

14.4.2. TWO COLUMN CASH BOOK
A two – column cash back records discount allowed and discount received along with the cash payments and cash receipts. Discount allowed is the concession given by the businessman to its customers or debtors e.g. if a debtor has to pay Rs. 10,000 and he is allowed 10% discount, now he will pay only Rs. 9000 to the firm. This is called discount allowed, it is a type of loss for the business so it is to be debited and recorded in Dr. Side of the cash book. Discount received is the concession received by the business man from the creditors. e.g. if a firm has to pay Rs. 50,000 to its creditors and discount received is 20% then the firm has to pay only Rs. 40,000 to the creditor. This is called discount received, it is a gain or profit for the firm so it is to be credited and recorded in the Cr. side of the cash book the specimen Performa of a two column cash Book is given as under – Two column Cash Book Dr Date Receipts Particulars Amount Dis. Amount Cash Date Payments Particular Amt. Dis. Cr Amt. Cash

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Note: Discount columns are not balanced they are merely totaled. Example 2: Enter the following transactions in a two column ash Book. 2005 Jan 1 Jan 5 Jan 5 Jan 6 Jan 10 Jan 10 Jan 11 Jan 12 Jan 13 Jan 14 Cash in hand Paid to Ram Discount allowed by him Purchased goods Received from R. Gupta Discount allowed Sold goods Paid to S. Sharma Discount received Rs. 50 Paid wages Paid to Naresh in full settlement of his Account which shows a Cr. Balance of Rs. 4000 Two Column Cash Book Dr
Date 2005 Jan 1 Jan 10 Jan 11 To Bal b/d To R. Gupta To sales Particulars

Rs. 15,000 3,000 100 4,000 9,800 200 4,000 2,950 50 500

3900

Receipts
Amt Dis. Rs 200 Amt Cash Rs 15,000 9,800 4,000 Date 2005 Jan 5 Jan 6 Jan 12 Jan 13 Jan 14 Jan 31 200 28,800

Payments
Particulars Amt Dis. 100 50

Cr
Amt Cash 3,000 4,000 2,950 500 100 3,900 14,450 250 28,800

By Ram Purchases By S. Sharma By Wages By Naresh By Bal c/d

Check your progress Q 2. X started business on 1.4.2005 with Rs. 20,000 as Capital. He had following cash transactions in the month of April 2005.

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2005
April 1 April 2 April 3 April 4 April 5 Purchased Furniture Purchased Goods Sold Goods for Cash Purchased Goods Paid Cash to Ram Discount allowed by him April 6 Received Cash Krishna andCo. Allowed Discount from

Rs. 2005
2,500 3,000 1,500 2,000 5,600 100 April 7 April 8 April 9 April 10 April 11 April 12 April 13 6,000 200 Paid for petty exp. Cash Purchases Cash Sales Recd from Mohan Bros. Paid for Typewriter Paid for Telephone Paid Ali and Sons They allowed dis.

Rs.
150 1,500 2,000 6,000 8,000 2,000 4,000 80

Make out two column cash Book ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………...

14.4. 3 THREE COLUMN CASH BOOK
A three column cash Book is a cash book which contains bank along with cash and discount columns. column

A firm normally keeps the bulk of its funds at a Bank; money can be deposited and withdrawn at will if it is a current account. Probably payments into and out of the bank will be more numerous than strict cash transactions. They’re in only a little difference between cash in hand and cash at bank. Therefore it is very convenient if in the cash book on each side another column is added – to record moneys deposited at bank and payments out of the bank. The specimen Performa of a three column cash book is given as under: Three Column Cash Book Dr
Date Particular

Receipts
Dis. Rs. Cash Rs. Bank Rs. Date

Payments
Particulars Dis. Rs. Cash Rs.

Cr
Bank Rs.

