...Analysing advantages and disadvantages of banking reforms in Mekong countries in comparative perspective Introduction In a number of transition economies the banking systems are at different stages of the transformation process from mostly planned to market economy structures. But the past two decades led to further distinctions in developments within these countries. This paper will review recent banking reform efforts in the lower Mekong countries (LMCs), including Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, and Vietnam. Associated by close economic and cultural links, the three LMCs have tackled the challenges of both economic development and transition to more market-based economies. These links are apparent as they are some of the countries that make up the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) which is a natural economic area bound together by the Mekong River. In 1992, with the assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), these countries entered into a program of subregional economic cooperation designed to enhance economic relations among them. It is important to explain the economies of these countries to lay the grounds for analysis of banking reforms. It has become clear that increasingly, modernization and industrialization are emerging from a process of transition and transformation. The Mekong countries are gradually shifting from subsistence farming to more diversified economies, and to more open, market-based systems. In parallel with this are the growing commercial...
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...I. Investigate global market 1. Defining global market In the aspect of marketing, global market is the set of many foreign markets which include every available buyer or potential buyer of a product or a service. This concept allows international company forecast the capacity of the market in an effective way. A country’s overseas market includes foreign customer market, industrial market and government market. 2. Investigate global market Investigate global market is the process of gathering materials and information about target market, compare and analyze these information, to withdraw the fluctuation tendency of global market in every production lines, production groups to build a foundation to every business strategy of international companies To investigate global market, we must study the environment of the target market, more specifically, study about every details of the region of this market. The term Business Environment is composed of two words ‘Business’ and ‘Environment’. In simple terms, the state in which a person remains busy is known as Business. The word Business in its economic sense means human activities like production, extraction or purchase or sales of goods that are performed for earning profits. On the other hand, the word ‘Environment’ refers to the aspects of surroundings. Therefore, Business Environment may be defined as a set of conditions – Social, Legal, Economical, Political or Institutional that are...
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...This paper seeks to look at Vietnam’s economy, financial sector, and political sector in respect to the textile industry. In an attempt to evaluate the feasibility of entering a foreign market, we focus our paper on a mid-sized company called Augusta Textile Company. This paper seeks to evaluate Vietnam’s potential for investment, particularly in the textile industry. While the company seeks to increase revenues and keep costs of production low, the company must look to expand to growing markets. However, various risks must be taken into consideration, as they can be great barriers to entry. The company looks to expand with the least financial risk, but greatest potential output and revenue. In evaluating the textile industry in Vietnam, as well as potential modes of entry, we may conclude a recommendation for Augusta Textile Industry’s future potential expansion. Introduction Country Basics Vietnam is formally known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and is located in the South China Sea. It is the thirteenth most highly populated country in the world (Hossain, 2010). The current population of Vietnam is estimated at about 90.4 million (The Heritage Foundation, n.d.). There are 54 officially recognized ethnic groups in Vietnam, but the majority are Viet (also known as “Kinh”), comprising of about 86% of the total population. Other significant ethnic groups are the Tay, Thai, Muong, Khome, and Hoa. The vast majority of the Vietnamese population speaks the Vietnamese...
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...MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND INVESTMENT GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE REPORT ON LABOUR FORCE SURVEY Quarter 2, 2015 Ha Noi, 2015 1 INTRODUCTION On 10 November 2014, the General Director of General Statistic Office issued Decision No 1287/QD-TCTK on the 2015 Labour force survey, along with its survey plan. The purpose of the survey was to collect the information on 2015 labor market participation from those people who are 15 years old and above currently residing in Vietnam; regarded as a basic for aggregating and compiling national statistical indicators on labor, employment, unemployment and income. These results would support for ministries and branches assessing and comparing the changes in labour market among quarters within the reference year as well as with those of previous annual labour force surveys conducted by GSO. These results would be also considered as a basic to develop and plan policies on human resource development; activities of investment, production and business accordant with the development trend on labor market; as well as to access and apply International Labor Organization’s updated recommendations on labor and employment, especially in term of “labor under-utilization” into the reality of Vietnam. The statistics would be aggregated quarterly for the national and regional levels; and yearly for the provincial level. This report would present major findings of labour force survey in quarter 2, 2015 in order to provide information about labour...
