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Banking Industry 5 Force Analysis

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بانکداری در جهان زمانی آغاز شد که داد و ستد و مبادله کالا( غیر از مبادلات جنس به جنس ) بین مردم شروع و حتی با گسترش تجارت پیش از آنکه پول به مفهوم جدید مورد استفاده قرار گیرد نیاز به خدمت موسسات بانکی محسوس تر گشت و احتیاج به یک وسیله پرداخت سنجش ارزش ها و به ویژه وصول مطالبات از مشتریان دور و نزدیک با وجود خطرات ناشی از نقل و انتقال پول ایجاب می کرد که این فعل و انفعال توسط موسساتی بنام بانک انجام گیرد .
کلمه بانک اصطلاحی است قدیمی که از واژه آلمانی bank به معنای نوعی شرکت اخذ و رواج یافته و شاید هم از کلمه banco که یک لغت ایتالیایی و به معنای نیمکت صرافان بکار برده می شد اشتقاق یافته است . در هر حال بانک یا همان موسسات صرافی آن روز با همان نام و روش کهن به تدریج سازمان یافته و مرکز کلیه فعالیت های پولی و اعتباری بانک های امروزی شده اند.
اولین بانکی که در ایران تاسیس شد « بانک جدید شرق » بود که مرکزش در لندن و حوزه عملیاتیش مناطق جنوبی آسیا بود این بانک بدون تحصیل هیچگونه امتیازی در سال 1266 شمسی (1888 میلادی ) در شمال شرقی میدان توپخانه در محل بانک بازرگانی ( تجارت فعلی ) شروع به فعالیت کرد و برای جلب مشتریان در شروع فعالیت به حسابجاری معادل 2/5% و به حساب سپرده های ثابت به مدت 6ماه 4% و یکسال 6% سود می داد.بانک با این اقدام خود در بازار پولی 12% از نرخ بهره را پایین آورد و برای اولین بار اقدام به انتشار نوعی پول کاغذی به صورت حواله عهده خرانه بانک برای مبالغ بیش از 5 قران و قابل پرداخت در وجه حامل نمود و در سال 1267 در مقابل دریافت 20000 لیره انگلیسی کلیه شعب و اثاثیه بانک را به بانک شاهی واگذار نمود .
اهداف و وظایف بانک
در آغاز فعالیت بانکها چهار وظیفه اساسی داشتند :
1- تشکیل انواع پول ها متعلق به کشور های مختلف جهان در سیستم فلزی ( طلا و نقره )
2-تعیین وزن و عیار هر پول
3-تعیین نسبت برابری پول ها برای مبادله
4-نگهداری پول های فلزی اشخاص ( طلا و نقره ) در محل های امن
وظائف و خدمات بانک های تجاری ( خصوصی یا دولتی ) باستثنا بانکهای تخصصی بصورت ساده بقرار زیر است :

1- قبول سپرده ( دیداری _ مدت دار ) یا تجهیز منابع پولی
2- ایجاد تسهیلات ( وام _ اعتبار

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