Balancing: The discount columns are totaled but not balanced. The cash columns are balanced exactly in the same manner as indicated for the simple

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cash book. The process is similar for balancing the bank columns also. It is possible, however, that the bank may allow the firm to withdraw more than the amount deposited, i.e. to have an overdraft. In such a case the total of the bank column on the credit side will be bigger than the one on the debit side. The difference is written on the debit side as “To Bal c/d”. Then the totals are written on the two sides opposite one another; the balance is then entered on the credit side as “By Bal b/d”. However the usual case is that payments into the bank will exceed the withdrawals or payments out of the bank. Then the bank columns are balanced just like the cash columns. (Ref.: T.S. Grewal, “Double Entry Book Keeping”) Example 3: Enter the following transactions in a Three-column cash book. Cheques are first treated as cash receipts 2005 Jan 1 Jan 2 Jan 3 Jan 4 Jan 5 Cash in hand Paid into Bank Receives cheques from Kirti and Co. Pays into bank Kirti and Co’s Cheque He pays Ratan and Co. by Cheque and is allowed discount of Rs. 20 Rs. 20,000 19,000 600 600 330

Solution Three Column Cash Book Dr
Date 2005 Jan 1 Jan 2 To Bal b/d To Cash A/C (C) To Kirti and Co To Cash A/C (c) Particular

Receipts
Dis. Rs. Cash Rs. 20,000 Bank Rs. Date 2005 19,000 Jan 4 600 Jan 5 By Bank A/C (c) By Ratan and Co (c) By Bal C.d Jan 2 By Bank A/C (c) Particulars

Payments
Dis. Rs. Cash Rs. 19,000

Cr
Bank Rs. -

20 -

600 330

Jan 3

Jan 4

-

20,600 600 19,600

Jan 31

20

1000 20,600

18670 19,600

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Note 1) When cash is paid into bank the entry passed is Bank A/C Dr. To Cash A/C (Bank balance increased) (Cash balance decreased)

This type of transaction affects both cash and bank, these are called contra transactions 2) When cheque is received two entries are passed Cash A/C Dr. To Debtors Bank A/C Dr. To Cash Check your progress Q 3. Enter the following transactions into a three column cash book. 2005 Feb 1 Feb 2 Feb 3 Feb 4 Cash in hand Receives cheques from Warsi and allows him discount Rs. 300 Pays by cheque for cash purchases Sundry exp. paid in cash 4,700 2,000 500 Rs. 10,000 (When cheque is deposited into Bank) (When cheque is received)

………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………

14.5 PETTY CASH BOOK
A business house makes a number of small payments like telegram, textiles, cartage etc. If all these transactions are recorded in cash book the cash bank may become bulky and the main cashier’s work will also increase therefore usually firms appoint a petty cashier who makes these small payments and keep record of these payments in a separate cash book which is called Petty Cash book.

14.5.1. IMPREST SYSTEM OF PETTY CASH BOOK.
The petty cashier is given a sum of money in the beginning of the period. During the period he makes payment out of this money. At end the firm reimburses him the amount paid by him so that the balance of cash with him 217

remains same in the beginning of the period as well as at the end of the period. This is called the Imprest system of petty cash Book. The specimen Performa of a petty cash book is given as under. Petty Cash Book
Receipts Date Voucher No. Particular Total Conveyance Cartage Stationery Postage and Tele Gram Sundries

Example 4 Prepare a petty cash book on the Imprest system from the following: 2005 March 1 March 2 March 3 March 4 March 5 March 6 March 7 Solution Petty Cash Book
Recei pts Date V . N o. Particulars Total Rs. Con veya nce Cart age Station ary Postage Telegra m Sundries

Rs. Received Rs. 1000 for petty cash Paid bus fare Paid Cartage Paid for postage and telegram Paid for stationery Paid for postage and telegram Paid for sundry exp. 10 25 50 40 50 40

2005 1000 March-1 March-2 March-3 March-4 March-5 March-6 March-7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 To Cash A/C By conveyance By cartage By postage telegram By stationary By postage telegram and and 10 25 50 40 50 40 10 25 40 50 50 -

-

40

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By sundry exp.