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...Development Trends in Southeast Asia and the Philippines I. DISCUSSION ON THE ESE PROBLEMS OF SEA AS A REGION A. ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS SOUTHEAST ASIA IS OBJECTIVELY one of the most beautiful regions on Earth — it’s covered in dense jungle, it’s peppered with gorgeous beaches, and it’s full of incredible wildlife. It also has some spectacular urban centers, recently stimulated by massive economic growth. Unfortunately, the act of pulling people out of poverty and into the developed world often comes at the expense of the local environment. This is true of all countries in this scenario, but it’s particularly acute for Southeast Asian nations, as their economies — especially the tourism sector — depend so fundamentally on pristine natural resources. Most of the environmental issues in Southeast Asia are inextricably linked, and working to ameliorate one will often have added benefits for the others. Here are some of the problems, and some things you personally can do to help. 1. Endangered species conservation The problem: Southeast Asia sits almost entirely in the tropics, and as such, is covered in rich, dense, biologically diverse jungle. As a result of a wide number of factors — from poaching to deforestation — many native species are endangered. One of the most prominent of these species is the Asian elephant. The total number of Asian elephants in the world has sadly fallen to below 30,000, down from 100,000 at the beginning of the...
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...Doing Business in Vietnam: 2011 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT, U.S. & FOREIGN COMMERCIAL SERVICE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2011. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES. • • • • • • • • • • Chapter 1: Doing Business in Vietnam Chapter 2: Political and Economic Environment Chapter 3: Selling U.S. Products and Services Chapter 4: Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment Chapter 5: Trade Regulations, Customs and Standards Chapter 6: Investment Climate Chapter 7: Trade and Project Financing Chapter 8: Business Travel Chapter 9: Contacts, Market Research and Trade Events Chapter 10: Guide to Our Services Return to table of contents Chapter 1: Doing Business in Vietnam • • • • Market Overview Market Challenges Market Opportunities Market Entry Strategy Return to top Market Overview • Vietnam is a true emerging market, offering ground floor and growing opportunities for U.S. exporters and investors. Vietnam’s economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world in recent years, expanding at an average about 7.2 percent per year during the period 2001-2010, while industrial production grew at an average of about 12 percent per year during the same period. Vietnam registered GDP growth rate of 6.7 percent in 2010 and was one of only a handful of countries around the world to experience such levels of economic growth. Moving forward, inflation remains a main risk to Vietnam’s economy, which the Government...
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...Monetary policy in Vietnam: the case of a transition country Ulrich Camen 1 1. Introduction A major objective of the Vietnamese authorities in the coming five years is it to strengthen the integration of the Vietnamese economy into the world economy. An important milestone has been the Vietnam-US Bilateral Trade Agreement, BTA. A subsequent milestone will be Vietnamese membership in the WTO, which is under preparation and expected for 2006. As part of this process of internationalisation, Vietnam is also opening its financial sector to foreign financial institutions. Currently, foreign banks have already started to provide banking services in Vietnam. Internationalisation will pose major challenges for financial sector polices, underlining the importance of further progress with financial sector reforms and reforms of monetary policy. This paper will present the current status of the reform of monetary policy in the context of economic and financial sector developments in Vietnam and identify key reform issues with respect to monetary policy. Section 2 will give a brief overview of principal economic and financial developments to situate monetary policy in the context of economic developments in Vietnam. Section 3 describes the monetary policy framework currently in use in Vietnam, and Section 4 presents empirical results on the determinants of inflation and the role of monetary factors. 2. 2.1 Background: macroeconomic developments Economic growth and inflation ...
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...In order to retain feudalism as a tool of an old colonialist for invasion, the French imperialist invaded the country and reign Laos with the aim to take it as their colony. They praised a throne and the King of Laos to live up with the French yoke and used it as a mask hiding their invasion. The French colonialist printed out Indochinese paper money and metal currency such as: Kiphuanam (spiny head) Kip coints and Bee coints to release and circulate in Laos. Since 1893 Indochinese Kip currency had been uesd in 3 countries namely: Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia so as to facilitate the furnishing of their army and administration. The economy developed slightly during this period of time, there was an exchange between producers and consumers, and the budget revenue derived mainly from duty and tax collection with some figures as follows: - 1896 : 142,770 kip - 1897 : 182,348 kip - 1898 : 189,522 kip - 1899 : 201,409 kip - 1900 : 256,457 kip Of which, the opium sale shared about 30 - 40 % of the total revenue. In brief, till this period of time our country did not have bank, there was only a tresury. III. The period that our country and people uprose against the invasion of the old and neo - colonialist, the American imperialist and its elements (1945 - 1947), the establishment of National Bank of the Kingdom of Laos took shape: 1. The period (1945 - 1947): After...
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...Introduction Currently, Mergers and Acquisition strategy has been significant growth in term of amount and size of organization (Hitt, Harrison, and Ireland, 2001). Since 1980s, the total value of M&A is approximately 1.3 million million dollar and has a huge of increasing amount more than 11 million million dollar in 1990s. The important reason most of companies do merger and acquisition is to empower in market, more opportunities to access not enough/less own resource of company, more powerful in negotiate with supplier and customer, expand distribution channel, also reducing cost of production risk or new service that company has not enough capability to generate. Moreover, Mergers and Acquisition could limit ability of competitor and hurdle competitor to do business as well as reducing cost of operation because Mergers and acquisition make company expansion. As a result, it could possible to advantage in scale and scope (B.Elango 2006). For acquired companys, they would gain the advantage in term of financial condition because they usually gain capital meaning stronger in company financial. However, there are some considering factors about the problem of internal management after acquiring or merging such as organizational culture, the risk or failure with wrong set objective. These might be effected to operate business in the future. Mergers and Acquisition could be influenced in different groups both company and acquirer. Thus, it is necessary to consider...
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...Charles Metcalfe (1835–1836): Passed the famous Press Law, which liberated the press in India (called Liberator the Press). Lord Auckland (1836–42): 1st Anglo-Afghan War (1836–42)—great blow to the prestige of the British in India. Lord Ellenborough (1842–44): Brought an end to the Afghan War. Annexation of Sindh (1843); War with Gwalior (1843). Lord Hardings I (1844–48): 1st Anglo-Sikh war (1845–46) and the Treaty of Lahore 1846 (marked the end of Sikh sovereighty in India); Gave preference to English education in employment. Lord Dalhousie (1848–56): Abolished Titles and Pensions, Widow Remarriage Act (1856). Made Shimla the summer capital. • Administrative Reforms: Introduced the system of Centralized control in the newly acquired territories known as Bon-Regulation system; Raised Gurkha regiments. Click Here To Buy Hard Copy of This Book: http://www.upscportal.com/civilservices/order-form/gk-books Click Here For Current Affair News For UPSC,IAS,SSC, Govt. Exams http://upscportal.com/civilservices/current-affairs • Education Reforms:...
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...Doing Business in Vietnam: 2009 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT, U.S. & FOREIGN COMMERCIAL SERVICE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2008. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES. • • • • • • • • • • Chapter 1: Doing Business In Vietnam Chapter 2: Political and Economic Environment Chapter 3: Selling U.S. Products and Services Chapter 4: Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment Chapter 5: Trade Regulations and Standards Chapter 6: Investment Climate Chapter 7: Trade and Project Financing Chapter 8: Business Travel Chapter 9: Contacts, Market Research and Trade Events Chapter 10: Guide to Our Services 3/3/2009 Return to table of contents Chapter 1: Doing Business in Vietnam • • • • Market Overview Market Challenges Market Opportunities Market Entry Strategy Market Overview Return to top • Vietnam is a true emerging market, offering ground floor and growing opportunities for U.S. exporters and investors. Vietnam’s economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world in recent years, expanding annually at 7-8.5 percent, while industrial production has been growing at around 14-15 percent per year. Vietnam’s macroeconomic challenges and the global financial crisis dampened this growth in 2008 and will continue to do so in 2009. • In response to significant macroeconomic challenges, including high inflation and a large and growing current account deficit, the...