1000

March 31

By Bal c/d

215 785

10 ===

25 ===

40 ====

100 ====

40 ====

====

====

785 215

April 1

To Bal b/d To Cash

14.5.2. ADVANTAGES OF PETTY CASH BOOK
There are mainly four advantages: (i) (ii) Saving of time – Saving of time of the chief cashier. Saving of labour – saving in labour in writing up the cash book.

(iii) Control – It provides control over small payments. (iv) Convenience in preparing ledger amounts. (Ref.: T.S. Grewal, “Double Entry Book Keeping”) Check your progress Q 4. Prepare a Petty cash book on the Imprest System. From the following: 2005 Jan 1 Jan 2 Jan 3 Jan 4 Jan 5 Received Rs500 for Petty Cash Paid bus fare Paid for stationery Paid for postage and telegrams Paid for Cartage 20 130 170 100

………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………

14.6 PASS BOOK
Pass Book is a book issued by Bank to an accountholder. It is almost a copy of the account of the customer in the books of bank. The bank keeps the customer informed of the entries made in his account through Pass Book. It is the customer’s duty to check the entries and immediately inform the bank of any error that he may have noticed. The form of the Pass Book is given as below

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PASS BOOK Messers ……………………………… Date Particulars Withdrawals Deposits Dr Cr. Dr or Cr Balance

Check you progress Activity 2 Find out what are the similarities and dissimilarities between a Cash Book and Pass Book. ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….

14.7 BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
It may be illustrated under following heads

14.7.1. MEANING
The cash Book and Pass Book are prepared separately. The Businessman prepares the Cash Book and the Pass Book is prepared by the Bank (here by cash book we mean three column cash Book). But as both the books are related to one person and same transactions are recorded in both the books so the balance of both the books should match i.e. the balance as per Pass Book should match to balance at bank as per cash book. But many a times these two balances do not agree then, it becomes necessary to reconcile them by preparing a statement which is called Bank Reconciliation Statement. A BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT may be defined as a statement showing the items of differences between the cash Brook balance and the pass book balance, prepared on any day for reconciling the two balances.

14.7.2 CAUSES FOR DIFFERENCES
A transaction relating to bank has to be recorded in both the books i.e. Cash Book and Pass Book but sometimes it happens that a bank transaction is recorded only in one book and not recorded simultaneously in other book this

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causes difference in the two balances. The causes for difference may be illustrated in detail as follows: Causes 1. Cash Book Pass Book No entry is made till the cheques are presented for payment. Balance= Same as before No entry is made till the cheques are cleared Balance = same Entry is made

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10

Cheques issued but Entry is made not yet presented for payment Balance =Decreased Cheques paid into Entry is made the bank but not yet cleared. Balance = Increased Interest allowed No entry is made till by the Bank the Pass Book is checked Balance = Same Interest and No entry is made till Expenses Charged the Pass Book is by the Bank checked Balance = Same Interest and No entry is made till dividends collected the Pass Book is by Bank checked Balance = Same Direct payments by No entry is made till the bank the Pass Book is checked Balance = Same Direct payments No entry is made till into the bank by a the Pass Book is customer checked Balance = Same Dishonor of a bill No entry is made till discounted with the the pass Book is bank checked Balance = Same Bills collected by No entry is made till the bank on behalf the Pass Book is of the customer checked Balance = Same Errors committed either in Cash Back or Pass Book

Balance = Increased Entry is made

Balance = Decreased Entry is made

Balance = Increased Entry is made

Balance = decreased Entry is made

Balance = Increased Entry is made

Balance = decreased Entry is made

Balance = Increased

14.7.3 NEED AND IMPORTANCE RECONCILIATION STATEMENT

OF

BANK

The need and importance of the bank reconciliation statement may be given as follows: 221

1. The reconciliation process helps in bringing out the errors committed either in cash Book or Pass Book. 2. Bank reconciliation statement may also show any undue delay in the clearance of cheques. 3. Sometimes the cashier may have the tendency of cheating like he may made entries in the Cash Book only but never deposit the cash into bank. These types of frauds by the entrepreneur’s staff or bank staff may be detected only through bank reconciliation statement. So this way bank reconciliation statement acts as a control technique too. (Ref.: T.S. Grewal, “Double Entry Book Keeping”)