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...Introduction With the total area of 676,552km2 and approximately 48 million populations, estimated in 2008, Myanmar officially acknowledged as Union of Myanmar, the republic in Southeast Asia, which share the border on the west with Bangladesh, on the northwest by India, on the northeast by Yunnan Province, China, and on the east by Laos and Thailand. The longest land border is communal with People’s Republic of China. Burma is known to the world as the nationally official name until 1989; the country’s name was the officially changed by the military government that reigned in 1988. Rangoon is the commercial capital and the largest city, and the administrative capital is Naypyidaw. Concerning with relationship of Myanmar and the largest local organization, ASEAN, Myanmar was stamped with its admission to join as one member state of ASEAN community in 1997. Considered the resource both natural and human capacities, Myanmar, the late-emerged country in the region, anticipated its advantages stemming from joining in ASEAN. Following the participation in the ASEAN community and with the establishment of AFTA agreement signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore, Myanmar oversights its opportunities in development through the link of commercial trading which allows the free flow of trade, labor and information. However, although the precise advantages retrieved from the ASEAN membership is seen from its current stance, Myanmar also faces with mixed challenges and opportunities in the whole...
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...1 Nurture & Realize Your Potentials NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS RESEARCH PROJECT Microcredit of TYM Fund in Hanoi – Efficiency Assessment and Recommendations for improvement Instructor: (MSc.) Mai Xuan Thuy Research group: 28 Hanoi, June 2012 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to address our deepest gratitude to our supervisor – (Msc.) Mai Xuan Thuy, whose constructive comments and orientation from the initial to final phase has made it possible for our project to be both clearer and deeper in analysis. It is a pleasure to thank Prof. Marek Hudon, who made this research possible to be conducted in the most appropriate way. In fact, all the method of analysis applied in this project came from Prof. Marek‟s support and suggestion. Furthermore, he also gave us many useful and knowledgeable sources of data and information. This project would not have been possible without the sample‟s participation. Thus, we heartily send our regards to 15 users of TYM Hanoi and as well 7 loan officers. Lastly, we would like to acknowledge here the debt we owe to Ms. Pham Thi Thu Trang – International Relation Officer of TYM Hanoi, who helped us a lot about collecting the data of TYM as well as clear up several questions about TYM. 3 CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 4 TABLES AND FIGURES ....................................
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...Index Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Diversity Amid Globalization-------------------------------------------------------5 The Changing Global Environment----------------------------------------------11 North America---------------------------------------------------------------------------12 Latin America---------------------------------------------------------------------------23 The Caribbean--------------------------------------------------------------------------27 Sub-Saharan Africa-------------------------------------------------------------------31 Southwest Asia and North Africa------------------------------------------------32 Europe------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34 The Russian Domain-----------------------------------------------------------------39 Central Asia-----------------------------------------------------------------------------42 East Asia---------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 South Asia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 Southeast Asia-------------------------------------------------------------------------50 Australia and Oceania---------------------------------------------------------------57 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------60 Bibliography----------------------------------------------------------------------------61 ...
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...1. Introduction Laos has undertaken substantial trade reforms and liberalization in recent decades under the overall direction of the New Economic Mechanism (NEM). The process was initiated in mid-1980s when the country made efforts to transform the national economy from a centrally planned to a market-oriented one. Laos is making significant progress in moving forward its trade policy reforms and in pursuing a development strategy that recognizes openness to trade as the key engine for growth and poverty alleviation. To a large extent, Laos’ trade policy is now shaped by trade agreements, either at bilateral regional or multilateral fora. To date, Laos has also signed trade agreements with 18 countries, including: Vietnam; China; Cambodia; Burma; Thailand; North Korea; Philippines; Mongolia; Indonesia; Malaysia; Bulgaria; Russia; India; Belarus; Argentina; the United States; Kuwait and Turkey, the most recent and significant one is the bilateral agreement with the US by which Laos accords Normal Trade Relations (NTRs). At the regional level, Laos is participating in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and undertaking commitments under the Common Effective Preferential Tariffs (CEPT) scheme. It is also engaging in free trade area (FTA) negotiations with ASEAN-dialogues partners: China, Republic of Korea, Japan, India, and Australia and New Zealand together as Closer Economic Relation (CER). Apart from that, Laos benefits from the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) which was formerly...
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