14.7.4. PROCEDURE FOR PREPARATION OF BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
A. bank reconciliation statement is prepared to reconcile the two balances of Cash Book and Pass Book. So, when you will prepare a bank reconciliation statement you will start it with one balance make adjustments and then you will reach to the other balance. This way both the balances will agree. The way the adjustments should be made may be illustrated as follows: Particulars Balance at Bank as Per Cash Book Add (i) (2) (3) (4) (5) Less : (1) (2) (3) (4) Cheques paid into the bank but Xx not yet cleared Interest and expenses charged by Xx the bank Direct payment by the Bank Xx (-) xx Dishonor of a bill discounted with Xx the bank Cheques issued but not yet Xx presented for payment Interest allowed by the bank Xx Interest and dividend collected by Xx the bank Direct payments into the bank by Xx a customer Bills collected by the bank on Xx behalf of the customer (+) xx Amount Rs. Xxx

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Balance as per Pass Book

Xxx

Note: If you start the question with balance as per pass book all the adjustments will be reversed. Example 5. : From the following prepare a bank reconciliation statement on 31st March 2005. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 6 Balance as per Cash Book Cheques paid into Bank March 2005 but credited by the bank in April 2005 Cheques issued in March 2005 but cashed in April 2005 Cheques entered in the Cash Book in March 2005 but paid into bank in April 2005 Interest allowed by the bank Interest charged by the bank 1,80,000 7,900 11,000 1,000 2500 500

Solution Bank Reconciliation Statement As on March 31, 2005 Particulars Add. 1. 2. Less: 1. 2. 3. Balance as per Cash Book Cheques issued but not cashed Int. allowed by bank Cheques paid into bank but not cleared Cheques entered into Cash Book Interest charged by Bank Balance as per Pass Book yet 11,000 2500 7,900 1,000 500 Amount 1,80,000 + 13,500 1,93,500

9,400 1,84,100 ======

Check your progress Q. 1. Prepare a bank reconciliation statement from the following information 1. 2. 3. Balance as per pass book Cheques deposited but not yet collected Cheques 3,357 790

issued but not yet presented for 650

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payment 4. 5. 6. 7. Expenses paid by the bank directly Bill dishonored (discounted with the bank) Commission charged by the bank Interest allowed by the bank 1,000 500 13 10

………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..

14.8. SUMMARY
Cash book is the record of cash and bank transaction prepared by the entrepreneur and the pass book is the statement of accounts prepared by the bank. There are a lot of reasons due to which the balances of cash book and pass book do not match, and then bank reconciliation statement is prepared to reconcile both the balances Preparation of cash book, petty cash book and pass book helps the entrepreneur to exercise control over the expenses, the bank reconciliation statement facilitates checking of errors and frauds in these books.

14.9 GLOSSORY
Presentation of cheque – Depositing the cheque into bank for receiving payment. Clearing of cheque – Collection of the amount of cheque by the bank. Bills Receivable - An instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money to certain person or the bearer of the instrument. Dishonor of Bill – A situation when the acceptor of the bill refuse to pay the amount or otherwise unable to do so.

14.10 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
Q.1 what do you mean by a petty Cash Book? What are its main advantages? Q.2 what is Bank Reconciliation Statement? Why the preparation of Bank Reconciliation statement is necessary?

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Q.3 Explain the reasons on account of which the balance as shown by the pass book does not agree with the balance as shown by the bank column of the cash book.

14.11 ANSWER TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q-1. Cash balance = Rs. 37000 Q-2. Cash balance = Rs. 6750 Q-3. Cash balance = Rs. 9500 Cash at Bank = Rs. 2700 Q-4. Petty cash balance = Rs. 80 Q-5. Balance as per Cash Book = Rs. 5000

14.12 FURTHER READINGS
T.S. Grewal, “Double Entry Book Keeping”, Sultan Chand and sons. 28 Daryaganj, New Delhi. Jain and Narang, “Financial Accounting”. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

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